Opinion · United States Tax Court
Lewis v. Commissioner
10 T.C. 1080
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- United States Tax Court
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1948-06-10
- Topic
- general
OPINION. Akundell, Judge: The origin of the so-called “business purpose” requirement for corporate reorganizations, as recognized in the opinion of the Circuit Court, is the case of Gregory v. Helvering, 298 U. S. 465, where the Supreme Court said of the predecessor of code section 112 (g) (1) (D):1 When subdivision (B) speaks of a transfer of assets by one corporation to another, it means a transfer made “in pursuance of a plan of reorganization” (section 112 (g)) of corporate business; and not a transfer of assets by one corporation to another in pursuance of a plan having no relation to the business of either * * *. There the new corporation to which assets were transferred was organized, not to conduct any part of the business of the old corporation, but merely to serve as a conduit for the transfer of assets to a stockholder.
Citator
- Cited by
- 25 opinions
ESTATE LEWIS v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,10 T.C. 1080(1948)
ESTATE OF JOHN B. LEWIS, HARRIET S.W. LEWIS, JOHN B. LEWIS, JR., ARTHUR H.
W. LEWIS, TRUSTEES, PETITIONERS, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
RESPONDENT.
Docket No. 6901.
United States Tax Court.
Promulgated June 10, 1948.
When the case was here originally, we held that a distribution of property from a corporation to the estate of John B. Lewis was a distribution made in pursuance of a plan of reorganization; that it had the effect of a distribution of a taxable dividend; and that gain realized by the estate should accordingly be taxed as an ordinary dividend under section 112 (c) (2) of the Internal Revenue Code, rather than as a capital gain upon a distribution in complete liquidation of the corporation under sections 115 (c) and 117.
On appeal, the petitioners raised the question as to whether there was any business purpose in the transfer of assets from the old to the new company and on that ground challenged our holding that there had been a statutory reorganization. Inasmuch as that question had not been presented here, we had made no specific finding as to whether there was a business purpose in the transaction. The appellate court held that such a finding was essential, and it accordingly vacated our decision and remanded the case to us for further proceedings.
Petitioners now assert, as they did in the appellate court, that there was no reorganization, because of a lack of business purpose. Respondent contends to the contrary, but, in the alternative, he argues that if there was no reorganization the distribution to the petitioners is taxable as a dividend under section 115 (g) or under sections 22 (a) and 115 (a) and (b).
The following were our original —
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Petitioners, Harriet S.W. Lewis and Arthur H. W. Lewis, are the surviving trustees under the will of John B. Lewis, who died December 29, 1930, the third trustee, John B. Lewis, Jr., having died September 1, 1945. The fiduciary income tax return of the estate of John B. Lewis for the year 1941 was filed with the collector for the district of Rhode Island.
John D. Lewis, Inc., a Rhode Island corporation, was organized January 9, 1931, to take over a business which John B. Lewis had theretofore operated. On the same day petitioners, as trustees, acquired all the issued and outstanding stock of the corporation, consisting of 4,000 shares of common stock having a basis of $435,000 in their hands.Page 1082
In 1941 the corporation was engaged in three different lines of business — the manufacture of synthetic resins, the manufacture of chemicals for the textile industry, and the distribution of chemicals. On June 30, 1941, the corporate name was changed to "John D. Lewis Company." In the next month, July 1941, two branches of the business were sold, the synthetic resin business for a consideration of approximately $269,000, and the chemical distributing business for a consideration of approximately $56,000, in cash and marketable securities.
On December 27, 1941, the board of directors of John D. Lewis Co., at a special meeting, adopted the following:
VOTED: That this Corporation transfer, convey and assign to John D. Lewis Company, a corporation to be incorporated on or about December 29, 1941, under the laws of the State of Rhode Island, all of its assets other than (1) securities and (2) cash in excess of $90,000, including, but without limiting the generality of the foregoing, its real estate located in Mansfield, Massachusetts, and in Providence, Rhode Island, and its manufacturing business, together with the assets, property, equipment and goodwill of such business, and accounts receivable, insurance, inventories and office furniture, such transfer, conveyance and assignment to be made in consideration of the issuance to this Corporation of all of the capital stock of said new corporation and in consideration of the assumption by said new corporation of all the liabilities of this Corporation, and that John B. Lewis, President of this Corporation, be and he hereby is authorized and empowered, on behalf of and in the name of this Corporation and under its corporate seal where necessary or desirable, to make, execute and deliver such deeds, bills of sale, assignments, agreements, instruments of transfer, and including, but without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the instruments described in the following vote and resolution, and any other instruments which he may deem necessary or desirable in order to effect the foregoing, and to do such further acts and things as he may deem necessary or desirable in connection therewith.
