Is Wabash Valley Electric Co. v. Young still good law?

Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Wabash Valley Electric Co. v. Young

Wabash Valley Elec. Co. v. Young, 287 U.S. 488 (1933)

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1933-01-09
Topic: general

How later courts describe this case

holding that state law may require separate ratemaking for each municipality

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Wabash Valley Electric Co. v. Young. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by: 52 opinions

Headnotes

Energy & Utilities Law — Rate Base — Unit of Property Normally the unit for rate-making purposes is the entire interconnected operating property of a utility used and useful for the public convenience in the territory served, without regard to particular groups of consumers or local subdivisions; but conditions may be such as to require or permit the fixing of a smaller unit, such as a single municipality, as the rate base. 287 U.S. at 496–497
Energy & Utilities Law — Rate Regulation Under the Indiana Public Utility Act, construed consistently with the comparable Wisconsin statute to treat the municipality as the unit for determining rates, a municipality in which a utility distributes electric current drawn from outside sources may be treated as the rate-making unit, and that method does not deprive the utility of property without due process of law. 287 U.S. at 495–498
Energy & Utilities Law — Valuation — Property Used and Useful In valuing property for rate purposes where a single municipality is the unit, the rate base consists of the value of the property used and useful for supplying current to that municipality, plus the proportionate part of the value of the general distributing system fairly attributable to the local service, excluding local plants in other municipalities that are separate and distinct and bear no relation to the plant in question. 287 U.S. at 499
Energy & Utilities Law — Valuation — Approximation Calculations allocating system value to a local rate base are of necessity more or less approximate, but must be fair; findings and computations that are full and convincing and give evidence of careful and thorough consideration will not be disturbed absent a substantial doubt as to their essential fairness. 287 U.S. at 499
Energy & Utilities Law — Valuation — Cost of Financing No allowance for cost of financing need be made in valuing utility property for rate purposes in the absence of evidence that such a cost was incurred or that it necessarily would be incurred in the event of reconstruction. 287 U.S. at 500
Energy & Utilities Law — Rate Case Expenses Rate case expenses of a utility attributable to matters not connected with the valuation, such as data relating to an unrelated merger proceeding or appraisals of local plants in other municipalities, are properly disallowed as charges against the local plant; and the conclusion of the state commission, the master, and the court as to the proper allowance will not be disturbed when not definitely shown to be erroneous. 287 U.S. at 500
Energy & Utilities Law — Rate of Return — Financial Condition The fact that an electric power company is in a favorable financial position through being a subsidiary of a larger company that owns and finances it, and that it enjoys a practical monopoly in its service area, may be taken into account in determining the rate of return to which it is entitled. 287 U.S. at 501
Energy & Utilities Law — Rate of Return — Adequacy What may be an inadequate percentage of return on capital to one kind of public utility in its particular circumstances may be adequate for another kind in different circumstances; no rule can be laid down that applies uniformly to all sorts of utilities, and a rate of return adequate for an electric utility enjoying a practical monopoly and strong affiliations may be lower than that required for a street railway facing growing competition. 287 U.S. at 501–502 (citing United Railways v. West, 280 U.S. 234)
Energy & Utilities Law — Rate of Return — Confiscation A 7 percent rate of return on the fair value of the property used and useful in the public service is not shown to be confiscatory under the facts disclosed, particularly where the utility has a substantial accumulated surplus and, under the challenged rates, would have earned a return well in excess of 7 percent. 287 U.S. at 502

WABASH VALLEY ELEC. CO.v. YOUNG,287 U.S. 488(1933)

53 S.Ct. 234

WABASH VALLEY ELECTRIC CO.v. YOUNG ET AL.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN

DISTRICT OF INDIANA.

No. 128.

Argued December 7, 1932.

Decided January 9, 1933.

