Robinson v. Central Brass Manufacturing Co.

How later courts describe this case

• reaffirming that pursuit of internal remedies though optional can toll the limitations period because it furthers intra-union resolution of grievances
• concluding in that case that no government action threatened to punish any protected speech and, thus, holding that there was no chilling effect to be safeguarded against
• completely futile appeals that can afford plaintiff no relief do not toll statute; however, tolling is left to court's discretion
• To establish a constitutional violation on the basis of alleged gerrymandering, a plaintiff must show “intentional discrimination against an identifiable political group and an actual discriminatory effect on that group.”