Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Rogers v. Hill

289 U.S. 582

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1933-05-29
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • stating that "majority stockholders have no power to give away corporate property against the protest of the minority”
  • absent a contrary direction, a district court on remand can permit the plaintiff to ‘file additional pleadings, vaiy or expand the issues____’
  • bonus plan adopted under bylaw that shareholders approved; changed circumstances in company's profits rendered payments under bylaw unreasonable
  • “An appellate court’s mandate . . . forecloses a lower court . . . only from revisiting issues that the appellate court actually decided.” (citing Nguyen, 792 F.2d at 1502)
  • where appellate court remanded for further proceedings, “the mandate would not prevent the District Court in the exercise of a sound discretion from allowing plaintiff, were adequate showing made, to file additional pleadings, vary or expand the issues ...”

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Rogers v. Hill. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
142 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Civil Procedure — Appellate Jurisdiction An order granting or refusing a temporary injunction involves no determination of the merits of the controversy, and such an interlocutory decree will not be disturbed on appeal except for improvident allowance, violation of the rules of equity, or abuse of discretion. 289 U.S. at 586–587
  2. Civil Procedure — Mandate — "Decision" Distinguished from "Opinion" A court's "decision" of a case is its judgment; its "opinion" is merely a statement of the reasons on which the judgment rests. Where a mandate directs further proceedings in accordance with the appellate court's "decision" rather than its "opinion," the opinion is not incorporated into the mandate, and the terms "decision," "judgment," and "decree" are used as equivalents. 289 U.S. at 587
  3. Civil Procedure — Removal Even where an appellate mandate incorporates the court's opinion, the trial court, in the exercise of a sound discretion, may still permit a party, upon an adequate showing, to file additional pleadings, vary or expand the issues, and take other proceedings to enforce the relief sought. 289 U.S. at 587–588 (citing Wells Fargo & Co. v. Taylor, 254 U.S. 175, 182)
  4. Civil Procedure — Finality of Appellate Decrees — Time for Certiorari Where an interlocutory injunction is reversed and the cause remanded without a final determination of the merits, the appellate decree is not final, and the aggrieved party is not required to petition for certiorari within three months of its entry in order to obtain review of the merits after the entry of a final decree. 289 U.S. at 588
  5. Business & Corporate Law — Stockholders' Power to Make and Alter By-Laws A charter provision delegating to the directors the power to make and alter by-laws does not divest the stockholders of their statutory power to originate, adopt, amend, or repeal by-laws; the statutory grant of that power to stockholders is plenary, and by-laws passed by the directors remain subject to alteration or repeal by the stockholders. 289 U.S. at 588–590
  6. Business & Corporate Law — Profits — Compensation of Officers as Operating Expense Compensation paid to a corporate officer for his services, whether in the form of a fixed salary or a percentage of earnings or profits, constitutes a part of the operating expenses deductible from earnings in ascertaining net profits. 289 U.S. at 590
  7. Business & Corporate Law — Stockholder Suits — Review of Extra Compensation Paid Under By-Law Extra compensation paid to corporate officers pursuant to a profit-sharing arrangement, though allowed by a by-law regularly adopted by the stockholders and reasonable and lawful when made, may become so large in later years, by reason of increases in the business and profits of the corporation, as to warrant investigation in equity at the instance of a protesting shareholder. 289 U.S. at 590–591
  8. Business & Corporate Law — Fiduciary Limits on Compensation — Spoliation or Waste A by-law fixing officers' compensation is supported by the presumptions of regularity and continuity, and much weight is to be given to the stockholders' action in adopting it; but the rule it prescribes cannot, against the protest of a shareholder, be used to justify payments so large as in substance and effect to amount to spoliation or waste of corporate property, and a bonus payment bearing no relation to the value of the services for which it is given is in reality a gift in part, which the majority stockholders have no power to make at the expense of the minority. 289 U.S. at 591
