Opinion · Texas Supreme Court

Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Insurance Co.

Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Ins. Co., 980 S.W.2d 462 (Tex. 1998)

Type
Opinion
Court
Texas Supreme Court
Jurisdiction
Texas
Date
1998-12-31
Topic
general

holding that Texas contractual interpretation rules require a court to “attempt to give effect to all contract provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless” | holding that insurer waived reliance on policy exclusion for not having moved for summary judgment on ground that that exclusion precluded recovery | holding that a term is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two reasonable but conflicting interpretations | holding that a term is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two reasonable but conflicting interpretations | holding that a term is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two reasonable but conflicting interpretations | holding that a term is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two reasonable but conflicting interpretations | observing that we must “attempt to give effect to all contract provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless” | holding that mere conflicting expectations or disputes are not enough to create ambiguity | holding that party waived argument raised for first time in new-trial motion | observing that we must “attempt to give effect to all contract provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless” | observing that we must “attempt to give effect to all contract provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless” | stating that “[p]arol evidence is not admissible for the purpose of creating an ambiguity” | explaining that ambiguity does not arise merely because parties advance conflicting contract interpretations | holding the policy language “unambiguously does not apply to exclude coverage” | accepting the contractual reading that “give[s] meaning” to all relevant provisions and is “consistent with the plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning” of the relevant terms | accepting the contractual reading that “give[s] meaning” to all relevant provisions and is “consistent with the plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning” of the relevant terms | reinstating summary judgment in favor of insured and holding that insurer waived its argument that particular section of policy excluded coverage because insurer failed to raise that argument until its motion for new trial | holding same regarding contract construction | policy exclusion was claimed as a defensive matter "for the first time in [the defendant’s] motion for new trial” and not asserted in connection with cross-motions for summary judgment | “We must also attempt to give effect to all contract provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless.” | Only if “after applying the applicable rules of construction, a contract term is susceptible of two or more reasonable interpretations will the term be ambiguous.” | “We must also attempt to give effect to all contract provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless.” | court asked to declare whether insurance contract’s pollution exclusion clause excluded Kelley from clean up costs | court asked to declare whether insurance contract's pollution exclusion clause excluded Kelley from clean up costs | party waived reliance on argument that it asserted for first time in motion for new trial | “If a written contract is so worded that it can be given a definite or certain legal meaning, then it is not ambiguous.” | “By negating coverage for a contractor’s entire operations at a job site, the court of appeals’ interpretation leaves section f.(l)(d) nothing to exclude.” | court asked to declare in how Carter was identified in his original petition and whether insurance contract's pollution exclusion clause excluded Kelley from clean up costs | “[W]e interpret insurance policies in Texas according to the rules of contract construction.” | "occupy” means "to hold or keep for use.” | "occupy" means "to hold or keep for use."

Citator

Cited by
223 opinions
KELLEY-COPPEDGE v. HIGHLANDS INSURANCE COMPANY,980 S.W.2d 462(Tex. 1998)
980 S.W.2d 462
KELLEY-COPPEDGE, INC., Petitioner, v. HIGHLANDS INSURANCE COMPANY,
Respondent.
No. 97-0926.
Supreme Court of Texas.
Argued on April 28, 1998.
Opinion Delivered: November 12, 1998.
On Petition for Review from the Court of Appeals for the Second District of Texas.Page 463
Patrick J. Wielinski, Dallas, for Petitioner.

Michael S. Quinn, Austin, Robert A. Shults, Collyn A. Peddie, Houston, for Respondent.
Justice Spector delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice Phillips, Justice Enoch, Justice Abbott and Justice Hankinson joined. Justice Gonzalez filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justice Hecht, Justice Owen and Justice Baker joined.
Justice SPECTOR.
In this case, we consider whether Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. (KCI), an independent contractor, "occupied" the easement on which it was performing operations, thereby invoking the pollution exclusion clause of a commercial general liability policy. The court of appeals held that KCI did occupy the easement and therefore rendered summary judgment that KCI take nothing.950 S.W.2d 415. We reverse and render judgment for KCI.
I
While laying pipe along an easement, KCI, an oil and gas pipeline contractor, inadvertently struck a Mobil Oil pipeline causing the release of 1600 barrels of crude oil. The spill damaged a third party's land upon which the easement was located.

