Opinion · Supreme Court of Virginia
Zinone v. LEE'S CROSSING HOMEOWNERS ASS'N
282 Va. 330
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of Virginia
- Jurisdiction
- Virginia
- Date
- 2011-09-16
- Topic
- litigation
How later courts describe this case
- recognizing that when an enactment uses “specific language in one instance, but omits that language or uses different language when addressing a similar subject elsewhere . . . , we must presume that the difference in the choice of language was intentional”
- comparing statutes to determine legislative intent and “presum[ing] that the difference in the choice of language was intentional”
- “We . . . presume the legislature chose, with care, the words it used when it enacted the relevant statute.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)
- “[W]hen the General Assembly has used specific language in one instance, but omits that language or uses different language when addressing a similar subject elsewhere in the Code, we must presume that the difference in the choice of language was intentional.”
- “[W]hen the General Assembly has used specific language in one instance but omits language or uses different language when addressing a similar subject elsewhere in the Code, we must presume that the difference in the choice of language was intentional.”
- “[W]hen the General Assembly has used specific language in one instance but omits that language or uses different language when addressing a similar subject elsewhere in the Code, we must presume that the difference in the choice of language was 7 intentional.”
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ZINONE v. LEE'S CROSSING HOMEOWNERS ASS'N,282 Va. 330(2011)
LINZIE ZINONE v. LEE'S CROSSING HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, ET AL.
Record No. 101085.
Supreme Court of Virginia.
September 16, 2011.
Present: Kinser, C.J., Lemons, Goodwyn, and Millette, JJ., and Koontz, S.J.
1. An issue decided on cross motions for summary judgment, based on the pleadings, that presents a purely legal question of statutory construction, is reviewed under a de novo standard.
2. To determine the legislative intent underpinning the POAA's provisions concerning the manner for amending a declaration, it is instructive to look at the closely-related provisions of the Condominium Act, Code §§55-79.39through -79.103. It is clear that in Code §55-79.71(B) the legislature chose to use the mandatory and directive term "shall," while in Code §55-515.1(D) it used the permissive term "may" and did not include any language equivalent to the further provision found in Code §55-79.71(B) that permits a condominium instrument to include amorerestrictive limitation on the power to amend by only a greater majority of the unit owners.
3. Nor did the legislature make any provision in Code §55-515.1(D), as it did in Code §55-79.71(B), for "different methods of amendment" to be provided for elsewhere in the chapter.
4. The plain meaning of the statutory language is sought, and it is presumed that the legislature chose, with care, the words it used when it enacted the relevant statute.
5. When the General Assembly has used specific language in one instance, but omits that language or uses different language when addressing a similar subject elsewhere in the Code, it must be presumed that the difference in the choice of language was intentional.
6. Both the POAA and the Condominium Act were enacted to establish the duties of developers and to protect the rights of owners of residential property in subdivisions and condominiums respectively. However, it is self-evident that the differences between a subdivision consisting of individual family dwellings and a condominium consisting of individual ownership of living units in a multi-unit structure, required the legislature to treat the two entities differently, placing greater restrictions on the governance of the latter, and giving more flexibility to the governance of the former.
7. The plain language of the provisions of the POAA concerning the ability to amend a declaration are neither mandatory nor exclusive and, thus, can be controlled by the express provisions of a particular declaration. In this case, the declaration at issue does exactly that, by providing that the covenants set forth in it can be amended by the homeowners association upon an affirmative vote of two-thirds of the membership thereof, or by the declarant unilaterally anytime within the time limit specified in it.
8. The statement in prior case law that the POAA allows unilateral action in only limited circumstances merely demonstrated the point that the instrument in that case was not a valid declaration because nothing in the POAA supports the proposition that the unilateral filing of a document without notice and concurrence of the lot owners can impose upon real property and subject owners of that property to conditions not included in a deed of dedication or by a properly adopted amendment to such deed. The question whether the amendment provisions of the POAA were mandatory and exclusive was not at issue.Page 332
9. The circuit court did not err in concluding that the declaration for this home-owners association was not inconsistent with the provisions of the POAA.
BACKGROUND
The material facts are not in dispute. Lee's Crossing is a residential subdivision in Loudoun County created in 1999 and is subject to a Declaration of Protective Covenants ("the Declaration") recorded in the County's land records by the Merritt Family Limited Partnership I, the developer of the subdivision, and Jack H. Merritt, Jr., the general partner (collectively, "Merritt"). The Declaration created Lee's Crossing Homeowners Association ("the Association") for the Lee's Crossing subdivision subject to the provisions of the POAA. Linzie Zinone owns property within the Lee's Crossing subdivision and, thus, is a member of the Association.Page 333
As relevant to this appeal, section 17(i) of the Declaration provided:1
Amendments.These Covenants may be modified or amended upon an affirmative vote of two-thirds of the membership of the Association. Declarant reserves the right to unilaterally amend this Declaration anytime within two years of the recordation of this Declaration.
Pursuant to this provision of the Declaration, Merritt made numerous unilateral amendments to the Declaration between 1999 and 2004, including several which extended the period of time during which unilateral amendments by the declarant would be permitted.
