Lee v. Lee

*514 UPON REHEARING EN BANC

Opinion

MOON, J.

We granted an en banc hearing to Wallace Henry Lee, Jr., whose appeal was affirmed because a majority of the panel found that he had not complied with the provisions of Rule 5A118.1 Appellant concedes that the record fails to disclose that an objection with specific reasons therefor was made to any relevant ruling or finding of the trial court. Appellant contends that Rule 5A:18 is relevant only to evidentiary rulings and not to final orders or decrees. The trial court’s order was drafted by appellant’s counsel and endorsed under the phrase “Seen and Objected to.” Thus, while he did object to the entry of the final order, he did not object to any specific ruling or state his “grounds therefor,” as required by the rule.

The purpose of Rule 5A:18 is to allow the trial court to correct in the trial court any error that is called to its attention. One commentator has argued that it is unfair to reverse the trial court for an error which was not called to its attention in time for it to take corrective action. R. Martineau, Modern Appellate Practice: Federal and State Civil Appeals § 3.2 (1983). A perhaps more compelling reason for the rule is that it is unfair to the opposing party, who may have been able to offer an alternative to the objectionable ruling, but did not do so, believing there was no problem. See Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44, 400 S.E.2d 164, 167 (1991); cf. Hilton v. Fayen, 196 Va. 860, 866, 86 S.E.2d 40, 43 (1955). Appellees may, thus, needlessly be burdened with a costly appeal and new trial. The rule also prevents building error into the record and promotes efficient judicial administration because it results in fewer new trials. See Kercher’s Adm’r v. Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac R.R., 150 Va. 108, 115, 142 S.E. 393, 395 (1928); see also Reid v. Baumgardner, 217 Va. 769, 773, 232 S.E.2d 778, 780 (1977).

Rule 5A:18 applies to all cases, both law and equity, including divorce. See Smith v. Smith, 4 Va. App. 148, 153, 354 S.E.2d *515 816, 819 (1987); Zipf v. Zipf, 8 Va. App. 387, 392, 382 S.E.2d 263, 265 (1989); Taylor v. Taylor, 203 Va. 1, 5, 121 S.E.2d 753, 756 (1961).

Code § 8.01-384, in addressing the requisites for complying with the rule, provides:

Formal exceptions to rulings . . . [are] unnecessary; but for all purposes for which an exception has heretofore been necessary, it shall be sufficient that a party, at the time the ruling or order of the court is made or sought, makes known to the court the action which he desires the court take or his objections to the action of the court and his grounds therefor.

Thus, neither the Code nor Rules of Court mandate a specific procedure to preserve for appeal an issue objected to in the trial court. A simple statement that embodies the objection and reason therefor suffices. However, neither the Code nor Rule 5A:18 is complied with merely by objecting generally to an order. Since the rule provides that “[a] mere statement that the judgment or award is contrary to the law and the evidence is not sufficient,” it follows that a statement that an order is “seen and objected to” must also be insufficient. Furthermore, both the Code and Rule 5A:18, by their terms, are not limited to evidentiary rulings or other rulings relating to incidents of the trial. The Code is applicable to any “rulings or order of the court.” Rule 5A:18 includes the phrase that “[a] mere statement that the judgment or award is contrary to the law and the evidence is not sufficient.” Both provisions negate appellant’s contention that Rule 5A:18 is applicable only to evidentiary and similar rulings and not legal decisions and findings. The myriad of cases interpreting Rule 5:25, Rule 5A:18’s counterpart for the Supreme Court, also belies that contention.

Counsel may meet the mandates of Rule 5A.T8 in many ways. For instance, counsel may make clear the ground for his objection in a motion to strike the evidence or in closing argument. See Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 476, 478, 405 S.E.2d 1, 2-3 (1991); Lewis v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 574, 581, 383 S.E.2d 736, 741 (1989). Counsel may also state the grounds therefor during a motion to set aside the verdict or a motion to reconsider. See McGee v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 317, 321-22, 357 S.E.2d 738, 740 (1987); Weidman, 241 Va. at 44, *516 400 S.E.2d at 166-67. Likewise, counsel may, if he or she has previously failed to do so, include an objection and reasons therefor in the final order or at least tender such an order to the trial judge. See State Highway Comm’r v. Easley, 215 Va. 197, 207 S.E.2d 870 (1974). Recently, in Weidman v. Babcock, the Supreme Court, finding an objection sufficient, stated:

In [this] case, however, we do not have a bare failure to object to the court’s ruling from the bench followed by endorsement of the final order merely as “Seen.” Instead, plaintiffs’ counsel during the January 16 hearing on the motion to dismiss repeatedly made known to the court his position. Typical of counsel’s argument was the following statement: “There was no express waiver of my clients’ rights to prosecute an action for a breach of fiduciary duty against their former attorney.” Then, during the 21-day period under Rule 1:1 within which the trial court retained jurisdiction over the final order, the plaintiffs filed a motion for rehearing and a nine-page memorandum contending that the plaintiffs’ claims were not barred by the doctrine of waiver. Additionally, counsel for the plaintiffs endorsed the order denying the motion for reconsideration entered on February 16, within 21 days of the February 7 final order, as “SEEN: and all Exceptions noted.”

241 Va. at 44, 400 S.E.2d at 167.

Here, we have the original bill of complaint, answer and cross-bill, a transcript of the evidence containing some discussion but not touching issues raised on appeal, and an order which appellant endorsed under the phrase “Seen and objected to.” The parties chose not to make a part of the record their closing arguments or any other communication with the court. Therefore, this record, unlike that in Weidman, fails to establish that the issues appealed by appellant were raised in the trial court by an objection with a statement of the reasons therefor. We cannot assumé that appellant’s objection and reasons were proffered but not made a part of the record. Rule 5A:8 requires appellant to present a complete transcript for this Court to consider his or her issues on appeal. Turner v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 96, 98, 341 S.E.2d 400, 401-02 (1986). Even assuming that the same issues were raised at trial as on appeal, we do not know if counsel stated *517 legal reasons to support his theory or merely argued the weight of the evidence. See Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. at 480, 405 S.E.2d at 2. In this record, the only objection that appears to have been raised during the trial was to the suggestion that appellant pay the wife attorney’s fees, an issue not raised on appeal.

The exception contained in Rule 5A:18 allows the court to consider a question not raised in the trial court “for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” We have examined the issues raised herein and find that neither “good cause” nor “the ends of justice” require consideration of the issues. See Mounce v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 433, 436, 357 S.E.2d 742, 744 (1987).

Accordingly, the judgment appealed from is affirmed.

Affirmed.

Baker, J., Cole, J.,* Duff, J., and Willis, J., concurred.

No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds therefor at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice. A mere statement that the judgment or award is contrary to the law and the evidence is not sufficient to constitute a question to be ruled upon on appeal.

Judge Cole participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to the effective date of his retirement on April 30, 1991 and thereafter by designation pursuant to Code § 17-116.01.