Opinion · United States Tax Court

Williams v. Commissioner

16 T.C. 893

Type
Opinion
Court
United States Tax Court
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1951-04-25
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • addressing reasonable cause exception with respect to failure to pay tax under section 6651(a)(2)
  • discussing a series of strokes afflicting the taxpayer, and positing that “perhaps[] he was incapacitated only at certain intervals recurring with each stroke”
  • finding a lack of reasonable cause where the nexus between the taxpayer-husband’s impairment and the taxpayers’ failure to file their tax returns on the due dates was unclear
  • illness or incapacity may constitute reasonable cause if taxpayer establishes he was so ill as to be unable to file
  • reasonable cause not found where evidence lacking that taxpayer's mental and physical condition was continuously impaired due to series of strokes
  • the taxpayer suffered several strokes in the years before, during, and after his tax returns were due, leading to his death; however, the Court held that his executors did not establish that the taxpayer's incapacitation lasted longer than certain intervals recurring with each stroke

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UpLaw has not yet analyzed Williams v. Commissioner. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
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WILLIAMS v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,16 T.C. 893(1951)
ALMA WILLIAMS, ET AL.,1PETITIONERS, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE, RESPONDENT.
Docket Nos. 26984, 26985, 26986, 26987, 26988, 26989.
United States Tax Court.
Promulgated April 25, 1951.
1. The father of petitioners, a resident of Texas, died in 1934, leaving a will appointing executors. The executors serving in the taxable years were also legatees of the remaining assets of the estate, and their duties were, in substance, completed before 1944, except for distribution of residuary assets. The executors were independent executors.Held,decedent's estate was not in process of administrationPage 894in the years 1944, 1945, and 1946, and the net income was taxable to petitioners as the Commissioner has determined.

2. The mother of petitioners, a resident of Texas, died in December 1942, leaving a will appointing as executors the petitioners who were also sole legatees of the residue of the estate. In 1944, the last of the claims against the estate were settled and paid. The executors were independent executors.Held,the executors had a reasonable time after the settlement of these claims to distribute the residue of the estate and that under the facts of this case the reasonable time did not extend beyond the year 1945.Held, further,the estate of Mary Herder was in process of administration in the years 1944 and 1945, and it was not in process of administration within the meaning of section 161, I. R. C., and the applicable Treasury regulations in 1946.

3. Husband and wife failed to file timely tax returns and have alleged reasonable cause for failure to file by the due date.Held,petitioners, having the burden of proof, failed to establish reasonable cause. The 25 per cent addition to tax was correctly assessed by the Commissioner under section 291 of the Code.
Robert Mueller, Esq.,for the petitioners.Joseph P. Crowe, Esq.,for the respondent.
These proceedings involve deficiencies in income tax and delinquency penalties for the taxable years 1944, 1945, and 1946, for the following petitioners and in the following amounts:
1944 1945 1946 Petitioner Docket No. Tax Penalty Tax Penalty Tax

Alma Williams 26984 $1,268.96 $2,880.06 $2,642.55 R. L. Williams 26985 1,268.96 2,930.06 2,645.90 Florence Herder 26986 1,066.12 $266.53 912.70 $228.18 266.00 George Herder, Jr. (deceased) 26987 1,066.12 266.53 912.70 228.18 266.00 L. D. Allen .... 26988 602.10 1,580.79 819.23 Vida Allen ..... 26989 602.10 1,580.79 819.23
The cases have been consolidated and present three issues: (1) Whether the income derived by the estate of George Herder, Sr., deceased, in the years 1944, 1945, and 1946, was taxable to the estate or was income in the taxable years of the petitioners and taxable to them; (2) whether the income derived by the estate of Mary Herder, deceased, in the years 1944, 1945, and 1946, was taxable to the estate or was income in the taxable years of the petitioners and taxable to them; and (3) whether petitioners George Herder, Jr., and Florence Herder had reasonable cause for failure to file timely individual income tax returns for the years 1944 and 1945.