ROGERSv. HILL,289 U.S. 582(1933)
53 S.Ct. 731
ROGERSv. HILL ET AL.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT.
No. 732.
Argued May 11, 1933.
Decided May 29, 1933.
1. In a stockholder's suit to compel corporate officers to account for money received as extra compensation and to enjoin further payments, the plaintiff moved on the pleadings for judgment or, in the alternative, that payments be enjoinedpendente lite. The District Court without passing on the merits, granted the temporary injunction. On appeal from the order, the Court of Appeals dealt with the merits adversely to the plaintiff in its opinion, but its decree merely reversed the injunction order and directed that mandate issue in accordance with "this decree"; and the mandate directed further proceedings in accordance with "the decision" of the court. Upon receiving the mandate, the District Court entered a decree dismissing the bill on the merits, which was affirmed by decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals on a second appeal.Held:(1) That the mandate did not direct the dismissal; and that the decree on the second appeal was the final decree on the merits, reviewable in this Court by certiorari. P. 586. (2) A court's "decision" of a case is its judgment. Its "opinion" is its statement of reasons for the judgment. P. 587. (3) The Judicial Code, §§ 128 and 238, uses "decision" as the equivalent of "judgment" and "decree."Id. (4) Even if the mandate on the first appeal were deemed to have included the opinion, the District Court, in its sound discretion, might still have allowed the plaintiff, on adequate showing, to file additional pleadings, vary or expand the issues and take other proceedings to enforce the accounting sought.Wells Fargo Co. v.Taylor,254 U.S. 175.Id. 2. Section 11 of c. 185, General Corporation Act of New Jersey, provides: "The power to make and alter by-laws shall be in the stockholders, but any corporation may, in the certificate of incorporation, confer that power upon the directors; by-laws made by the directors under power so conferred may be altered or repealed by the stockholders."Held, that stockholders are not divestedPage 583of power to make or alter by-laws by delegation of that power to the directors in their charter. P. 588. 3. Compensation of an officer of a corporation, whether by fixed salary or by a percentage of profits, is part of the operating expenses deductible from earnings in ascertaining net profits. P. 590. 4. Extra compensation to officers of a corporation from a profit-sharing arrangement, though allowed by a standing by-law enacted at a stockholders' meeting, and though reasonable and legal at the beginning, may become so great in later years, due to increases in the business and profits of the corporation, as to warrant investigation in equity in the interest of the company. P. 591. 5. Such a by-law is supported by the presumptions of regularity and continuity and much weight is to be given the action of the stockholders in adopting it; but the rule prescribed by it can not, against the protest of a shareholder, be used to justify payments so large as in substance and effect to amount to spoliation or waste of corporate property. P. 591. 62 F.2d 1079, reversed.
CERTIORARIfn*to review the affirmance of a decree of the
District Court, which, after an interlocutory appeal from an
injunction order, dismissed two consolidated suits brought by a
stockholder of the American Tobacco Company against its president
and some of its vice-presidents to require them to account to the
corporation for payments of compensation, alleged to have been
excessive, from the company's profits. For other phases, see
Rogersv.American Tobacco Co.,53 F.2d 395andRogers
v.American Tobacco Co., 143 Misc. (N.Y.) 306, 309;233 A.D. 708;
60 F.2d 109.
Mr. Richard Reid Rogers, with whomMr. Evan Shelbywas on the brief, for petitioner.Mr. Nathan L. Miller, with whomMessrs. Wm. M. ParkeandJ. Arthur Levewere on the brief, for respondents.Page 584
MR. JUSTICE BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
The American Tobacco Company is a corporation organized under the laws of New Jersey. The petitioner, plaintiff below, acquired in 1916 and has since been the owner of 200 shares of its common stock. He also has 400 shares of common stock B. In accordance with by-law XII,1adopted by the stockholders at their annual meeting, March 13, 1912, the company for many years has annually paid its president and vice-president largePage 585amounts in addition to their fixed salaries and other sums allowed them as compensation for services.2