1. In fixing rates of a public utility for part of the territory served, conditions may be such as to require or permit that the property used and useful in serving the smaller area be treated as the rate base rather than the entire plant serving the whole territory. P. 497. 2. An electrical plant, built and operated as a generating and distributing plant for a single municipality, became part of a large system. The new owner ceased to generate current locally and brought in current over its lines from without. It served many other towns and cities, and also delivered varying proportions of the entire current borne by its lines to affiliated companies for delivery to their customers, including many towns and cities within their respective territories.Held:(1) That under the Indiana Public Utility Act, the municipality was properly treated as the unit for determining the rates to be charged therein, and that this is consistent with due process. Pp. 495-498. (2) The property to be valued is that which is used and useful for supplying current to the municipality, adding thereto the proportionate part of the value of the general distributing system fairly attributable to the local service, but disregarding local plants in other municipalities which are separate and distinct and bear no relation to the one in question. P. 499.Page 489(3) The calculation is of necessity more or less approximate, but must be fair. P. 499. (4) No allowance for cost of financing need be made in the absence of evidence that such a cost was incurred, or that it necessarily would be incurred in the event of reconstruction. P. 500. (5) Rate case expenses of the utility on matters not connected with the valuation are properly disallowed; and the conclusion of the state commission, the master and the court as to the proper allowance will not be disturbed when not definitely shown to be erroneous. P. 500. 3. The fact that an electric power company is in a favorable financial position through being a subsidiary of a larger one may be taken into account in determining the rate of return to which it is entitled. P. 501. 4. What may be an inadequate percentage of return on capital to one kind of public utility in its particular circumstances, may be adequate for another kind in different circumstances.United Railwaysv.West,280 U.S. 234. P. 501. 5. Seven per cent. rate of return is not shown to be confiscatory under the facts disclosed in this case. P. 502.1 F. Supp. 606, affirmed.

APPEAL from a decree of the District Court of three judges

dismissing for want of equity a bill to restrain the enforcement

of rates fixed by the defendant Indiana Commission for electric

service in the City of Martinsville.

Mr. John C. Lawyer, with whomMessrs. George A. Cooke,Francis L. Daily, andHoward S. Youngwere on the brief, for appellant.

It is established by undisputed evidence: (1) That appellant's system as a whole is earning only 4.15% on its value; (2) That appellant's rates in the various cities, towns and communities served by it are uniform for the same classes of service; and (3) That the rates fixed by the Commission for Martinsville amount to approximately a 15% reduction.

The basis of utility rates is the fair value of the property used for the convenience of the public.Minnesota Rate Cases,230 U.S. 352,434-5;Smythv.Ames,Page 490169 U.S. 466,547;McCardlev.Indianapolis Water Co.,272 U.S. 400,408;Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v.Public ServiceComm'n,262 U.S. 276,287.

Confiscation can not be determined by a single rate or group of rates, but must be judged from the effect on the entire business done by the utility within the area served.Willcoxv.Consolidated Gas Co.,212 U.S. 19,54;State Public UtilitiesComm'nv.Springfield Gas Elec. Co.,291 Ill. 209,228,229;Michigan Bell Tel. Co. v.Odell,45 F.2d 180,181-2;NewYork Telephone Co. v.Prendergast,36 F.2d 54,69;UnitedRailwaysv.West,280 U.S. 234,252-253;St. Louis S.F. Ry.Co. v.Gill,156 U.S. 649,665,666; The Municipality as a Unit for Utility Valuation, 14 Yale L.J. 912;Puget SoundTraction Co. v.Reynolds,244 U.S. 574,580-581;New YorkQueens Gas Co. v.McCall,245 U.S. 345,350-351;N.Y. ex rel.Gas Co. v.Public Service Comm'n,269 U.S. 244,248-249;Norfolk Western Ry. Co. v.West Virginia,236 U.S. 605,608-609;Minnesota Rate Cases,230 U.S. 352;Amesv.UnionPacific Ry. Co., 64 F. 165, 179, aff'd169 U.S. 466;Groesbeckv.Duluth, S.S. A. Ry. Co.,250 U.S. 607.

The value in question is that of the property actually used and not of what may be considered by some one to be an efficient substitute.McCardlev.Indianapolis Water Co.,272 U.S. 400,417-418.

The right to regulate does not warrant an unreasonable interference with the right of management or the taking of the company's property without compensation.Chicago, M. St. P.R.Co. v.Wisconsin,238 U.S. 491,501.

The evidence shows prudent management about a matter requiring business judgment. The Commission is not the financial manager of the corporation and is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the directors.Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v.Public Service Comm'n,262 U.S. 276,288-289;United Gas Co. v.RailroadPage 491Comm'n,278 U.S. 300,320-321. Public interest can not be invoked as a justification for demands which pass the limits of reasonable protection and seek to impose upon a utility and its property burdens that are not incident to its engagement.Northern Pac. Ry. Co. v.North Dakota,236 U.S. 585,595-6.