At the time, Highlands Insurance Co. covered KCI under a commercial general liability policy. After the spill, KCI notified Highlands, took steps to mitigate potential damage, and entered into agreements with Mobil and the adjoining landowner to clean up the soil in accordance with Texas Railroad Commission standards. Highlands eventually paid to repair the Mobil pipeline and for the lost oil. When KCI presented Highlands with the cleanup costs, however, Highlands denied the claim.

KCI then sued Highlands for a declaratory judgment on Highlands's coverage obligations, breach of insurance contract, and attorneys' fees. Both parties moved for summary judgment. Finding that the insurance contract's pollution exclusion clause did not exclude KCI's cleanup costs, the trial court granted summary judgment for KCI and overruled Highlands's motion. The trial court later granted KCI summary judgment on damages for $435,000.

The court of appeals reversed and rendered summary judgment for Highlands. 950 S.W.2d at 419. Relying onTri County ServiceCo. v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co.,873 S.W.2d 719, 729 (Tex.App. — San Antonio 1993, writ denied), the court held that because KCI had the right to be on the easement to perform operations, it occupied the easement for the purposes of the insurance policy. 950 S.W.2d at 419. Because section f.(1)(a) of KCI's policy excluded coverage for the release of pollutants fromPage 464premises it "owned or occupied," the court held that KCI could not recoup its cleanup costs from Highlands.Id.We granted KCI's petition for review and now reverse and render judgment for KCI.
II
The issue we must resolve is whether the pollution exclusion clause contained in KCI's insurance policy with Highlands excluded coverage for KCI's cleanup costs. The relevant portions of the pollution exclusion clause are subsections f.(1)(a), f.(1)(d), and f.(2)(a). Exclusion f.(1) of the policy excludes coverage for:
"Bodily injury" and "property damage" arising out of the actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or escape of pollutants:
(a) At or from any premises, site or location which is or was at any time owned oroccupied by, or rented or loaned to, any insured;
* * *
(d) At or from any premises, site or location on which any insured or any contractors or subcontractors working directly or indirectly on any insured's behalf are performing operations:
(i) if the pollutants are brought on or to the premises, site or location in connection with such operations by such insured, contractor or subcontractor;


Exclusion f.(2) excludes coverage for:
Any loss, cost or expense arising out of any
(a) Request, demand or order that any insured or others test for, monitor, clean up, remove, contain, treat, detoxify or neutralize, or in any way respond to, or assess the effects of pollutants. . . . (emphasis added).


This dispute turns on whether or not the term "occupied by" in the policy encompasses KCI's activities on the easement. Highlands contends that "to occupy" is simply "to take up significant parts of an occupied space" or "to be there." KCI contends that something more than mere presence is needed, and that Highlands's interpretation of section f.(1)(a) renders section f.(1)(d) meaningless and the insurance contract ambiguous as a whole.
A
Initially, we note that we interpret insurance policies in Texas according to the rules of contract interpretation.Balandran v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America,972 S.W.2d 738, (Tex. 1998);National Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus., Inc.,907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex. 1995);Forbau v. Aetna Life Ins. Co.,876 S.W.2d 132, 133 (Tex. 1994). InCBI, we set forth guidelines courts are to follow when interpreting insurance contracts:
The primary concern of a court in construing a written contract is to ascertain the true intent of the parties as expressed in the instrument. If a written contract is so worded that it can be given a definite or certain legal meaning, then it is not ambiguous. Parol evidence is not admissible for the purpose of creating an ambiguity.
If, however, the language of a policy or contract is subject to two or more reasonable interpretations, it is ambiguous. Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law for the court to decide by looking at the contract as a whole in light of the circumstances present when the contract was entered. Only where a contract is first determined to be ambiguous may the courts consider the parties' interpretation, and admit extraneous evidence to determine the true meaning of the instrument.


907 S.W.2d at 520 (citations omitted).See also HeritageResources, Inc. v. NationsBank,939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996) (observing that when construing unambiguous instruments "[w]e give terms their plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning . . ."). We must also attempt to give effect to all contract provisions so that none will be rendered meaningless.Universal C.I.T. CreditCorp. v. Daniel,243 S.W.2d 154, 158 (Tex. 1951);see alsoMichael Sean Quinn,Liability Insurance Contracts: A Primer, 34 Tex. J. Bus. L. 2, 19-20 (1997). We proceed with these principles as our guide.Page 465

Each party argues an alternate meaning for the term "occupy" as used in the policy. An ambiguity does not arise, however, merely because the parties advance conflicting contract interpretations.Grain Dealers Mut. Ins. Co. v. McKee,943 S.W.2d 455, 458 (Tex. 1997). Only when, after applying the applicable rules of construction, a contract term is susceptible of two or more reasonable interpretations will the term be ambiguous.Glover v. National Ins. Underwriters,545 S.W.2d 755, 761 (Tex. 1977). We find no ambiguity in this contract.