In an amended complaint filed April 24, 2009 in the Circuit Court of Loudoun County, Zinone sought declaratory and injunctive relief and an award of monetary damages against the Association and Merritt. Zinone alleged that the Association had "perpetrated" the "misuse of power and other ineffective and unlawful activities" by permitting Merritt to exercise authority under the Declaration to unilaterally amend its provisions to the detriment of the individual property owners within Lee's Crossing. Zinone contended that Merritt had made multiple, unilateral amendments to the Declaration that, among other things, impacted architectural controls on the individual property owners and the assessment of regular fees and fines collected by the Association, including fines imposed on Zinone for alleged violations of the Declaration as amended by Merritt.
Zinone did not expressly reference the application of the POAA in her amended complaint. However, in a supplemental bill of particulars, she asserted that the unilateral amendment provision of section 17(i) of the Declaration was in conflict with Code §55-515.1(D), which she asserted required that any amendment to a declaration be approved by a two-thirds vote of the property owners. Moreover, she maintained that the POAA provided that a unilateral amendment of a declaration by a declarant was allowed only under the limited circumstances provided for in Code §55-515.2(F), which she maintained did not apply to any of the amendments made by Merritt. Ultimately, it was the application of these two provisions of the POAAPage 334which became the focus of the parties and the circuit court in the resolution of the parties' dispute.
Merritt and the Association filed motions for partial summary judgment, asserting identical arguments that Code §§55-515.1(D), -515.1(F), and -515.2(F) did not bar a declarant from providing in a declaration the power to unilaterally amend the declaration. Rather, they contended that these provisions of the POAA merely provided ancillary and supplemental rights allowing for amendment of a declaration in the absence of an express, less restrictive manner of amendment within the declaration.2
Zinone also filed a motion for partial summary judgment in which she contended that Code §55-515.1(D) was a mandatory limitation on the power of a declarant or a property owners' association to amend a declaration except by a two-thirds vote of the membership. Zinone further contended thatDogwoodValley Citizens Association, Inc. v. Shifflett,275 Va. 197,203-04,654 S.E.2d 894,897(2008), supported her interpretation of Code §55-515.1(D), asserting that the case stood for the proposition that the only exception to the two-thirds vote requirement allowing for unilateral amendment of a declaration was under the "limited circumstances" set out in Code §55-515.2(F).
The circuit court conducted a hearing on the cross-motions for partial summary judgment on March 9, 2010. At the conclusion of the hearing, after receiving argument in accord with the parties' positions as stated in their motions and supporting memoranda, the court entered an order sustaining Merritt's and the Association's motions with respect to their interpretation of Code §55-515.1(D), and overruling Zinone's motion. Thereafter, Zinone took a nonsuit to the remaining personal claims against Mr. Merritt. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Zinone has made five assignments of error to the judgment of the circuit court. However, the substance of her argument, essentially identical to that made in the circuit court, is that the provision for unilateral amendment of the Declaration contained in section 17(i) is inconsistent with Code §§55-515.1(D) and -515.2(F), and that thePage 335plain language of the POAA and our decision inDogwoodValley Citizens Ass'nestablish that a declaration can only be amended as provided for in the POAA.
Code §55-515.1(D) was added to the POAA effective July 1, 1999,3and provides that:
[a] declaration may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the owners. This subsection may be applied to an association subject to a declaration recorded prior to July 1, 1999, if the declaration is silent on how it may be amended or upon the amendment of that declaration in accordance with its requirements.
Code §55-515.2(F), as effective July 1, 1998,4provides in relevant part:
The declarant may unilaterally execute and record a corrective amendment or supplement to the declaration to correct a mathematical mistake, an inconsistency or a scrivener's error, or clarify an ambiguity in the declaration with respect to an objectively verifiable fact (including without limitation recalculating the liability for assessments or the number of votes in the association appertaining to a lot). . . .
Zinone notes that the Declaration at issue in this case was recorded just prior to July 1, 1999. She contends that a proper reading of Code §55-515.1(D) shows that the legislature intended for the two-thirds vote requirement to be applicable to all property owners' associations subject to the POAA as a mandatory constraint on the ability to amend a declaration. According to Zinone, this is so because the 1999 amendment to Code §55-515.1(D) applies to declarations existing at the time of its adoption that are "silent on how [they] may be amended or upon the amendment of [the] declaration in accordance with [Code § 55-515.l(D)'s] requirements." Accordingly, she contends that while the first sentence of section 17(i) of the Declaration is in accord with the POAA, the second sentence, providing for an unlimited power of unilateral amendment by the declarant, is not.Page 336
Zinone further contends that her interpretation of Code §55-515.1(D) is supported by Code §55-515.2(F) and our discussion of its application inDogwood Valley CitizensAss'n.She maintains that Code §55-515.2(F), which predates Code §55-515.1(D), evinces a legislative intent to limit the ability of a declarant to unilaterally amend a declaration to the circumstances specified in that subsection. Zinone finds support for this contention in our statement inDogwood Valley Citizens Ass'nthat "the POAA allows unilateral action in only limited circumstances."275 Va. at 204,654 S.E.2d at 897.