Plaintiff maintains that the by-law is invalid and that, even if valid, the amounts paid under it are unreasonably large and therefore subject to revision by the courts. In March, 1931, he demanded that the company bring suit against the officers who have received such payments to compel them to account to the company for all or such part thereof as the court may hold illegal. The company, insisting that such a suit would be without basis in law or fact, refused to comply with his demand. He brought suit in the supreme court of New York against the president and some of the vice-presidents to require them so to account, and joined the company as defendant. The case was removed to the federal court for the southern district of New York. In May, 1931, plaintiff brought suit in that court against Taylor, a vice-president, not aPage 586defendant in the earlier suit, to require him to account and made the company defendant. The cases were consolidated, plaintiff filed an amended complaint and defendants answered. The officers of the company now before the court are Hill, the president, Neiley, Riggio and Taylor, vice-presidents. The answer, after admissions, denials and explanations asserts several separate defenses.

Plaintiff made a motion on the pleadings for judgment that the separate defenses be stricken, the by-law be adjudged invalid and defendants Hill, Neiley and Riggio be required to account for amounts so paid them and that further payments be enjoined; and in the alternative that such payments be restrainedpendentelite. After argument upon the motion, the court, without decision upon any other question, granted a temporary injunction. Defendants appealed, the Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the interlocutory order and directed that a mandate issue to the District Court "in accordance with this decree." See60 F.2d 109. The mandate directed further proceedings in accordance with "the decision." On the coming down of the mandate, the district court vacated the temporary injunction and dismissed the bills of complaint upon the merits. Plaintiff appealed, the Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed, 62 F.2d 1079, citing its opinion on the former appeal, and this court granted plaintiff's petition for writ of certiorari.

Defendants renewing a contention made in opposition to the petition for certiorari, assert that the appellate court on the first appeal determined in favor of defendants all the issues presented by the complaint, and maintain that, no application for certiorari having been made within three months after that decision, the only question that this court now has power to decide is whether the mandate directed dismissal.

We are of opinion that the mandate did not direct dismissal. The granting of temporary injunction involvedPage 587no determination of the merits. Such a decree will not be disturbed on appeal except for improvident allowance, violation of the rules of equity or abuse of discretion.National FireIns. Co. v.Thompson,281 U.S. 331,338.Meccano, Ltd. v.John Wanamaker,253 U.S. 136,141.Smithv.Vulcan IronWorks,165 U.S. 518,526. The opinion of the Circuit Court of Appeals did indeed deal with matters affecting the merits, but the decree did not extend beyond mere reversal of the order from which the appeal was taken. It directed that mandate issue in accordance with "this decree." The mandate commanded proceedings in accordance with "the decision." A direction for proceedings in accordance with "the opinion" makes it a part of the mandate.Gulf Refining Co. v.United States,269 U.S. 125,136. Here the mandate was to proceed not in accordance with the "opinion" but with the "decision." These words, while often loosely used interchangeably, are not equivalents. The court's decision of a case is its judgment thereon. Its opinion is a statement of the reasons on which the judgment rests.Houstonv.Williams,13 Cal. 24,27.Adamsv.Yazoo M.V.R. Co.,77 Miss. 194,304;24 So. 200,317;28 So. 596.Craigv.Bennett,158 Ind. 9,13;62 N.E. 273.Coffeyv.Gamble,117 Iowa 545,548;91 N.W. 813. The Judicial Code uses "decision" as the equivalent of "judgment" and "decree." §§ 128, 238. As a mandate in the words of the decree was unquestionably sufficient to give effect to the ruling of the appellate court, "decision" may not reasonably be held to have been used for "opinion."

Moreover, if the court intended to direct dismissal, it is to be presumed that it would have done so unequivocally and directly by means of language, form of decree and mandate generally employed for that purpose. But, assuming it included the opinion, the mandate would not prevent the district court in the exercise of a sound discretionPage 588from allowing plaintiff, were adequate showing made, to file additional pleadings, vary or expand the issues and take other proceedings to enforce the accounting sought by his bills of complaint.Wells Fargo Co. v.Taylor,254 U.S. 175,182.Metropolitan Water Co. v.Kaw Valley District,223 U.S. 519,523.Mutual Life Insurance Co. v.Hill,193 U.S. 551,553.Smithv.Adams,130 U.S. 167,177. In any view of the matter, it is clear that the decree of the appellate court was not final and that plaintiff, in order to have the validity of the payments considered here, was not bound within three months after entry to petition this court for a writ of certiorari.

Plaintiff contends that the stockholders were not authorized to adopt the by-law under which the payments were made.

Section 11, General Corporation Act, Laws, 1896, c. 185, provides: "The power to make and alter by-laws shall be in the stockholders, but any corporation may, in the certificate of incorporation, confer that power upon the directors; by-laws made by the directors under power so conferred may be altered or repealed by the stockholders." The charter empowers the directors to make and alter by-laws. But plaintiff argues that the stockholders having delegated to the directors authority to adopt by-laws lost the power to adopt the one in question. That is inconsistent with the purpose of the statute. Power to prescribe rules for the government of business corporations reasonably is deemed an incident of ownership and the voting power of the shares. It is quite generally conferred by statute or charter provisions upon the stockholders. Here the statutory grant to them is plenary. The charter provision is subordinate and not inconsistent. There are many thousand holders of shares of this corporation. Their annual meetings are the only regularPage 589ones, but the directors meet frequently. The company's business is extensive and complex and considerations of convenience may have suggested delegation to directors of authority to make and alter by-laws.