Highlands contends that the plain meaning of "to occupy" is "to take up space." Thus, KCI's mere presence on the easement constitutes "occupation" as contemplated by the pollution exclusion clause. Because section f.(1)(a) excludes coverage for any pollutant discharge from any premises the insured "occupied," KCI cannot recover its cleanup costs. In support of its definition of "occupy," Highlands citesTri County, 873 S.W.2d at 720, the only Texas case to consider this issue.

Tri County was a paving subcontractor working under contract to pave an H.E.B. parking lot. Tri County began its operations in September 1990 and finished them in December 1990. After Tri County sprayed oil on the parking lot, heavy rains washed the oil into a nearby creek. H.E.B. then removed the oil from the creek and docked Tri County for the cost of cleanup. Tri County claimed this loss under its commercial general liability (CGL) policy with Nationwide. Nationwide later denied coverage, invoking a pollution exclusion clause identical to that at issue here. Tri County then sued Nationwide.

Tri County argued that it never "occupied" the parking lot because it held no property interest in the site. After holding that the clause was unambiguous, the court of appeals held that the plain, ordinary meaning of "occupied" did not necessarily mean ownership, and was broad enough to encompass Tri County's operations.Id.at 721. Highlands argues that we should reach the same conclusion as theTri Countycourt and hold that KCI "occupied" the easement.

KCI, however, contends that accepting Highlands's definition of occupy would render exclusion f.(1)(d) meaningless. KCI argues that if any presence, no matter how transitory, is occupancy under section f.(1)(a), then this section excludesalloperations of the insured, including those performed by contractors or subcontractors, regardless of whether the insured owns the property or not. Thus, section f.(1)(d)'s provision excluding coverage for the insured's operations on another's land would be surplusage. In support of this argument, KCI citesUnited StatesFidelity Guaranty Co. v. BB Oil Well Service, Inc.,910 F. Supp. 1172(S.D. Miss. 1995).

In that case, B B, an oil well contractor, had contracted to rework some oil wells. A number of landowners on whose land the oil wells were located sued B B alleging that the landowners' property had been contaminated by pollutants from B B's operations. U S F G, which insured BB under a CGL policy nearly identical to that between KCI and Highlands, sought a declaratory judgment that under the contracts of insurance issued to BB, BB had no coverage for the contamination.Id.at 1175.

While the court ultimately held that another provision excluded coverage, the court also held that because BB was not an "occupier" of the premises, section f.(1)(a) of the insurance contract did not bar coverage.Id.at 1178-81. As here, the insurer relied onTri Countyin arguing that the insured occupied the premises. However, the court distinguished the case fromTriCountyby framing the question before it as: "Does occasional, limited work performed by a subcontractor, such as BB, at a well site operated and controlled by another amount to occupancy?"Id.at 1178. Answering the question in the negative, the court stated that "if any sort of occupancy, `no matter how transitory or for whatever purpose,' were deemed sufficient to invoke subsection (a) of this pollution exclusion, `the remaining subsections, (b) through (d), would be meaninglessly superfluous.'"Id.(quotingSchumann v. New York,610 N.Y.S.2d 987, 991 (Ct. Cl. 1994)). "In the court's view, . . . each aspect of the `occupancy' definition suggests something other than a transient, nonpossessory relation to thePage 466property. Subsection (a) is thus inapplicable."Id.(footnote omitted). Thus,BB Oil Well Serviceheld that a well contractor reworking a well was not an occupier because its presence was too transient and nonpossessory to be occupancy.

Highlands, the court of appeals, and theTri Countycourt all rely on our decision inHernandez v. Heldenfels,374 S.W.2d 196, 200 (Tex. 1963), to support their definitions of "occupy." They contend we set forth a definition of "occupy" broad enough to cover the contractor's activities inTri Countyand the contractor's activities in the case at hand.