The petitioners have conceded the other adjustments made to the net income of the estates and to their net incomes by the Commissioner for the taxable years 1944, 1945, and 1946. Effect will be given to these concessions in a recomputation under Rule 50.

In adding one-sixth of the net income of the estate of George Herder, Sr., deceased, and one-sixth of the net income of the estatePage 895of Mary Herder, deceased, to the net income of each petitioner, the Commissioner stated in his deficiency notice to estate of George Herder, Jr., as follows:

It is held that the Estate of George Herder, Sr., was not in process of administration for income tax purposes during the taxable years 1944, 1945 and 1946, so that the income distributable from such estate to the Estate of George Herder, Jr., deceased, represents taxable income to the then community for the respective taxable years.

It is held that the Estate of Mrs. Mary Herder was not in process of administration for income tax purposes during the taxable years 1944, 1945, and 1946, so that the income distributable from such estate to the Estate of George Herder, Jr., deceased, represents taxable income to the then community for the respective taxable years.

Similar statements were made in the deficiency notices to the other petitioners. By appropriate assignments of error petitioners contest the correctness of the Commissioner's determinations. In addition to the above adjustments, the Commissioner in the deficiency notices to estate of George Herder, Jr., deceased, and Florence Herder stated as follows:

It is held that delinquency penalties of 25 per cent should be asserted for the taxable years 1944 and 1945 under the provisions of section 291 of the Internal Revenue Code for failure to file income tax returns for such years within the time prescribed by law, as such failure was not due to reasonable cause.

By appropriate assignments of error, petitioners estate of George Herder, Jr., and Florence Herder contest the correctness of the imposition of these delinquency penalties.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Petitioners Alma Williams and her husband, R. L. Williams, and Vida Allen and her husband, L. D. Allen, are residents of Houston, Texas. Florence Herder, widow of George Herder, Jr., is a resident of Weimar, Texas. George Herder, Jr., deceased, during the years in question was a resident of Weimar, Texas. Returns for all years in question were filed with the collector for the first district of Texas.

George Herder, Jr., a legatee of the George Herder, Sr., estate and the Mary Herder estate died in 1947. The Commissioner, therefore, has determined the deficiencies for the years 1944, 1945, and 1946, against the estate of George Herder, Jr., deceased, which is represented in these proceedings by his duly appointed administrator, George Herder, III.
Estate of George Herder, Sr.
George Herder, Sr., a resident of Texas, died on March 29, 1934. He left a will which was duly filed for probate and, in substance, provided for the following disposition of his property:

1. Payment of debts provided for by testator.Page 896

2. Insurance proceeds were to be invested with the interest or so much thereof as may be necessary to be expended for the education of decedent's grandchildren until they have arrived at the age of 21 years; the principal, plus the accrued interest, if any, not used for educational purposes was to be divided among the grandchildren, share and share alike, as soon as each shall arrive at the age of 25 years.

3. The residue of his estate was community property, one-half belonging to decedent's wife, Mary Herder. Decedent directed that all his business affairs, bank stocks, and mercantile stock be disposed of as soon as practicable by his executors and divided equally among the three children, to wit: Alma Williams, Vida Allen, and George Herder, Jr., if they be living at the time of his death.

4. Decedent appointed his wife, Mary Herder, daughters, Alma Williams and Vida Allen, executrices of the estate, and son, George Herder, Jr., executor of the estate. It was provided that their bills of sale, transfers, and deeds should convey title the same as if decedent had done it during the term of his "rational" life to the purchaser of same. The fourth clause provided also:

* * * It is my will that no other action shall be had in the Probate Court, in the administration of my Estate, than to prove and record this will, to return and [sic] inventory and appraisement of my Estate, and file a list of claims.