The action of the directors was ratified at a special meeting of the stockholders held the same day, at which it was also voted to change the name of the corporation to Traverse Street Corporation (hereinafter called the old company). The change of name was accomplished by filing an amendment of the articles of association with the Secretary of State of Rhode Island on December 29, 1941.
On December 29, 1941, John D. Lewis Co. (hereinafter called the new company) was incorporated under the laws of Rhode Island, with an authorized capital of 500 shares of no par common stock. At 11: 00 a. m. on the same day, the directors of the new company met and effected a transfer of the assets of the company to the new company in exchange for the stock of the new company and the assumption of all the obligations of the old company. All the authorized capital stock of the new company was issued to the old company as consideration for the transfer. The assets transferred to and the liabilities assumed by the new company, valued at the figures at whichPage 1083they were recorded on the books of the old company, with proper adjustments, were as follows:
Cash ....................................... $90,500.00 Accounts receivable ........................ 18,896.49 Inventory .................................. 21,040.71 Life insurance policies .................... 19,880.86 ---------- $150,318.06 Land ....................................... 12,140.00 Buildings net .............................. 30,753.84 Machinery and equipment .................... 16,919.53 ---------- 59,813.37 ------------ Total assets ......................... 210,131.43 Less liabilities taken over — Accounts payable ....................... 16,473.50 1941 Federal tax reserve ............... 27,364.15 ---------- 43,837.65 ------------ 166,293.78 Less 1941 additional Federal tax ........... 9,695.17 ------------ Net .................................... 156,598.61
At 11:30 a. m. on the same day, after the acquisition of the stock of the new company, the directors of the old company met and adopted the following:
VOTED: That in the judgment of the Board of Directors of this Corporation it is advisable to adopt a plan of liquidation of this Corporation and to make distribution of the assets of this Corporation in complete cancellation or redemption of all of its stock, and to transfer all the property of this Corporation under the plan of liquidation during the month of December, 1941.
VOTED: That this Corporation shall distribute in complete liquidation of the Corporation and in complete cancellation or redemption of its 4,000 shares of Common stock, its remaining assets and its entire holdings, namely securities and cash, such distribution to be made pro rata among Stockholders of this Corporation, such distribution and liquidation to be made to stockholders on December 29, 1941.
VOTED: That this Corporation liquidate its affairs and distribute its assets pursuant to the foregoing vote.
VOTED: That John B. Lewis, President of this Corporation, be and he hereby is authorized and empowered, on behalf of and in the name of this Corporation and under its corporate seal where necessary or desirable, to make, execute and deliver such assignments, agreements, instruments of transfer, and including, but without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the instruments described in the following two votes, and any other instruments which he may deem necessary or desirable in order to effect such distribution and liquidation, and to do such further acts and things as he may deem necessary or desirable in connection therewith.
Immediately after the directors' meeting the stockholders of the old company met and ratified the action of the directors. Thereupon, the following assets, at the fair market values indicated, were distributedPage 1084to petitioners, the sole stockholders of the old company, in complete cancellation and redemption of all the issued and outstanding stock of that company:
Cash ....................................... $166,375.74 Stock of John D. Lewis Co. [the new company] ........................ 156,598.61 Other stocks and bonds ..................... 177,496.15 Notes ...................................... 636.80 ----------- Total ................................ 501,107.30
The purposes of the transfer of the operating assets from the old company to the new company were to continue the chemical manufacturing business under the new company and to liquidate and distribute the remaining assets of the old company to its stockholders.
Petitioners reported as a long term capital gain under sections 115 (c) and 117 of the Internal Revenue Code, the amount of $64,525.48 realized upon the liquidation of the old company. The correct amount of gain actually realized was $66,107.30. The undistributed earnings or profits of the old company accumulated since January 9, 1931, were not less than $66,107.30 on December 29, 1941. Respondent has determined that the entire gain is taxable as a dividend under section 112 (c) (2) of the Internal Revenue Code.
We now make the following —
SUPPLEMENTAL FINDINGS OF FACT.