InHeldenfels, however, we implied that an "occupier" is one who has "exclusive control" of premises.See id.at 198. We stated:
The thesis of the appellate court is that as Heldenfels was the occupier of the premises — the roadway in question — and Hernandez had no business with Heldenfels and was not engaged in furthering Heldenfels' interest in any way, he was necessarily a licensee. Had Heldenfels been entitled as a matter of right to an exclusive possession of the premises as against the owner, this theory might be tenable. However, as we view the record, there is no evidence that Southwestern, as the owner, granted to . . . Heldenfels an exclusive right. Heldenfels Brothers had the right to occupy such portions of the roadway as were necessary for them to use in carrying out the obligations which they had assumed as a subcontractor, but they did not have the right to bar the owner and its employees therefrom. . . . Both Heldenfels and Hernandez were using the roadway because the interests of Southwestern as the owner required such use. Both, in a sense, were invitees of the owner and . . . [e]ach owes a duty to prevent injury to the other through negligence.
Id.at 198-99. In sum, we suggested that for a contractor to be an "occupier" of premises, it must have an exclusive right of possession to that premises.

InHeldenfels, however, the meaning of "occupied" was not at issue, and the passage that theTri Countycourt quoted was merely a recitation of the assumed fact that the subcontractor had "the right to occupy such portions of the roadway as were necessary" for the performance of its work. Thus, theTri Countycourt incorrectly stated thatHeldenfels"articulated a definition" of "occupy." Moreover, the language quoted above suggests, likeBBOil Well Service, that we intended something more than mere presence for a subcontractor to "occupy" premises.

Both parties citeGregory v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co.,948 F.2d 203(5th Cir. 1991), as support for their position. InGregory, the city of Natchitoches, Louisiana, created a lake to provide for the city's drinking water supply. A gas company maintained a facility next to the lake and allegedly discharged chemicals into the lake. As a result, several landowners sued the gas company and the city. The city then filed a third-party complaint against its insurer, seeking coverage. Claiming that the city "occupied" the lake under exclusion (a) (the same as KCI's section f.(1)(a)) and was therefore excluded from coverage, the insurer denied coverage. The city claimed that, while it did own the bed of the lake, it did not own "the waters, fish, flora, or fauna of the lake."Id.at 205. Thus, the issue before the court was whether the city "occupied" the lake as that term was used in the insurance contract.Id.at 204-06.

Because the city "created the lake, owns at least a large portion of the bed, and maintains and uses the lake and its waters for a drinking water supply," the court held that the city did occupy the lake.Id.at 207. The court defined "occupy" as "to keep or hold for use."Id.1Page 467

We agree with KCI that if the court of appeals was correct that any presence, no matter how transitory, constitutes occupancy under section f.(1)(a), then section f.(1)(d) is rendered meaningless. Subparagraph (a) applies to releases at or from premises owned or controlled by the contractor. Subparagraph (d) broadens the scope of the exclusion to include releases at or from premises owned by a third party at which the contractor is performing operations,but only ifthe contractor brings the pollutants onto the site. By negating coverage for a contractor's entire operations at a job site, the court of appeals' interpretation leaves section f.(1)(d) nothing to exclude. Under the court of appeals' interpretation, there would be absolutely no reason to include (d) since (a) already excludes all of the contractor's operations, whether or not the contractor owns or controls the premises on which it is performing operations. Under that reading, a contractor's off-premises coverage is completely eliminated.

A reading that does give meaning to both provisions is that section f.(1)(a) refers to operations on premises owned or controlled by the contractor, while section f.(1)(d) refers to operations taking place on a third-party's premises. This reading is consistent with the plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning of "occupied" when read in context with the other terms in the clause, "owned," "rented," and "loaned." In short, we agree withGregorythat to "occupy" means "to hold or keep for use," and we conclude that KCI's interpretation of the word "occupy" in section f.(1)(a) is the only reasonable interpretation. We therefore hold that section f.(1)(a) unambiguously does not apply to exclude coverage for KCI's cleanup costs.2
B
Finally, Highlands argues that section f.(2)(a) explicitly excludes KCI from coverage for its cleanup costs. Nevertheless, Highlands waived reliance on this portion of the policy because it asserted its applicability for the first time in its motion for new trial.McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist.,858 S.W.2d 337, 343 (Tex. 1993) (holding that an issue not presented in a response to a motion for summary judgment cannot later be raised on appeal);City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth.,589 S.W.2d 671, 676 (Tex. 1979). As a result, exclusion f.(2)(a) does not operate to exclude KCI from recovering its cleanup costs. We express no opinion on whether KCI's costs would have been excluded had Highlands not waived reliance on this section.
III
We hold that the term "occupied by" in this insurance policy's pollution exclusion clause does not encompass KCI's operations on a third-party's premises. The provision unambiguously excludes costs for pollution spillage from or on the insured's own premises. We therefore reverse the court of appeals and render judgment for KCI.