That the statute did not intend to divest stockholders is clear; for it expressly makes by-laws passed by directors subject to alteration and repeal by the stockholders. In the absence of statutory provision definitely and clearly disclosing that intention, a charter provision, or by-law adopted by incorporators or shareholders, delegating power to directors, may not reasonably be held to take from the stockholders any of the power conferred upon them by the statute. Plaintiff's contention would leave the stockholders full power to alter and repeal by-laws made by directors, but would deny them power to originate or adopt any by-law or to amend or repeal those made by themselves. We find no reason in support of that construction. Moreover, it seems in direct conflict with the decision of the highest court of New Jersey. In the case ofGriffing Iron Co.,63 N.J.L. 168;41 A. 931, affirmed in the Court of Errors and Appeals on the opinion below,63 N.J.L. 357;46 A. 1097, the court declared (p. 171): ". . . That the stockholders had delegated to the directors power to amend the by-laws did not curtail their own power to amend them, and of course the later statute [Revision, 1896] removed all possible restriction on such power . . . It would be preposterous to leave the real owners of the corporate property at the mercy of their agents, and the law has not done so." The plaintiff cites and quotes fromScottv.P. Lorillard Co.,108 N.J. Eq. 153;154 A. 515, affirmed109 N.J. Eq. 417;157 A. 388. But, when regard is had to the questions considered in that case, there is nothing in the opinion that lends support to his contention. It cannot be sustained.Page 590

Plaintiff suggests that, because the by-law purports to direct payments out of profits, it violates charter provisions which he construes to require the directors to apply all profits to the acquisition of property and the payment of dividends. We need not examine the charter, for the contention rests upon a misapprehension of the meaning of "profits" as used in the by-law. As there defined it includes the sums to be paid to the president and vice-presidents. Compensation to an officer for his services constitutes a part of operating expenses deductible from earnings in order to ascertain net profits. It is immaterial whether such compensation is a fixed salary or depends in whole or in part upon earnings. There is no conflict between the charter and the by-law.Bennettv.Millville Improvement Co.,67 N.J.L. 320,323;51 A. 706.Boothv.Beattie,95 N.J. Eq. 776;118 A. 257;123 A. 925.

It follows from what has been shown that when adopted the by-law was valid. But plaintiff alleges that the measure of compensation fixed by it is not now equitable or fair. And he prays that the court fix and determine the fair and reasonable compensation of the individual defendants, respectively, for each of the years in question. But the allegations of the complaint are not sufficient to permit consideration by the court of the validity or reasonableness of any of the payments on account of fixed salaries, or of special credits, or of the allotments of stock therein mentioned. Indeed, plaintiff alleges that other proceedings have been instituted for the restoration of special credits, and his suits to invalidate the stock allotments were recently considered here.Rogersv.Guaranty Trust Co.,288 U.S. 123. The only payments that plaintiff by this suit seeks to have restored to the company are the payments made to the individual defendants under the by-law.Page 591

We come to consider whether these amounts are subject to examination and revision in the district court. As the amounts payable depend upon the gains of the business, the specified percentages are notper seunreasonable. The by-law was adopted in 1912 by an almost unanimous vote of the shares represented at the annual meeting and presumably the stockholders supporting the measure acted in good faith and according to their best judgment. The tabular statement in the margin shows the payments to individual defendants under the by-law. Plaintiff does not complain of any made prior to 1921. Regard is to be had to the enormous increase of the company's profits in recent years. The 2 1/2 per cent. yielded President Hill $447,870.30 in 1929 and $842,507.72 in 1930. The 1 1/2 per cent. yielded to each of the vice-presidents, Neiley and Riggio, $115,141.86 in 1929 and $409,495.25 in 1930 and for these years payments under the by-law were in addition to the cash credits and fixed salaries shown in the statement.