The Hercules Powder Co. was the purchaser of the synthetic resin business of the old company in July 1941. At that time an unsuccessful attempt was made to sell the entire business of the old company to Hercules. John D. Lewis, Inc., a corporation owned by a brother of Arthur H. W. Lewis, purchased the chemical distributing business of the old company in July 1941.
When the Hercules Powder Co. refused to buy the entire business, the petitioners, who were stockholders and directors of the old company, decided to continue the operation of the chemical manufacturing business until such time as that branch of the business could be sold for a fair price. However, they did not want to leave a large amount of unneeded capital, comprising cash and other liquid assets, at the risk of the operating business. They also wanted to take out these liquid assets in such a way as to incur the minimum tax. Advice of counsel was sought in the matter. They hoped that by organizing a new company and transferring the operating assets to it, they could put themselves in a position where, by dissolving and liquidating the old company and distributing its assets, they could get the liquid assets in their hands and incur only a capital gains tax. So they decided upon this plan. It was adopted at the directors' and stockholders'Page 1085meetings, as set out in our original findings, and was carried out on December 29, 1941.
After the transfer of the operating assets to the new company, there was no interruption of business and no change of location, policy, personnel, officers, or directors, but no salaries were paid to the officers. The new company continued to conduct the chemical manufacturing business until the latter part of 1944, when the Hercules Powder Co. purchased the bulk of its assets. The new company was liquidated and dissolved in 1945.
The 1941 transfer of assets from the old company to the new company in exchange for the latter's stock was undertaken for reasons germane to the continuance of the corporate business. There was a business purpose in the transaction, and the plan which was adopted and carried out effected a genuine reorganization of corporate business, with a continuity of the enterprise and continuity of interests therein under a modified corporate structure.
OPINION.
When subdivision (B) speaks of a transfer of assets by one corporation to another, it means a transfer made "in pursuance of a plan of reorganization" (section 112 (g)) of corporate business; and not a transfer of assets by one corporation to another in pursuance of a plan having no relation to the business of either * * *.
There the new corporation to which assets were transferred was organized, not to conduct any part of the business of the old corporation, but merely to serve as a conduit for the transfer of assets to a stockholder. As soon as it had served that purpose, it "immediately was put to death," without ever conducting any business. Obviously, even apart from any tax motive, the entire transaction lay outside the plain intent of the reorganization provisions, and the Court so held.
The situation which confronts us in this case is vastly different. Here, the petitioners organized a new company to conduct a business. They brought about a transfer of the operating assets from the oldPage 1086company to the new company. This they did with the intention that the new company carry on the business with those assets. For aught that any of the interested persons could foretell at that time, the new company would continue to conduct that business indefinitely, albeit the petitioners hoped that the business could eventually be sold for a fair price. The new company did in fact continue to conduct the business, without interruption, for a period of at least three years. Certainly, this transfer of assets from the old to the new company was for the very purpose of conducting a corporate business. That is what was done. It was no sham. Neither the transferor nor the transferee was ephemeral. Neither was a mere device or conduit for the conveyance of assets to a stockholder.
The petitioners argue, however, that there was no business advantage whatsoever to the old company to be derived from transferring the assets to a new company. This may be true, if it be said that it is of no advantage to a corporation to be put to death. But surely the fact that an old company is dissolved as a part of a plan of reorganization does not prevent the reorganization from being within the statute.Survauntv.Commissioner,162 F.2d 753;Lovev.Commissioner,113 F.2d 236;Fisherv.Commissioner,108 F.2d 707;Commissionerv.Whitaker,101 F.2d 640;Helveringv.Schoellkopf,100 F.2d 415. This is recognized in the Circuit Court's opinion in this case. More frequently than not, plans of reorganization involving mergers, consolidations, or transfers of property from one corporation to another in exchange for stock contemplate the liquidation and dissolution of one or more corporations, parties to the reorganization.
Besides, we think the petitioners misconceive the law in arguing that the new company was organized solely for the convenience of the stockholders, and, hence, there was no advantage to either corporation and therefore no statutory reorganization. In almost every instance, corporations are organized for the convenience of the stockholders in conducting business. Such is the purpose of their existence. To say that a corporation, as such, can have motives and purposes apart from its stockholders, the collective group of individuals who own it, is to indulge in metaphysical reasoning which has no proper place in such practical matters as taxation. And to say that what is advantageous to the stockholders collectively in the conduct of the enterprise is of no advantage to the corporation, is utterly unrealistic. In theSurvauntcase,supra,the District Court observed that it would be "difficult to conceive the reorganization of a corporation in which the stockholders did not have some 'personal reason' for effecting a change in the corporate affairs."