George Herder, Sr., was survived by his wife, Mary Herder, and their three children as named in decedent's will. The executors (used here and hereinafter to include executors and executrices) as nominated in decedent's will qualified as independent executors as provided by testator, and letters testamentary were issued by the County Court of Colorado County, Texas. They filed with the county court an inventory and appraisement of assets and claims on October 23, 1934, summarized as follows:Asset Value

23 pieces of real property and real estate .. $41,297.77 9 blocks of corporate stock, 1 block county bonds ..................................... 40,941.65 40 notes of value, other notes without value 34,897.26 Accounts receivable and bank deposits ....... 48,718.61 Life Insurance (1/2 included) ............... 37,875.00 Interest in Herder Rice Milling ............. 9,891.61 Merchandise Inventory ....................... 3,594.75 Household Kitchen Furniture ............... 875.00 ----------- Total Assets ........................ $218,091.65

Included in the list of stocks were 160 shares of capital stock in the Central State Bank of Eagle Lake, Texas, one-half their value being reported as property of the estate of George Herder, Sr., who owned only a community one-half interest. The bank had a total of 250 shares of capital stock outstanding. The appraisers of the estate valued the stock at $120 per share. The bank was not actively engagedPage 897in the banking business, but was in process of liquidation and about 1935 the bank transferred by one instrument all of its assets to its stockholders in proportion to the amount of stock held by each. The assets of the bank consisted principally of land and loans secured by second liens on real estate. Thus it will be seen that the estate of George Herder, Sr., from 1935 on owned an undivided interest in the notes and lands that formerly belonged to the Central State Bank. The major part of the liquidation of these assets was completed in 1943 and 1945. There was not much left to be distributed after 1945. The ultimate liquidation of these properties owned by the estate of George Herder, Sr., resulted in a return of between 400 and 500 per cent on the original investment, largely due to the increased value of the lands formerly owned by the bank and the payment of notes formerly thought to be worthless. Some of the notes held by the bank were second liens. The Federal Land Bank held first liens on the land and it looked for awhile that the lands which secured most of the notes held by the Central State Bank, in liquidation, were not worth any more than the amount the Federal Land Bank held against them.

In 1946, there were several tracts of land that were still undivided and were held by the estate of George Herder, Sr. The undistributed properties held by the estate of George Herder, Sr., in 1946 were a 361-acre tract of land in Colorado County, Texas; a one-half interest in a 568-acre tract of land near Garwood, Colorado County, Texas; a 30 per cent interest in a 291-acre tract of land in Wharton County, Texas; and the eight twenty-fifths interest in the remaining Central State Bank properties.

Alma Williams and Vida Allen, the surviving executrices of the estate of George Herder, Sr., were still the duly qualified and acting independent executors as of October 5, 1950.
Estate of Mary Herder.
Mary Herder, a resident of Texas, died on December 2, 1942. She left a will which was duly filed for probate and in substance provided for the following disposition of her property:

1. Payment of debts provided for by testatrix.

2. She directed that an amount of $5,000 of the estate be invested by executors as they might deem proper in some form of securities, the income therefrom to be paid by said executors to testatrix's sister, Miss Maud Hefner, during her lifetime, as they saw fit. After the demise of Miss Maud Hefner this sum of $5,000 was to be divided among testatrix's living grandchildren, share and share alike.

3. The residue of her estate to be divided equally among her children, viz., Alma Williams, Vida Allen, and George Herder, Jr.Page 898

The testatrix provided further:

Fourth, I do hereby appoint my son, George Herder, Jr. as executor and my daughters, Alma H. Williams and Vida H. Allen as executrixes of my estate to serve without bond.

Fifth, It is my will that no other action shall be had in the Probate Court in the administration of my estate other than to prove and record this will, to return an inventory and appraisement of my estate and file a list of claims.