These principles, applied to this case, clearly mean that appellant is protected in the dedication of its property as a unit to the public service and that the State under the guise of regulation may not dismember that property and subject portions of it to uses to which appellant has never submitted them. It is plainly apparent that the owner might be perfectly willing to serve fifty interconnected towns as a unit, and not be willing to serve any of them separately.

Having by reasonable and lawful methods acquired a given operating unit of utility property, he has the constitutional right to insist that that unit shall as a whole be permitted at all times to yield to him a fair return upon its value, and that the State may not, whatever its local forms, deprive that unit of property of such earnings. There is no suggestion in this record of unreasonableness or unlawfulness in the establishment of the operating unit serving the fifty towns, cities and rural communities located on appellant's interconnected systems. On the contrary all of the evidence establishes the reasonableness and economy of the system.

The public service commissions of the various States quite generally recognize that the proper unit for testing rates is the used and useful property which makes up the operating unit, and they have generally refused to make the municipality the rate unit. [Citing from many public utility decisions.]

If Martinsville is to be treated as a segregated unit, the allocation of power system property to Martinsville use, and the fixing of a "gateway" cost for electricPage 492energy supplied Martinsville, must be on a use basis and not by averaging.Northern Pac. Ry. Co. v.Dep't of Pub. Wks.,268 U.S. 39,42-5;Chicago, M. St. P. Ry. Co. v.PublicUtilities Comm'n,274 U.S. 344,351;Woodv.Vandalia R.Co.,231 U.S. 1,3-4.

The court erred in finding the value of the appellant's used and useful property; in finding that no costs of financing would be incurred in reproducing any of appellant's property; in finding that only $4,000.00 should be charged to operating expenses for the expenses of this rate case when the actual expenses were shown to be in excess of $60,000.00; and in finding that a return of 7% upon the fair value of the property used and useful in the public service is a reasonable return.UnitedRailwaysv.West,280 U.S. 234,251-52;McCardlev.Indianapolis Water Co.,272 U.S. 400,419.

An eight per cent. return was allowed in the following cases:262 U.S. 443,445;6 F.2d 243,273-4,280;10 F.2d 252,255;7 F.2d 192,194-5,218, aff'd278 U.S. 322;16 F.2d 615,622,638; 26 F.2d 912, 924-5;36 F.2d 54,67-9;45 F.2d 180,182-3;57 F.2d 735,745,754;1 F.2d 351,370.

The Commission can not ignore items charged by the utility as operating expenses unless there is an abuse of discretion in that regard by the corporate officers.Messrs. Arthur L. GilliomandGeorge Hufsmith, Assistant Attorney General of Indiana, with whomMessrs. James M. Ogden, Attorney General, andRalph K. Lowderwere on the brief, for appellees.

MR. JUSTICE SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.

Appellant is one of seven affiliated public utility corporations organized under the laws of Indiana, more thanPage 49399 per cent. of the combined capital stock and securities of which is owned by the Central Indiana Power Company. The officers and directors of the Several corporations are the same, and the operations of the entire group are under a common control, so that in substance the business of all is carried on as though they constituted a single entity. Their lines are interconnected, and the electrical energy distributed by them is drawn from common sources. Appellant owns and operates an interconnected system in a territory comprising thirteen counties of the state, and sells and distributes electric current to approximately fifty cities and towns therein, including the inhabitants of the City of Martinsville, and also to a large number of industrial plants and customers outside the limits of such cities and towns. Appellant's system consists in the main of general transmission and transformation properties, and local distributing plants. Among other local plants it owns one in the City of Martinsville, which was built by former owners to supply that city and its inhabitants. In the hands of the original owners this was a separate and complete plant, generating electrical energy as well as distributing it.

Nearly all the electric current distributed by appellant is "purchased" by it from one of the other affiliated corporations which has had in operation since 1924 an extensive and modern generating plant known as the "Dresser Plant." The combined needs of the affiliated corporations have so increased that for the year ending May 31, 1930, the total current used greatly exceeded that supplied by the Dresser Plant; and in order to meet the increased demand the affiliated system was connected with other large generating plants in Indiana and Ohio. In furtherance of the general plans of the affiliated group, appellant some years ago purchased the local electric plant at Martinsville and similar plants in many otherPage 494cities and towns within the thirteen counties above referred to.