It is of no moment that the old John D. Lewis Co., as the petitionersPage 1087contend, might have continued to conduct the chemical manufacturing business without the necessity of organizing a new company to do so. The reorganization provisions of the statute were designed to permit of some flexibility, without present tax incidence, in changing the mode of conducting corporate business. Their purpose was to relieve from tax cases in which persons engaged in corporate enterprises might wish to consolidate or divide, or to add to or subtract from their holdings. SeeHelveringv.Gregory,69 F.2d 809. Were absolute necessity thesine qua nonof reorganizations, the statutory provisions would be little more than a dead letter; in place of the intended flexibility, there would be only rigidity. When, therefore, the Treasury regulations (Regulations 103, section 19.112 (g)-1) which the Circuit Court cited in its opinion refer to such readjustments of corporate structures as are required by "business exigencies" and are "an ordinary and necessary incident of the conduct of the enterprise," we think they must be taken to mean readjustments which are prompted by ordinary business prudence — readjustments, for example, which are helpful, useful, advantageous, or appropriate in the light of corporate business experience.
After July 1941 the old company had far more liquid assets than were needed for the conduct of the manufacturing business. In such circumstances, we think reasonable business men might well conclude, as did the petitioners, who were both stockholders and directors of the company, that a contraction was in order and that it would be wise to remove the unneeded capital from the risk of the business. The organization of a new company to carry on the business, with a reduced capitalization, seems to us an entirely logical and ordinary solution of the problem, in no sense "egregious to the prosecution" of the business. Doubtless there were other possible solutions. This, however, was the one chosen by the persons interested in the enterprise, after advice of counsel.
We have no doubt that the petitioners' desire to take a substantial part of their investment out of the business in such a way as to incur the least amount of tax largely influenced the choice of the particular plan which was adopted and carried out. Obviously, they thought that the result of the course determined upon would be that they would have to pay only a capital gains tax, and that they would avoid dividend tax or the tax incident to a partial liquidation. Does this mean, then, as the petitioners argue, that there was no business purpose in what was done — no business purpose in organizing the new company to carry on the business? We think it clearly does not. Certainly theGregorycase did not turn upon themotiveof the stockholder. The Supreme Court said that "the question for determination is whetherPage 1088what was done,apart from the tax motive,was the thing which the statute intended." (Italics supplied.)
It seems to us this fundamental test is reiterated in the Supreme Court's latest expression on the subject of reorganizations,Bazleyv.Commissioner,331 U.S. 737. There the Supreme Court expressed no approval of the distinction which the lower courts (the Tax Court and the Third Circuit Court of Appeals) had attempted to draw between stockholder business purposes and corporate business purposes. In substance, it said that the lower courts had reached the right result, "whatever may have been their choice of phrasing." The only mention of "business purpose" in the entire opinion is in the résumé of the Tax Court's findings. In the light of theBazleyopinion and in that ofGregory,the important inquiry is, not so much as to the motives and purposes of the stockholders or the corporation, but as to the effect of what was done. Was the thing done the kind of transaction with which section 112 (g) "in its purpose and particulars, concerns itself"? Here, we are of the opinion that the transfer of operating assets from the old company to the new, so that the new company might carry on the business, was that kind of transaction.
We do not believe that the statement in the Circuit Court's opinion with reference to "the avoidance of tax consequences" and "shareholder business purposes" is sufficient support for the petitioners' argument that their motive vitiates the reorganization. We are unwilling to attribute to that court any intent to say that the motive of stockholders is controlling, when the Supreme Court has said inGregory,and in effect repeated inBazley,that the motive is immaterial.
We know of no case involving facts substantially similar to those here present, with continued conduct of an existing business enterprise by the transferee corporation, using the assets of the old corporation, and with a continuity of interests in the same persons, in which it has been held that no business purpose existed and no reorganization occurred. InElectrical Securities Corporationv.Commissioner,92 F.2d 593, cited by the Circuit Court herein, the transferor corporation was the device, or conduit, for the transfer of assets. It was not organized to conduct business, and it had no business which could be reorganized or carried on by the transferee corporation. As soon as it had served its short-lived purpose, it was put to death, just as the transferee corporation inGregoryhad been.George D. Graham,37 B. T. A. 623, upon which petitioners rely, andStandardRealization Co.,10 T.C. 708, decided since the briefs were filed herein, are quite different from this case. In neither of those cases was the new corporation organized to carry on the business of the old. It did not carry on business with the transferred assets, but liquidated and disposed of them.Page 1089
Section 112 (g), so far as it deals with the reorganization of corporate business, is one thing; section 112 (c) (2),2dealing with distributions made to stockholders in connection with a reorganization, is another. The latter section, too, has its own underlying purposes and history, which should not be confused with those of 112 (g). The adoption of 112 (c) (2) was brought about because corporate reorganizations were sometimes availed of to accomplish, or at least sometimes had the effect of accomplishing, a distribution of corporate earnings and profits to the stockholders without the incidence of dividend taxation. 3 Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, sec. 20.108, p. 310.