The testatrix was survived by her three children who qualified and were appointed as independent executors in accordance with the nomination and terms of decedent's will.2They filed with the County Court an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims on July 29, 1943, which may be summarized as follows:Inventory and Appraisement

Interest in 5 tracts of real estate .............. $37,972.05 11 blocks of corporate stocks .................... 43,907.50 Bonds ............................................ 4,230.00 U.S. Defense Bonds ............................... 1,012.50 1/2 of 16/25 of assets of Central State Bank ............................. 9,600.00 Cash in Banks .................................... 13,669.51 Notes ............................................ 25,163.52 ----------- Total Assets ............................... $135,555.08Claims Due by Estate
Funeral expenses ............. $905.75 Medical expenses ............. 332.40 Attorney's fee ............... 700.00 Executor's fee ............... 700.00


The estate of Mary Herder held an eight twenty-fifths interest in the remaining assets of the liquidated Central State Bank of Eagle Lake, Texas.

In her will Mary Herder made a bequest of $5,000 to be set up in trust with the income to be used for the benefit of her maiden sister. The independent executors failed to carry out this provision, but instead they bought 53 shares of 6 per cent preferred stock of the Houston Light and Power Company. The executors, however, in lieu of actual dividends received on the stock paid the maiden sister a monthly amount of $50 until her death in 1947. This was in excess of the dividends received on the stock.

In her will Mary Herder directed that the residue of her estate be divided equally among her three children. In addition to the property owned jointly with the estate of George Herder, Sr., the estate of Mary Herder also owned additional lands separately. The bulk of the stocks and bonds of the estate was divided and distributed in 1947.Page 899

All the indebtedness of the estate of Mary Herder was paid prior to the year 1944, with the exception of the following:
Date Paid Amount Purpose

February 19, 1944 ....... $862.14 Federal Estate Tax Deficiency. March 7, 1944 ........... 4,276.01 Payment of First Mortgage Loan on Wright Land. March 15, 1944 .......... 599.89 State Inheritance Tax.
General Facts.
The net incomes of the petitioners did not include the net income reported by the estates during the taxable years involved herein. The net income was reported only on the returns of the estates, and the income tax thereon was paid by the estates. R. L. Williams, husband of Alma Williams, kept the books and records of the George Herder, Sr., estate and the Mary Herder estate. The income received by the estates was not paid, distributed, or credited to any beneficiary during the years 1944, 1945, and 1946. The income was held by the estates and mixed with receipts from sales of property, stocks, and other capital items. When there was cash available it was distributed to the beneficiaries and treated by them as a distribution of principal.

At the time of his death George Herder, Sr., owned a second mortgage on some land owned by W. J. Wright. The first mortgage was owned by the Federal Land Bank. In the appraisal of the estate the note payable to George Herder, Sr., was valued at face value, $3,500, with accrued interest of $161.77. The note was due December 1, 1930. Since the testator's widow held a community interest in the note only one-half was owned by his estate and one-half included in the appraisal. In 1937, Wright sold the land to the owners of the second mortgage, Mary Herder and the estate of George Herder, Sr., and they assumed the first mortgage. On March 7, 1944, the independent executors of the Mary Herder estate drew a check on a bank account of the estate for the amount of $4,276.01. This check was in full payment of the first mortgage on the Wright property.
Facts Relating to Penalties.
The Federal income tax returns of George Herder, Jr., and those of his wife, Florence Herder, for the years 1944 and 1945 were filed on or about December 17, 1946. George Herder, Jr., suffered his first stroke in 1939, and had several strokes thereafter. His physical condition became worse and resulted in his death in 1947. George Herder, Jr., though not well was able to transact business. He suffered many financial reverses, some being attributed to his illness. George Herder, Jr., had a part-time secretary and a man in from the outside to help him prepare his Federal income tax returns, and he was awarePage 900that Federal income tax returns had to be filed by him for the years 1944 and 1945 within a certain time. Florence Herder was familiar with her husband's financial condition as he discussed his affairs with her.
Ultimate Facts.
The estate of George Herder, Sr., was not an estate in the process of administration during the years 1944, 1945, and 1946.