The Martinsville plant now is operated by appellant under an indeterminate permit from the state in virtue of the provisions of the state Public Utility Act. 3 Burns Ann. Ind. Stat., 1926, § 12672,et seq. The current is fed into this plant from outside sources, principally from the Dresser Plant. Section 57 of the Public Utility Act (supra, § 12728) authorizes, among others, any municipal organization or any ten persons directly interested to make complaint to the Public Service Commission challenging any rates, tolls, etc., as unreasonable or unjustly discriminatory. Under that provision, on March 16, 1927, seventeen citizens of Martinsville, patrons of appellant, filed with the Public Service Commission of Indiana a petition seeking a reduction in electric rates, in which petition the City of Martinsville subsequently joined. At that time, and prior thereto, appellant had on file with the commission a schedule of rates applicable only in that city. After hearings, the commission made an order, effective as of February 1, 1929, reducing the rates for electric service to be charged and collected by appellant in Martinsville.

Appellant, being dissatisfied with these rates and asserting that they were confiscatory, brought suit in the federal district court for the southern district of Indiana to enjoin the commission and others from enforcing the order. The City of Martinsville intervened and filed an answer in support of the rates. The court issued a temporary injunction and referred the case to a special master to hear and report the evidence to the court, together with his findings of fact and conclusions of law. The master heard the case and made a report of the evidence and of his findings of fact and conclusions thereon, to which appellant filed a large number of exceptions. The district court, consisting of three judges (§ 266 of the Judicial Code, U.S.C. Title 28, § 380), approved the report ofPage 495the master and also made findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Equity Rule 70 1/2, and, thereupon, delivered an opinion and entered a decree dissolving the temporary injunction, directing appellant to refund to its customers all amounts collected from them in excess of those which it would have collected under the schedule of rates complained of, and dismissing the bill for want of equity.1 F. Supp. 106.Rate base. The court below held that under the provisions of the state statute and in the light of the facts, not the entire property and system of appellant, but the City of Martinsville alone should be treated as the unit for the purpose of determining the schedule of rates to be charged therein. The commission, as well as the master, had reached the same conclusion. Upon that basis, in fixing the value of the property used and useful for supplying electric current to the city, the court determined the value of the local property, to which it added that proportionate part of the value of the system property which it found to be fairly attributable to the Martinsville service.

Appellant's chief contention is that its entire operating property should be taken as a unit in fixing the rate base, and that the action of the court in failing to do so deprived it of its property without due process of law.

The Martinsville plant, prior to its acquisition by appellant, had produced within itself the whole of the electric current which its owners sold and distributed. That it then was a distinct unit for the purpose of fixing rates, if and when necessary, it, of course, clear. If the former owners had simply abandoned the use of the local generating appliances and purchased electric current from outside sources, the plant, for all purposes of rate making and regulation, would have remained a distinct and separate unit. It was this unit which appellant acquired; and if appellant had continued to operate it as it then wasPage 496being operated, that is to say, as a generating, as well as a distributing, plant for the entire electric current supplied to the city, the value of the plant with appropriate allowances for expenses, etc., would have continued to be the lawful rate base. But that method of operation was abandoned; and the question is whether, because the local plant now is interconnected with appellant's general distributing system and the electric current is drawn from outside sources, the city still may be treated as a separate unit for rate making purposes.

The answer primarily depends upon the meaning and application of the state Public Utility Act. The Supreme Court of Indiana thus far has not dealt with the question; but the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, construing an act of that state essentially the same as the Indiana act, has determined that the Wisconsin commission was "required to treat the municipality as a unit and to base its rate upon the cost to the utility of serving the individual municipality rather than the average cost of serving many distinct and scattered municipalities."Eau Clairev.Wisconsin-Minnesota L. P. Co.,178 Wis. 207,220;189 N.W. 476,481. This result was deduced by the Wisconsin court (pp. 217et seq.) not from any express provision of the statute, but from a consideration of many correlated statutory provisions and in the light of "the history of commercial, economic, and political development." That court pointed out that when the Public Utility Act was enacted, each municipality was charged with the duty of furnishing public utility service and endowed with power to perform that duty; that each municipality had, and dealt with, an individual public utility; that there was no great development of power by a single utility serving numerous municipalities scattered far and wide; and, hence that present day developments could not have been within the contemplation ofPage 497the legislature because they did not exist. The court stressed the fact that, notwithstanding the subsequent large developments of power which had come about since the passage of the utility law, there had been no modification of that law, which, in the light of conditions then existing, must have "regarded the municipality as the entity on the one hand and the utility as the entity on the other, for the purpose of establishing just and reasonable rates and service." Upon these considerations and others, the court reached the conclusion above stated.

