Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad v. Koske

Del., Lackawanna & W. R.R. v. Koske, 279 U.S. 7 (1929)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1929-02-18
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • "The [C]ourt takes judicial notice of the fact that for some weeks immediately before the accident the sun rose and it was light for some time before plaintiff's quitting hour.”

Citator

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Cited by
121 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Workers' Compensation & SSDI — Federal Employers' Liability Act — Scope of Review Where an Employers' Liability Act case was tried and decided in the lower courts upon the theory that the accident occurred at a particular ditch in a railway yard, as to which the railroad was adjudged negligent and the employee was held not to have assumed the risk, the judgment cannot be reviewed on the theory that the injury may have occurred at some other depression or hole for which no finding is warranted by the evidence. 279 U.S. at 9
  2. Labor & Employment Law — Federal Employers' Liability Act — Negligence Under the Federal Employers' Liability Act recovery may be had only upon a basis of negligence; the carrier is not liable to its employees for any defect or insufficiency in plant or equipment that is not attributable to its negligence, and the mere existence of a drainage ditch and the happening of an accident do not establish fault. 279 U.S. at 10–11
  3. Labor & Employment Law — Federal Employers' Liability Act — Burden of Proof An employee suing under the Federal Employers' Liability Act bears the burden of adducing reasonable evidence showing a breach of a duty owed to him by the carrier with respect to the place where he was injured and that his injuries resulted proximately, in whole or in part, from that breach. 279 U.S. at 11
  4. Labor & Employment Law — Assumption of Risk Except as otherwise provided by § 4 of the Federal Employers' Liability Act, an employee assumes the ordinary risks of his employment, and, where they are obvious or fully known and appreciated, also assumes the extraordinary risks and those arising from the negligence of his employer and fellow employees. 279 U.S. at 11
  5. Labor & Employment Law — Negligence — Standard of Care A railroad's duty to an employee respecting the premises is one of reasonable or ordinary care under the circumstances; the carrier is not bound to maintain its yard in the best or safest condition, and retains broad discretion in selecting methods to drain its yard and in choosing facilities and places for employee use. 279 U.S. at 11
  6. Labor & Employment Law — Negligence — Judicial Function Courts will not prescribe standards for the construction and drainage of railroad yards, nor leave engineering questions of that character to the uncertain and varying judgment of juries. 279 U.S. at 11
  7. Labor & Employment Law — Negligence — Sufficiency of Evidence Evidence that a railway yard was drained by a shallow open ditch long maintained in the same location and condition is insufficient to support a finding that the carrier breached any duty owed to an employee injured by falling into it, either in adopting and maintaining the ditch rather than another method of drainage or in respect of its condition at the time and place in question. 279 U.S. at 11
  8. Evidence — Judicial Notice A court may take judicial notice of the fact that for several weeks immediately before June 4 the sun rises and it is light for some time before seven o'clock in the morning. 279 U.S. at 12
  9. Labor & Employment Law — Assumption of Risk — Question of Law An employee who, during long employment, had become familiar with the location and unchanged condition of an open drainage ditch in a railway yard, and who knew of and appreciated the obvious danger of jumping from an engine near the ditch, especially in the dark, is held as a matter of law to have assumed the risk of injury from alighting there. 279 U.S. at 12
  10. Labor & Employment Law — Directed Verdict Where the evidence conclusively establishes that the employee assumed the risk and is insufficient to support a finding of negligence, the trial judge must direct a verdict in favor of the defendant railroad. 279 U.S. at 12
DELAWARE c. R.R.v. KOSKE,279 U.S. 7(1929)
49 S.Ct. 202
DELAWARE, LACKAWANNA AND WESTERN RAILROAD COMPANYv. KOSKE.
CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF ERRORS AND APPEALS OF NEW JERSEY.
No. 219.
Argued January 17, 1929.
Decided February 18, 1929.
1. A case under the Employers' Liability Act that was tried in the courts below upon the theory that the place of the accident was a certain ditch in a railway yard, as to which it was adjudgedPage 8that the railroad company was negligent and that the plaintiff had not assumed the risk, can not be reviewed upon the theory that the place may have been some other depression or hole in the yard of the existence of which no finding is warranted by the evidence. P. 9. 2. A railway employee, alighting in the dark from an engine in a railway yard in the course of his employment, fell into a shallow ditch near the track which had long been maintained there for drainage purposes and with the location and condition of which he had long been familiar. In an action under the Federal Employers' Liability Act for resulting injuries,held: (1) That the railway company was not proven to have been guilty of any breach of duty owed the employee, either in adopting and maintaining the ditch rather than some other method of drainage, or in respect of its condition at the time and place in question. P. 11. (2) That, as a matter of law, the employee had assumed the risk, and the company was entitled to a directed verdict. P. 12. 3. The fact that sunrise occurs considerably before seven o'clock during some weeks immediately before June 4th, may be judicially noticed. P. 12.104 N.J.L. 627, reversed.
CERTIORARI,278 U.S. 586, to a judgment of the Court of Errors
and Appeals of New Jersey, affirming a recovery of damages in an
action under the Federal Employers' Liability Act.
Mr. Walter J. Larrabee, with whomMr. Frederic B. Scottwas on the brief, for petitioner.Mr. I. Faerber Goldenhorn, with whomMr. Saul Nemserwas on the brief, for respondent.
Mr. JUSTICE BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
Respondent sued petitioner under the Federal Employers' Liability Act in the circuit court of Hudson County, New Jersey, to recover damages for injuries sustained by him while in the service of petitioner. At the close of the evidence, defendant moved the court to direct a verdict inPage 9its favor on the grounds that the evidence was not sufficient to warrant a finding of negligence on the part of defendant and that it conclusively appeared that plaintiff assumed the risk of the accident and injury complained of. The motion was denied, there was a verdict for plaintiff, and the judgment entered thereon was affirmed by the highest court of the State.