The estate of Mary Herder was an estate in the process of administration during the taxable years 1944 and 1945, but it was not in the process of administration during the year 1946.

The delay in filing the tax returns of George Herder, Jr., and his wife, Florence Herder, for the years 1944 and 1945 was not due to reasonable cause.
OPINION.
BLACK,Judge:
The first and primary issue which we have to determine is whether the estate of George Herder, Sr., and the estate of Mary Herder were in the process of administration during the taxable years 1944, 1945, and 1946, within the meaning of the applicable statute.3

Respondent, in support of his determination that neither of the estates was in the process of administration during the taxable years and that the income in question was taxable to the petitioners and not to the estates, relies upon section 29.162-1 of Regulations 111 printed in part in the margin.4Petitioners on the other hand, contend that the respondent is without the authority to allocate the net income to beneficiaries while the estate is in the process of administration under state law. In support of this position petitioners rely in particular uponFrederichv.Commissioner,145 F.2d 796.Page 901

There is no dispute herein as to the amount of net income earned during each of the taxable years before us. The given amount of net income for the three years has been reported by the executors on the income tax returns filed by the two estates. The income tax liability of the estates was computed, and that tax liability has been paid. Distributions of cash from the estates were made to petitioners during the taxable years, but such receipts were considered distributions of principal and not included in the taxable net income on the individual income tax returns of the petitioners. The amount of cash actually distributed by the estates during the taxable years here, or the amount that the executors failed to distribute, in no way affects the issue before us. Respondent contends that the only income tax liability is that of the petitioners, that a prorata share of the given amount of net income should be added to the net income of each petitioner as reported on their individual tax returns for each year. The proration of net income, if proration is proper, is to be made on the formula of one-sixth to each petitioner. Three of the petitioners are the three legatees of the estates and entitled to the assets to be distributed, two of the petitioners were husbands of legatees, and the sixth petitioner was a wife of a legatee. All petitioners filed income tax returns separate from their spouses on the community property basis.

The respondent is in no way attempting to set aside a decision or overrule an order of a state court; nor is the respondent in any way ordering, or attempting to order, the estates to make distributions of cash to the beneficiaries of the estates; nor is the respondent interfering with petitioners' way of doing business. He is simply holding that within the meaning of section 161, I. R. C., and the applicable Treasury regulations, neither of the estates was in process of administration during the taxable years.

We must now decide whether the Commissioner under the facts of these proceedings had the authority to determine that periods of administration of the estates were being prolonged without adequate reasons, and to assess a tax against each petitioner on his prorata share of the net income. In our consideration of the question presented to us here, the interpretation of the law, if possible, should be to give "a uniform application to a nationwide scheme of taxation." SeeWilliam C. Chick,7 T.C. 1414, affd. (C. A. 1),166 F.2d 337.

The petitioners rely uponFrederichv.Commissioner, supra. In that case the circuit court held that the Commissioner lacked the authority to determine that the estate of Herman Frederich was no longer in process of administration. There the estate was being continued by the administrator under affirmative orders of a local probate court. Such an order does not exist in regard to the estates before us, and moreover, the petitioners herein were independentPage 902executors.5The decedents in their wills nominated their independent executors, providing:

* * * no other action shall be had in the Probate Court in the administration of my estate other than to prove and record this will, to return an inventory and appraisement of my estate and file a list of claims.

Four independent executors in the George Herder, Sr., estate and three independent executors in the Mary Herder estate were nominated by each decedent and served in that capacity. Only two of the independent executors of each estate at the time of the hearing of these proceedings were serving in that capacity, the others having died. Apparently, the petitioners would continue the estates in process of administration more or less indefinitely.