While the amounts produced by the application of the prescribed percentages give rise to no inference of actual or constructive fraud, the payments under the by-law have by reason of increase of profits become so large as to warrant investigation in equity in the interest of the company. Much weight is to be given to the action of the stockholders, and the by-law is supported by the presumption of regularity and continuity. But the rule prescribed by it cannot, against the protest of a shareholder, be used to justify payments of sums as salaries so large as in substance and effect to amount to spoliation or waste of corporate property. The dissenting opinion of Judge Swan indicates the applicable rule: "If a bonus payment has no relation to the value of services for which it is given, it is in reality a gift in part and the majority stockholders have no power to give away corporate propertyPage 592against the protest of the minority."60 F.2d 109,113. The facts alleged by plaintiff are sufficient to require that the district court, upon a consideration of all the relevant facts brought forward by the parties, determine whether and to what extent payments to the individual defendants under the by-law constitute misuse and waste of the money of the corporation.Boothv.Beattie,95 N.J. Eq. 776;118 A. 257;123 A. 925.Scottv.P. Lorillard Co.,108 N.J. Eq. 153,156;154 A. 515; affirmed109 N.J. Eq. 417;157 A. 388.Nicholsv.Olympic Veneer Co.,139 Wn. 305,311;246 P. 941.Collinsv.Hite,109 W. Va. 79,84;153 S.E. 240.Putnamv.JuvenileShoe Corp.,307 Mo. 74,91et seq.;269 S.W. 593.Stratisv.Andreson,254 Mass. 536,539;150 N.E. 832.Lillardv.Oil,Paint Drug Co.,70 N.J. Eq. 197,206-209;56 A. 254;58 A. 188.Wightv.Heublein, 238 F. 321, 324.Seitzv.UnionBrass Metal Mfg. Co.,152 Minn. 460,464;189 N.W. 586.Sotterv.Coatesville Boiler Works,257 Pa. 411,422-423;101 A. 744.

The separate defenses set up in the answer to the amended complaint are: failure of plaintiff to comply with Equity Rule 27, ratification, forumnon conveniens, laches, and that the payments were justified. As they were not passed on below, we refrain from expressing opinion concerning them. The decree of the Circuit Court of Appeals is reversed, the decree of the district court dismissing the bills on the merits is vacated, and the case is remanded to the district court with directions to reinstate its decree granting injunctionpendente liteand for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.Reversed.

MR. JUSTICE ROBERTS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.Page 593
  1. Page 583 See Table of Cases Reported in this volume. ↩
  2. Page 584 Section 1. As soon as practicable after the end of the year 1912 and of each year of the Company's operations thereafter, the Treasurer of the Company shall ascertain the net profits, as hereinafter defined, earned by the Company during such year, and if such net profits exceed the sum of $8,222,245.82, which is the estimated amount of such net profits earned during the year 1910 by the businesses that now belong to the Company, the Treasurer shall pay an amount equal in the aggregate to ten per cent of such excess to the President and five Vice-Presidents of the Company in the following proportions, to wit: One-fourth thereof, or 2 1/2 per cent of such amount, to the President; one-fifth of the remainder thereof or 1 1/2 per cent of such amount, to each of the five Vice-Presidents as salary for the year, in addition to the fixed salary of each of said officers. . . .

    Section 3. For the purpose of this By-Law the net profits earned by the Company in any year shall consist of the net earnings made by the Company in its business as a manufacturer and seller of tobacco and its products after deducting all expenses and losses, such provisions as shall be determined by the Board of Directors of the Company for depreciation and for all outstanding trade obligations, and an additional amount equal to 6 per cent dividends on $52,459,400 of its 6 per cent preferred stock, to which profits shall be added, or from which profits shall be deducted, as the case may be, the Company's proportion (based on its stock holdings) of the net profits or losses for the year of its subsidiary companies engaged in the manufacture and sale of smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, cigarettes, or little cigars, except earnings on preference shares of British-American Tobacco, Limited, and shares of Imperial Tobacco Company (of Great Britain and Ireland), limited. . . .

    Section 5. This By-Law may be modified or repealed only by the action of the stockholders of the Company and not by the directors. ↩
  3. Page 585 The statement below shows for the years specified the amounts alleged to have been paid by the company to the named defendants as salary, credits, and under by-law XII.

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Salary | Cash Credits | By-Law — ------------- | ---------- | ------------ | -----------------------------Hill| | | 1921 _______ | __________ | ____________ | $ 89,833.94 | 1922 _______ | __________ | ____________ | 82,902.61 | 1923 _______ | __________ | ____________ | 77,336.54 Vice President 1924 _______ | __________ | ____________ | 88,894.26 | 1925 _______ | __________ | ____________ | 97,059.38 | | | | 1926 _______ | $75,000 | ____________ | 188,643.45 | 1927 _______ | 75,000 | ____________ | 268,761.45 | 1928 _______ | 75,000 | ____________ | 280,203.68 President 1929 _______ | 144,500 | $136,507.71 | 447,870.30 | 1930 _______ | 168,000 | 273,470.76 | 842,507.72 | | | |Neiley| | | 1929 _______ | $33,333.32 | $44,897.89 | $115,141.87 1930 _______ | 50,000.00 | 89,945.52 | 409,495.25 | | |Riggio| | | 1929 _______ | $33,333.32 | $45,351.40 | $115,141.86 1930 _______ | 50,000.00 | 90,854.06 | 409,495.25 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ↩