GONZALEZ, J., files a dissenting opinion, in which HECHT, OWEN, and BAKER, JJ., join.
GONZALEZ, Justice, joined by HECHT, OWEN, and BAKER, Justices, dissenting.
The Court concludes that an insured did not "occupy" the work site where it caused an oil spill, and therefore the pollution exclusion provision in the insured's commercial general liability insurance policy did notPage 468preclude coverage. I disagree and would affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.

Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America ("NGP") contracted Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. ("KCI") to construct pipelines for NGP. Their contract expressly obliged NGP to "furnish right-of-way" as appropriate to KCI and specifically granted KCI "the right to conduct operations for the construction of pipelines (gas, water, drain and sewage) over a strip of ground fifty feet (50') in width." For a period of no fewer than nineteen days, KCI placed workers and equipment on NGP's easement in Wise County. In the course of laying pipeline along this easement, KCI's workers punched a hole in a crude oil pipeline, causing the discharge of 1,600 barrels of crude oil at the location KCI was working.

Section f.(1)(a) of KCI's insurance policy excluded coverage for pollution-related losses, damage or injuries "[a]t or from any premises, site or location which is or was at any time owned oroccupiedby, or rented or loaned to, anyinsured." Section f.(1)(d) excluded coverage of the same at any place "on which anyinsuredor any contractors orsubcontractorsworking directly or indirectly on any insured's behalf areperforming operations. . . if the pollutants are brought on or to the premises, site or location in connection with such operations by such insured, contractor or subcontractor."

The Court concludes that to "occupy" means "to hold or keep for use," citingGregory v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co.,948 F.2d 203, 207 (5th Cir. 1991), in support of this definition. InGregory, the court concluded that the City of Natchitoches "occupied" the lake it created, even if it did not "own" the lake, because it regulated the lake levels and used the lake to supply the city's drinking water.Id.Gregoryheld that one who "holds or maintains [property] for use" also "occupies" it.Id.It does not follow, however, that one who does not hold or maintain property for use does not "occupy" it. Nevertheless, theGregorycourt's construction of the term "occupy" actually supports Highland's position. InGregory, the city did not haveexclusivecontrol over and use of the lake, but others also used it for recreational purposes.See id.at 204-05.Gregorysupports the proposition that one may "occupy" a premises without owning or having exclusive use of it.

This Court also misreadsHernandez v. Heldenfels,374 S.W.2d 196(Tex. 1963), to suggest that in order for a contractor to be an "occupier" of a premises, it must have an exclusive right ofpossessionto the premises. First, our interpretation of the term "occupier" inHeldenfelsapplied only to premises liability actions, not to insurance coverage. Second, not even in the context of premises liability law must an "occupier" of land actually "possess" the land. One who "is entitled to exclusive control" of a premises, even if not an owner, may be an "occupier" of the land.See id.at 198. Third, just because one who has an exclusive right of possession or control of a property may be deemed an "occupier" of the property does not mean that the converse is true — that one who does not have a right to exclusive possession or control of a property isnotan occupier. Even so, while it performed its pipe-laying operations, KCI had what is tantamount to exclusive control through a contractual "right of way" on NGP's easement.

The Court's reliance onC.O. Falter, Inc. v. Crum ForsterInsurance Cos.,361 N.Y.S.2d 968(Sup.Ct. 1974), andUnitedStates Fidelity Guaranty Co. v. BB Oil Well Service, Inc.,910 F. Supp. 1172(S.D. Miss. 1995), is also misplaced. TheC.O.Faltercourt construed the word "occupy" to mean "continued physical presence," not "occasional trips to the [premises] to make minor improvements." 361 N.Y.S.2d at 974. Similarly, theBB Oilcourt concluded that "occasional, limited work performed by a subcontractor, such as BB, at a well site operated and controlled by another" did not amount to occupancy. 910 F. Supp. at 1178. TheBB Oilcourt compared the occasional workover operations BB performed on wells to the work of a plumber or telephone repairman.Id.at 1178 n. 7. KCI's physical presence on the easement, by contrast, was not occasional, limited, or brief; nor was it merely engaged in routine maintenance operations. Rather, KCI placed a crew andPage 469heavy machinery at the job site over a period of several days.