In the recent case ofJosephine Stewart,16 T.C. 1, involving a taxpayer who occupied the same position as petitioners herein, we decided that the Commissioner is vested with the authority, as a matter of law, to determine that the period of administration was being prolonged without purpose, and the income was taxable to the beneficiary. In that case, the taxpayer was an independent executor of the estate of her deceased husband who was domiciled in Texas.6In addition to being independent executor, the taxpayer was the sole beneficiary of the estate. Similarly, the petitioners in the instant proceedings are the beneficiaries of the decedents' estate and are, for all practical purposes, entitled to receive upon liquidation all the remaining assets of the estates. For the reasons stated in theChickcase,supra,and particularly as set forth in theStewartcase,supra,we hold that the Commissioner was vested with the authority, as a matter of law, to determine that the two Herder estates were not in process of administration during the taxable years if the facts justified it.

We now consider whether the facts show that the two estates were in process of administration within the meaning of the applicable statute and regulations during the taxable years.

We shall first take up the estate of George Herder, Sr. Some of the things which we shall say about his estate will also be applicable to the estate of Mary Herder. George Herder, Sr., died on March 29, 1934, and his estate had been in process of administration for 10 years up to the first taxable year here involved. Petitioners contend thatPage 903there were sufficient reasons for continuing the administration of the estate of George Herder, Sr., for these past 10 years and on through 1944, 1945, and 1946, because of the following facts: (1) the indebtedness of the estate was not settled until payment of a mortgage in 1944 on certain real estate; (2) the nature of certain assets of the estate extended the administration of the estate on beyond the taxable years; and (3) the distribution of assets was prudently delayed due to the physical, mental and financial condition of one of the legatees, George Herder, Jr.

1. We shall consider petitioners' first contention. At the time of George Herder, Sr.'s death he held a note of one Wright, the indebtedness being secured by a second mortgage on Wright's land. As the note was community property of George Herder, Sr., and his wife, only one-half the value of the note, including accrued interest, was reported in his estate appraisal. In 1937, Wright sold the land to the holders of the second mortgage, the first mortgage being assumed by the purchasers. After Mary Herder's death in 1942, each estate owned a one-half interest in the land and each owed one-half of the note due to the Federal Land Bank which was secured by the first mortgage on the land. In 1944, the estate of Mary Herder paid off the note in full and was entitled to reimbursement from the George Herder, Sr., estate for one-half the payment.

We considered a similar question in the recentStewartcase,supra,where the estate held land which was covered by a mortgage. We held that such an obligation of the estate was not sufficient cause for a continuation of the period of administration since the property was readily distributable, with the transferee receiving the land subject to the mortgage.

In addition, we note that the Herder estates possessed at all times adequate cash to pay off the first mortgage note on the Wright land. It is our opinion that the payment of the note preliminary to distribution of the land did not constitute one of the administrative duties of independent executors of an estate. The independent executors obviously had the same opinion as they failed to pay off the obligation before making distribution of cash prior to 1944 to the residuary legatees, there being adequate funds for payment of the obligation. Hence, we are of the opinion that this first ground relied upon by petitioners is insufficient reason to prolong the administration of the estate of George Herder, Sr.

2. Petitioners rely upon a second ground as a reason for prolonged administration of the estates, namely, that the estates each held an eight twenty-fifths interest in land and notes secured by mortgages on land. These assets were at one time the property of Central State Bank, Eagle Lake, Texas, which was liquidated. The assets werePage 904transferred by the bank in 1935, and thereafter the assets were held in common by the former owners of common stock of the bank. The combined holdings of the estates constituted sixteen twenty-fifths of the entire interest in the assets. We do not understand the necessity for these assets to be converted to cash before being distributed to the legatees. Just as the bank transferred the assets to its stockholders to be held in common, we see no reason why the independent executors could not have conveyed the assets in common to the legatees in their proportionate shares.

The George Herder, Sr., estate also held undivided interests in two tracts of real estate. Under certain circumstances the nature of the assets held by an estate may warrant that the period of administration be prolonged, seeFrederichv.Commissioner, supra,andWilliam C. Chick, supra,but upon the facts developed in these proceedings, we hold the nature of the assets held by the George Herder, Sr., estate fail to support the contentions of the petitioners.