Merritt and the Association, along with Home Builders Association of Virginia, an amicus curiae appearing in support of their position, contend that Zinone is misreading Code §§55-515.1(D) and -515.2(F) as providing mandatory limitations on the power to amend a declaration creating a property owners' association. Rather, they maintain that the circuit court correctly interpreted these statutes as providing ancillary or supplemental means for amending such a declaration. They assert that nothing in the POAA prohibits a declarant from making express provisions in a declaration for a different manner of amending the declaration. We agree.
[2-3] To determine the legislative intent underpinning the POAA's provisions concerning the manner for amending a declaration, it is instructive to look at the closely-related provisions of the Condominium Act, Code §§55-79.39through -79.103, which provide for the amendment of a condominium instrument. Code §55-79.71(B) provides in relevant part:
the condominium instrumentsshallbe amended only by agreement of unit owners of units to which two-thirds of the votes in the unit owners' association appertain, or such larger majority as the condominium instruments may specify, except in cases for which this chapter provides different methods of amendment.
(Emphasis added.)
Compare this language with the provision of Code §55-515.1(D) that "[a] declarationmaybe amended by a two-thirds vote of the owners." (Emphasis added.) It is clear that in Code §55-79.71(B) the legislature chose to use the mandatory and directive term "shall," while in Code §55-515.1(D) it used the permissive term "may." Moreover, Code §55-515.1(D) does not contain any language equivalent to the further provision found in Code §55-79.71(B) thatPage 337permits a condominium instrument to include amorerestrictive limitation on the power to amend by only a greater majority of the unit owners. Nor did the legislature make any provision in Code §55-515.1(D), as it did in Code §55-79.71(B), for "different methods of amendment" to be provided for elsewhere in the chapter.
[4-5] "We look to the plain meaning of the statutory language, and presume that the legislature chose, with care, the words it used when it enacted the relevant statute."Addison,281 Va. at 208,704 S.E.2d at 404(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, when the General Assembly has used specific language in one instance, but omits that language or uses different language when addressing a similar subject elsewhere in the Code, we must presume that the difference in the choice of language was intentional.See,e.g., Hollingsworth v. Norfolk Southern Railway,279 Va. 360,366-67n. 2,689 S.E.2d 651,654-55n. 2 (2010);Halifax Corp. v. First Union National Bank,262 Va. 91,100,546 S.E.2d 696,702(2001).
[6-7] Both the POAA and the Condominium Act were enacted to establish the duties of developers and to protect the rights of owners of residential property in subdivisions and condominiums respectively. However, it is self-evident that the differences between a subdivision consisting of individual family dwellings and a condominium consisting of individual ownership of living units in a multi-unit structure, required the legislature to treat the two entities differently, placing greater restrictions on the governance of the latter, and giving more flexibility to the governance of the former. Comparing these two statutory schemes, we conclude that the plain language of the provisions of the POAA concerning the ability to amend a declaration are neither mandatory nor exclusive and, thus, can be controlled by the express provisions of a particular declaration. In this case, the Declaration does exactly that, by providing that the covenants set forth in the Declaration can be amended by the Association "upon an affirmative vote of two-thirds of the membership [thereof]" or by the Declarant "unilaterally . . . anytime" within the time limit specified in the Declaration.
[8] Finally, we do not agree with Zinone that our decision inDogwood Valley Citizens Ass'nis in conflict with this interpretation of the POAA. The issue inDogwood ValleyCitizens Ass'nwas whether the instrument in question was a valid declaration creating a property owners' association in accord with the POAA.275 Va. at 200,654 S.E.2d at 895. Within that context, the statement that thePage 338"POAA allows unilateral action in only limited circumstances" merely demonstrated the point that the instrument was not a valid declaration because "nothing in the POAA supports the proposition that the unilateral filing of a document without notice and concurrence of the lot owners can impose upon real property and subject owners of that property to conditions not included in a deed of dedication or by a properly adopted amendment to such deed."Id.at 204,654 S.E.2d at 897. The question whether the amendment provisions of the POAA were mandatory and exclusive was not at issue inDogwood Valley Citizens Ass'n.
CONCLUSION
[9] For these reasons, we hold that the circuit court did not err in concluding that section 17(i) of the Lee's Crossing Homeowners Association Declaration was not inconsistent with the provisions of the POAA. Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court will be affirmed.Affirmed.
- The comparable provision appearing in the most recent version of the Declaration (the Corrected Third Amended and Restated Declaration of Protective Covenants, dated October 14, 2004) is set out in section 17(h). ↩
- The Association further contended that Zinone's action was time-barred under Code §55-515.1(E). The circuit court had previously overruled Merritt's and the Association's pleas in bar asserting the application of Code §55-515.1(E) and did not expressly rule on this aspect of the Association's motion for summary judgment. Although both the Association and Merritt have reasserted the issue of whether the action was time-barred in this appeal, the issue is waived. ↩
- See1999 Acts ch.805. ↩
- Code §55-515.2(F) was the subject of a corrective amendment in 2001, and the text given here reflects that correction. 2001 Acts ch.271. ↩