Section 112 (c) (2) of course presupposes a corporate reorganization within the meaning of 112 (g). If a purpose on the part of stockholders to save dividend taxes were sufficient, in and of itself, to negative a reorganization under 112 (g), not only would 112 (c) (2) be deprived of much of its force, but the scope of 112 (g) would be unduly restricted. Particularly in the type of reorganizations involving intercorporate transfers of property and continued conduct of the business by a new corporate entity, as distinguished from cases involving a mere recapitalization of a single corporation, this is but another indication that a personal motive of the stockholders should not be the determining factor. Ordinarily, recapitalizations entail no immediate taxable transactions on the part of the corporation; intercorporate transfers of property do. They give rise to such problems as present recognition of gain or loss to the transferor corporation and basis for gain or loss or depreciation to the transferee corporation. The latter type of reorganization may well be an appropriate occasion for postponement of tax so far as the corporations are concerned. At the same time, if pursuant to the plan of reorganization what amounts to a dividend finds its way into the hands of a stockholder in the form of "boot," 112 (c) (2) fulfills its proper office of imposing the dividend tax on him.
On the record before us, we think it not open to serious question thatPage 1090a genuine reorganization of a corporate business was accomplished by the transactions which took place in December 1941, with a continuity of business enterprise and a continuity of interests in the same persons under a modified corporate structure. What was done was undertaken for reasons germane to the continuance of the venture at hand. More capital was invested than was needed in the conduct of the business. The petitioners wanted to take out the unneeded part from the risk of the business. They were able to accomplish their purposes by doing what they did. But the transaction, viewed as a whole, was no mere vehicle for the conveyance of corporate earnings to stockholders. Only a part of what the petitioners received represented accumulated earnings and profits of the old company. It seems incontrovertible that the entire transaction had a very direct relation to the corporate business.
Upon a careful consideration of all the evidence taken at the original hearing and at the rehearing pursuant to mandate, we have found as a fact that a business purpose attended the transaction. That, as we understand the mandate, is sufficient to dispose of the case in accordance with our original determination andCommissionerv.Bedford's Estate,325 U.S. 283. However, because of the importance of the question presented and the very exhaustive consideration given to the entire problem in the Circuit Court's opinion, we have thought it well to set out our views at some length.
Reviewed by the Court.Decision will be entered for the respondent.
MURDOCK,J.,dissents.
- SEC. 112. RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR LOSS.
* * * * * * *
(g) DEFINITION OF REORGANIZATION. — As used in this section (other than subsection (b) (10) and subsection (1)) and in section 113 (other than subsection (a) (22)) —
(1) The term "reorganization" means * * * (D) a transfer by a corporation of all or a part of its assets to another corporation if immediately after the transfer the transferor or its shareholders or both are in control of the corporation to which the assets are transferred * * *. ↩ - SEC. 112. RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR LOSS.
* * * * * * *
(c) GAIN FROM EXCHANGES NOT SOLELY IN KIND. —
(1) If an exchange would be within the provisions of subsection (b) (1), (2), (3), or (5), or within the provisions of subsection (1), of this section if it were not for the fact that the property received in exchange consists not only of property permitted by such paragraph or by subsection (1) to be received without the recognition of gain, but also of other property or money, then the gain, if any, to the recipient shall be recognized, but in an amount not in excess of the sum of such money and the fair market value of such other property.
(2) If a distribution made in pursuance of a plan of reorganization is within the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection but has the effect of the distribution of a taxable dividend, then there shall be taxed as a dividend to each distributee such an amount of the gain recognized under paragraph (1) as is not in excess of his ratable share of the undistributed earnings and profits of the corporation accumulated after February 28, 1913. The remainder, if any, of the gain recognized under paragraph (1) shall be taxed as a gain from the exchange of property. ↩