3. Petitioners contend, in the third place, that the period of administration was prolonged for the purpose of rendering a service to a legatee. In view of the physical, mental and financial condition of George Herder, Jr., the independent executors agreed that it would be to the beneficiaries' best interests to keep the estate intact. Perhaps, a continuation of the estates would keep the interest of George Herder, Jr., in a better state than if distributed to him; however, we need not pass on that question. But the petitioners thereby admit that the period of administration was continued for the benefit of a legatee, and not for the purpose of settlement of the estate. The administration of an estate is concerned primarily with the collection of assets and payment of claims, and not with the more or less permanent custody of property for the protection of a legatee. If a decedent desires to keep intact a portion of his estate, he must himself do so through appropriate means, such as a testamentary trust. There was no indication in the will of George Herder, Sr., that he wanted to keep his estate intact after his death. The contrary was indicated. Under certain circumstances, such as temporary illness of a legatee, the distribution of the estate property may perhaps be prudently postponed, but only as a temporary measure. If George Herder, Jr., was not permanently incapacitated and was not at all times unable to manage his properties after his first stroke in 1939, then there were times when the property could have been distributed to George Herder, Jr. Where, however, the incapacity has continued for a period of years, it is meet and proper that the executors make some arrangement for distribution of the property to the legatee. Here the executors could certainly have proceeded with the distribution to the other legatees of the balance of the estate properties, but this was not done.Page 905

The third contention of petitioners fails to convince us as a meritorious reason for a continuance of the period of administration of the estates. When we consider all the facts, we think we must sustain the Commissioner's determination that the estate of George Herder, Sr., was not in process of administration during 1944, 1945, and 1946, within the meaning of the applicable statute and Treasury regulations and that the income in question was taxable to petitioners. Cf.William C.Chick, supra.
Estate of Mary Herder.
Now, as to the estate of Mary Herder the situation is somewhat different. Mary Herder died December 2, 1942. In 1944, a deficiency in Federal estate tax was paid by her executors and the Texas state inheritance tax was not paid until March 1944. In view of these facts, petitioners argue in their brief that:

* * * The estate could not have been distributed until the payment of these debts because the residue could not be determined. The executors would at least have a reasonable time after the payment of these debts to distribute the residue of the estate. This would be true even if there were no other extenuating circumstances which made it necessary for the period of administration to be prolonged. Therefore, it would appear to be reasonable that the executors would have until at least 1945 to wind up the affairs of the Estate of Mary Herder under normal conditions. * * *

In this argument, we agree with petitioners. Our holding in this respect, we think, is in line with what we said in the case ofWilliam C. Chick, supra,where we stated:

* * * We, of course, do not mean to say that the petitioner, as executor of the estate, should have immediately filed his final account as executor in 1937. Naturally, executors are allowed a reasonable time within which to do these things. The Commissioner does not contend otherwise. It was not until 1940, three years after the final claim against the estate had been settled, that the Commissioner determined that there was no further necessity for administration of the estate, that the estate was no longer in process of administration, that the testamentary trust should be considered as having come into being, and that under section 162 (b) the trust income was taxable to petitioners, as the beneficiaries of the trust. * * *

For reasons above stated, we hold that the estate of Mary Herder was in process of administration during the taxable years 1944 and 1945, and that the income of the estate was taxable to the estate, and not to petitioners. For the year 1946, we hold the estate was not in process of administration within the meaning of the applicable statute and Treasury regulations and that the income of the estate in that year is taxable to petitioners.