Since the Indiana act was patterned after the Wisconsin act with a like history and attended by similar circumstances, the court below felt warranted in following the decision of the Wisconsin court; and with that view we see no reason to disagree. Whether the method afforded by the state statute thus construed is in accordance with sound policy is a question with which we are not concerned. SeeWabash, St. L. P. Ry. Co. v.Illinois,118 U.S. 557,577;Minnesota Rate Cases,230 U.S. 352,416. The only question we are called upon to consider is whether, under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the method is constitutional.

Normally, the unit for rate making purposes, we may assume, would be the entire interconnected operating property of a utility used and useful for the convenience of the public in the territory served, without regard to particular groups of consumers or local subdivisions. But conditions may be such as to require or permit the fixing of a smaller unit. CompareUnitedFuel Gas Co. v.Railroad Commission,278 U.S. 300;UnitedFuel Gas Co. v.Pub. Serv. Commn., id., 322;Minnesota RateCases, supra, at pp. 434-436;Smithv.Illinois Bell Tel.Co.,282 U.S. 133,148,et seq.; Houstonv.Southwestern BellTel. Co.,259 U.S. 318,322.

The three cases last cited recognize that where the business of a carrier or utility is both interstate and intrastate,Page 498the state rates for intrastate transportation or business must be determined by a separate consideration of the value of the property employed in the intrastate business. It is true that there such a separation is made necessary because a different government exercises the rate making power in each of the two fields of regulation; and that situation is wanting here. Nevertheless, the cases furnish a helpful illustration in support of the application of a similar rule in the case now under review. CompareUnited Fuel Gas Co. v.Railroad Commission,13 F.2d 510,522;United Fuel Gas Co. v.Public ServiceCommn.,14 F.2d 209,223;Idaho Power Co. v.Thompson,19 F.2d 547,571; and seeInternational Ry. Co. v.Prendergast,1 F. Supp. 623,626.

In addition to what already has been said, it should be noted that appellant not only furnishes electric current to the fifty separate and unrelated towns and cities, in none of which the plant is used or useful for the rendition of service to any other town or city, but appellant also carries over its lines and delivers to others of the affiliated companies, as intercorporate transactions, varying portions of the entire current borne by its lines for subsequent distribution by the affiliated companies to their customers, including many towns and cities within their respective territories. This intermingling of the business and distributing activities of the several companies results in such elements of uncertainty in respect of the proper evaluation of appellant's participation therein that, standing alone, it would go far in the direction of justifying the rejection of the contention that the due process clause requires that appellant's entire distributing system should be included in the basic unit. In the light of all the facts and circumstances, we hold that an adjustment of rates for the municipality here served by appellant in accordance with the method adopted below is consonant with state law and immune from constitutional attack.Page 499Valuation and Expense Allowances. Appellant further contends that, assuming this method to be free from constitutional objection, the valuation put upon the property is so low as to result in confiscation. To meet this objection it is only necessary that there shall be brought into the rate base the value of all property of appellant which is in fact used and useful for supplying the electric current to the city. Manifestly, the local plants in other towns and cities bear no such relation to the Martinsville plant. As already shown, these various plants are separate and distinct from one another, and they were properly left out of the calculation. SeeHardin-Wyandot Lighting Co. v.Public Utilities Commn.,118 Ohio St. 592,601;162 N.E. 262. The property values fixed by the commission and those fixed by the master and approved by the court differ to some degree, but not so materially as to affect the result. Upon the basis adopted, that is, first to value the local property and then add that proportionate part of the value of the general distributing system found to be fairly attributable to the Martinsville service, the figures finally arrived at by the master and the court were $102,947 for the local plant, and $101,191 for the proportionate value of the other property, or a total of $204,138. In arriving at the second figure a proportionate part of the total value of the general system was allocated to Martinsville "on the basis of the ratio of actual sales of Kw. H. to Martinsville and its consumers to the total sales of Kw. H. by plaintiff during the year 1929, that being the last calendar year before the date of the hearing." This ratio was arrived at and supported by a variety of calculations, the results differing slightly, and upon these various calculations the court fixed 3.3 per cent. as the fair ratio of the value to be allocated to Martinsville.