Plaintiff was employed in defendant's roundhouse and coal-chute yard at Hoboken. The complaint alleged that defendant negligently "permitted an open, uncovered and unlighted and dangerous hole to exist between certain parts of said tracks," that plaintiff was there employed at four o'clock in the morning of June 4, 1925, and "while alighting from an engine in the course of his said employment fell into said opening," and was injured.

Plaintiff's work was to put sand into the boxes on engines and to turn switches for them. During eleven years he worked nights from nine o'clock in the evening until seven in the morning and for one year, about five years before the accident, he worked in the day time. He was familiar with the tracks and ground in the yard. Throughout the period of his employment, the yard was drained by a shallow open ditch or trench. This depression varied in depth from eight to eleven inches and in width from eight to twenty-four inches. It passed between ties under the tracks and, at a place not far from the coal-chute, it extended a short distance longitudinally between the tracks. During all the time that plaintiff worked there the drain or ditch was in the same place and was maintained in the same condition as it was at the time of the accident.

The case was tried, the jury charged and the judgment given and affirmed upon the understanding that the place where plaintiff fell was a part of the above-mentioned longitudinal section of the drain. Nevertheless, plaintiff here suggests that it is not certain that the hole complainedPage 10of was a part of the trench. But, as it was in respect of the ditch or drain that defendant was found negligent and plaintiff was held not to have assumed the risk and as that only was considered by the lower courts, the judgment cannot be affirmed on the theory that plaintiff was not injured there but at another place.

Three or four days after the accident, plaintiff went to the yard to get his pay and then told the coal-chute foreman of the accident saying he "fell down in the ditch somewhere off an engine." He also indicated to the roundhouse foreman not the exact spot but the vicinity of the place where he claimed to have been injured. The part of the yard so pointed out includes the section of the drain here in question.

In his testimony plaintiff described the accident in substance as follows. He went upon an engine standing near the roundhouse and rode it to a point about 60 feet from the coal-chute, where it stopped near a switch he intended to turn. The engine step was between three and four feet above the general level of the ground between the tracks. He said he jumped from the engine and "just struck a certain hole"; that there was coal or stone in the hole; "there was something there very hard," that he immediately became unconscious and did not know what happened or who took him "out of that hole or how they took" him. He also said that he did not know about the hole before he jumped; that it was so dark that he could not see the hole; that he thought everything was level and did not expect the hole to be in that place. There is nothing to support a finding that there was then any hole or depression in the yard other than the open drain.

The Federal Employers Liability Act permits recovery upon the basis of negligence only. The carrier is not liable to its employees because of any defect or insufficiency in plant or equipment that is not attributable to negligence.Page 11The burden was on plaintiff to adduce reasonable evidence to show a breach of duty owed by defendant to him in respect of the place where he was injured and that in whole or in part his injuries resulted proximately therefrom. And, except as provided in § 4 of the Act, the employee assumes the ordinary risks of his employment; and, when obvious or fully known and appreciated, he assumes the extraordinary risks and those due to negligence of his employer and fellow employees.Seaboard Air Linev.Horton,233 U.S. 492,501.St. Louis, etc. Ry. v.Mills,271 U.S. 344.Northern Ry. Co. v.Page,274 U.S. 65,75.

The record contains no description of the place where plaintiff was injured other than that above referred to. Fault or negligence may not be found from the mere existence of the drain and the happening of the accident. The measure of duty owed by defendant to plaintiff was reasonable or ordinary care having regard to the circumstances.Pattonv.Texas and PacificRailway Co.,179 U.S. 658,664. There is no evidence that the open drain was not suitable or appropriate for the purpose for which it was maintained or that there was in use by defendant or other carriers any means for the drainage of railroad yards which involve less of danger to switchmen and others employed therein. Defendant was not bound to maintain its yard in the best or safest condition; it had much freedom in the selection of methods to drain its yard and in the choice of facilities and places for the use of its employees. Courts will not prescribe standards in respect of such matters or leave engineering questions such as are involved in the construction and maintenance of railroad yards and the drainage systems therein to the uncertain and varying judgment of juries.Toledo, St. L. W.R. Co. v.Allen,276 U.S. 165,170. The evidence is not sufficient to warrant a finding that defendant was guilty of any breach of duty owed to plaintiff in respectPage 12of the method employed or the condition of the drain at the time and place in question.Nelsonv.Southern Ry. Co.,246 U.S. 253.Missouri Pacific Railroad Co. v.Aeby,275 U.S. 426.

The court takes judicial notice of the fact that for some weeks immediately before the accident the sun rose and it was light for some time before plaintiff's quitting hour.Montenesv.Metropolitan Street R. Co.,77 A.D. 493. He worked in daylight for some time every morning during the spring and summer months, and during one year he worked days. There was nothing obscure or of recent origin about the place where he was injured. The conditions were constant and of long standing. The evidence requires a finding that he had long known the location of the drain and its condition at the place in question. The dangers attending jumping from engines in the vicinity of the drain, especially in the dark, were obvious. Plaintiff must be held to have fully understood and appreciated the risk.

It was the duty of the judge presiding at the trial to direct the jury to return a verdict in favor of the defendant.Butlerv.Frazee,211 U.S. 459,467.Judgment reversed.