The remaining issue presented for our determination concerns the 25 per cent delinquency penalty imposed by the Commissioner against Florence Herder and the deceased George H. Herder, Jr., on their 1944Page 906and 1945 income tax returns. They seek to avoid the addition to tax provided by section 291 of the Code on the grounds that such failure was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. Relatives of the deceased George Herder, Jr., testified that he suffered his first stroke in 1939, and suffered several other strokes before his death in 1947. The testimony failed to establish that the impairment of decedent's mental and physical condition was continuous; perhaps, he was incapacitated only at certain intervals recurring with each stroke. The facts are not clear. It was not established that George Herder, Jr., was incapacitated and unable to prepare his returns on the dates they were due. Petitioners failed to explain why the decedent was able to have the returns prepared and filed in December 1946, and yet he was unable to file his tax returns on the due dates.

Petitioners have based their claim that reasonable cause existed only on the state of health of George Herder, Jr. Texas is a community property state where the husband and wife may each report one-half the community income on their separate returns. The tax returns of the two petitioners for the years 1944 and 1945 reported the same amount of net income. The preparation of one return was, more or less, a preparation of the other. Florence Herder was familiar with the financial condition and business affairs of her husband. They do not offer any reason for Florence Herder's failure to file her return within the prescribed time. Where a return is not filed until after the due date, and where the taxpayer alleged incapacity to file a return, the burden of proof is upon the taxpayer, section 291, I. R. C. We think that petitioners have failed to establish reasonable cause and for the years 1944 and 1945, they are liable for 25 per cent delinquency penalty.Decisions will be entered under Rule 50.
  1. Proceedings of the following petitioners are consolidated herewith: R. L. Williams; Florence Herder; Estate of George Herder, Jr., Deceased, by George Herder, III, Administrator; L. D. Allen; and Vida Allen. ↩
  2. Apparently Vida Allen and Alma Williams continued to serve as independent executors of the Mary Herder estate throughout the taxable years and George Herder, Jr., served as independent executor until his death on or about November 1, 1947. ↩
  3. Internal Revenue Code.

    SEC. 161. IMPOSITION OF TAX.

    (a) APPLICATION OF TAX. — The taxes imposed by this chapter upon individuals shall apply to the income of estates or of any kind of property held in trust, including —

    * * * * * * *

    (3) Income received by estates of deceased persons during the period of administration or settlement of the estate; ↩
  4. Sec. 29.162-1. INCOME OF ESTATES AND TRUSTS. — * * *

    * * * * * * *

    The income of an estate of a deceased person, as dealt with in the Internal Revenue Code, is therein described as received by the estate during the period of administration or settlement thereof. The period of administration or settlement of the estate is the period required by the executor or administrator to perform the ordinary duties pertaining to administration, in particular the collection of assets and the payment of debts and legacies. It is the time actually required for this purpose, whether longer or shorter than the period specified in the local statute for the settlement of estates. If an executor, who is also named as trustee, fails to obtain his discharge as executor, the period of administration continues up to the time when the duties of administration are complete and he actually assumes his duties as trustee, whether pursuant to an order of the court or not. No taxable income is realized from the passage of property to the executor or administrator on the death of the decedent, even though it may have appreciated in value since the decedent acquired it. But see sections 42, 43, and 44. * * * ↩
  5. The status of an independent executor is defined in the cases of the Texas courts, as cited in theStewartcase, and also at 21 Am. Jur. 836. At 34 C.J.S. 1349 the term, independent executor, is defined as "By authority of some statutes, administration independent of the control of probate courts may be had where the testator clearly indicates in his will that such is his desire. The executor named, who is qualified to act when the will is admitted to probate, at which time the jurisdiction of the court terminates, is called an 'independent executor'." In the State of Texas the administration of estates, independent of the control of probate jurisdiction, is authorized by statute.Tex. Civ. Code(Vernon's 1925), § 3436-3447;First State Bank of Stratford, Texasv.Roach(C. A. 5, 1941),124 F.2d 325;Brownv.Canal Bank and TrustCo. (C. A. 5, 1944),141 F.2d 832. ↩
  6. See alsoEstate of W. G. Farrier(1950),15 T.C. 277. ↩