Based on any of the preceding definitions, KCI clearly "occupied" the easement. The various constructions placed on the term "occupancy" in the preceding cases, however, are not controlling. Because the term "occupied" is not ambiguous, "it is the court's duty to give the words used their plain meaning."SeePuckett v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co.,678 S.W.2d 936, 938 (Tex. 1984).

Based on the plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning of occupied, a person or thing occupies a space if it isthere. One may occupy a vehicle, a hotel room, or even an airplane seat or bathroom for a short period of time without ever possessing or controlling it. The term occupy and its cognates are routinely defined as indicating physical presence or proximity in the automobile insurance context.See, e.g., Genthner v. ProgressiveCas. Ins. Co.,681 A.2d 479, 482 n. 1 (Me. 1996) (citing cases deciding who could be covered as an "occupant" under general automobile insurance policies). KCI unambiguously occupied NGP's easement by being there and using it to construct a pipeline.

KCI argues that if mere presence and use of a premises constitutes occupancy under section f.(1)(a) of the policy, then section f.(1)(d) is rendered meaningless. However, as Highland contends, the two sections have independent, non-overlapping meanings because section f.(1)(a), unlike section f.(1)(d), does not exclude pollution damages on a third party's premises occupied by an insured'ssubcontractorrather than theinsured. The policy indemnified KCI for any vicarious liability it might incur for pollution-related damages caused by a KCI subcontractor who did not bring the pollutants to the site, but excluded it for any damages for which KCI was directly responsible. Stated another way, the insurance policy provided coverage for pollution-related damages in only a narrow set of circumstances circumstances over which KCI had minimal control and for damages arising only out of vicarious liability.1

Finally, we should not hold that some redundancy or overlapping application in multiple policy provisions renders any of the provisions meaningless. It is not uncommon for contracts to have redundant terms, expressions and provisions, especially when specific provisions require regulatory pre-approval or when standard-form contracts are crafted to accommodate a wide variety of clients and circumstances.See Grain Dealers Mut. Ins. Co. v.McKee,943 S.W.2d 455, 458 (Tex. 1997). The use of several terms and overlapping provisions is usually intended to clarify the scope and intent of the instrument and insulate it from any misunderstanding.

Because I disagree with the Court's definition of "occupy," I dissent.
  1. At least one state court's holding is in line withB B OilWell ServiceandGregory.See C.O. Falter, Inc. v. Crum ForsterIns. Cos.,361 N.Y.S.2d 968, 974 (Sup.Ct. 1974) ("Construed in its ordinary sense and given its intended meaning, the word `occupy' suggests . . . continued physical presence [on the premises ]. This exclusion is intended to deprive an insured from the benefit of coverage for damages it causes while `occupying' the [premises]. Plaintiff's occasional trips to the [premises] to make minor improvements do not suggest that it `occupied' the damaged property within the intent of the exclusion and at the time of the loss."). ↩
  2. Highlands also claims that exclusion f. is an "absolute pollution exclusion." Nevertheless, the cases Highlands cites for support concern policies with much broader pollution exclusion clauses.See National Union Fire Ins. Co., 907 S.W.2d at 519 (policies excluding coverage for the "discharge, dispersal, release or escape of pollutants,anywhere in the world" and "however caused and whenever occurring") (emphasis added).

    Even the secondary authorities cited by Highlands indicate that coverage is available under exclusion f. in certain instances, including "off-site pollution releases." Most telling, however, is that in Highlands's own policy with KCI is an endorsement entitled "Total Pollution Exclusion." This endorsement is a substitute for exclusion f. in the policy and would exclude all pollution coverage. However, by its own terms, the endorsement does not apply in the state of Texas. Because this endorsement does not apply in Texas, Highlands cannot claim that exclusion f. is an absolute pollution exclusion clause. ↩
  3. In general, an employer is not vicariously liable for the negligence of its subcontractor.See Baptist Memorial Hosp. Sys.v. Sampson,969 S.W.2d 945, 947 (Tex. 1998). However, an employer may be liable for the negligence of its subcontractor if the employer retains the right or power to control the manner in which the subcontractor performs its work but fails to exercise reasonable care in supervising the contractor.SeeHoechst-Celanese Corp. v. Mendez,967 S.W.2d 354, 356 (Tex. 1998). ↩