We deem it unnecessary to repeat the details which led to the court's conclusion. The findings of the court andPage 500of the master are full and convincing and give evidence of careful and thorough consideration. The deductions from the evidence and the calculations are of necessity more or less approximate (Utah Power L. Co. v.Pfost,286 U.S. 165,190), but we find nothing in the record which casts a substantial doubt upon their essential fairness.

Complaint is made that in determining the value of the Martinsville property no allowance was made for cost of financing. As the court below, however, pointed out, there was no evidence that such cost was incurred, or that it necessarily would be incurred in the event of reconstruction. This is also in accordance with the findings of the master. We see no reason to interfere. SeeVincennes Water Supply Co. v.Public ServiceCommn.,34 F.2d 5,9.

The commission, the master, and the court below all rejected as exorbitant the claim of appellant for an allowance of $60,000 rate case expenses, and allowed the sum of $4,000, to be amortized as an operating charge over a period of ten years. This action, it is contended, was arbitrary and without basis in the evidence. While there is evidence in the record that appellant expended the amount claimed, there is further evidence justifying the conclusion that a large part of the expenditure was made for the additional purpose of securing data relating to a merger proceeding with which the Martinsville rates are in no way connected. There is also evidence that the appraisal covered the local property in the other municipalities, which, as we have seen, are without relation to the Martinsville distribution. From a consideration of all the evidence it seems clear that the refusal to allow, as against the Martinsville plant, the entire $60,000 was well founded. That being so, it became necessary to fix that part of the sum reasonably chargeable as an expense of the Martinsville rate case. The commission and the master, who heard the evidence and were familiar with all the details,Page 501reached the same conclusion as to the amount. While it may be true that even upon the view taken a larger sum than $4,000 might well have been allowed, we find nothing sufficiently definite in the record to require us so to determine, or to call for a disturbance of the amount fixed.Rate of return. The court below found that a rate of return of 7 per cent. was adequate. The evidence is conflicting. Witnesses for appellees estimated that 7 per cent. was sufficient. The testimony for appellant was to the effect that to take care of bonds, debt discounts, borrowed money and stock dividends a return of 7 per cent. was sufficient; but that in order to accumulate a surplus and make it easier to finance the company, the rate of return should be not less than 8 per cent. Appellant's balance sheets show that on January 1, 1929, it had an accumulated surplus of $1,074,739.71, and, at the end of that year, a surplus of $1,257,884.64, as compared with a total stock and funded debt liability of about $4,500,000. The record, as already stated, also shows that appellant is a subsidiary of the Central Indiana Power Company by which it is owned and financed, its securities having been taken directly by that company without any intervening agency. The power company also owns and finances the other affiliated corporations in the same way. It is reasonable to conclude that appellant is in a more favorable financial condition than if it were a disconnected enterprise.

It is true, as appellant points out, that inUnited Railwaysv.West,280 U.S. 234,251-252, this court held that a rate of return for a street railway of less than 7.44 per cent. was confiscatory, saying that sound business management required that after paying all expenses of operation, etc., "there should still remain something to be passed to the surplus account;" and that a rate of return which did not admit of that being done was not sufficient to enable a utility to maintain its credit and raise moneyPage 502for the proper discharge of its public duties. Many cases were cited tending to show that a return of 7 1/2 per cent. Or even 8 per cent. might be necessary, but it was said (pp. 249-250) that no rule could be laid down which would apply uniformly to all sorts of utilities. "What may be a fair return for one may be inadequate for another, depending upon circumstances, locality and risk." A street railway company, compelled to meet the growing competition of private automobiles, public omnibuses, and other motor carriers, well might sustain such losses of revenue because of the decreased number of passengers carried, as to require a larger rate of return than would be required by an electric utility company like appellant, which not only enjoys a practical monopoly in the field where its services are rendered, but whose financial structure, it fairly may be assumed, is greatly strengthened by its affiliations and by the interested support of the parent company to which it belongs. On the whole we are unable to conclude that a 7 per cent. rate of return, under the facts here disclosed, is so low as to be confiscatory. SeeSmithv.Illinois Bell Tel. Co., supra, at pp. 160-161.

Moreover it appears, as the master and the lower court found, that if the rates complained of had been in force during the period beginning January 1, 1929, and ending May 31, 1930, the return would have been much in excess of 7 per cent. on the value fixed.Decree affirmed.