Opinion · United States Tax Court
Holt v. Commissioner
23 T.C. 469
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- United States Tax Court
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1954-12-13
- Topic
- general
OPINION. Opper, Judge: On the foregoing ultimate findings of fact the fundamental question presented is whether a support agreement is “incident” to1 a subsequent divorce under section 22 (k) where the wife does not want a divorce, bas no knowledge that the husband has plans to institute divorce proceedings, and there is no mutuality of intent or plan and no objective evidence that such agreement was to be deemed incident to a divorce. The case is no stronger for a tax upon the wife in any respect than was Florence B. Moses, 18 T. C. 1020, 1024, where we said: The evidence does not indicate that the parties entering into the agreement contemplated divorce proceedings as were true in Bertram G.
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Holt v. Commissioner. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 7 opinions
HOLT v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,23 T.C. 469(1954)
HAROLD HOLT, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
RESPONDENT.
MARGARET K. HOLT, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
RESPONDENT.
Docket Nos. 47636, 47862.
United States Tax Court.
Filed December 13, 1954.
Year Deficiency
Harold Holt ................................ 1948 $550.78 Harold Holt ................................ 1949 583.34 Margaret K. Holt ........................... 1948 464.58 Margaret K. Holt ........................... 1949 479.00
The cases were consolidated on the basis of agreement by the parties.
Harold Holt ................................ 1948 $550.78 Harold Holt ................................ 1949 583.34 Margaret K. Holt ........................... 1948 464.58 Margaret K. Holt ........................... 1949 479.00
Respondent determined deficiencies as to Harold Holt on the basis of disallowance of deductions for weekly payments made by him to his wife, pursuant to a written agreement of separation, on the theory that the written instrument was not incident to a subsequent decree of divorce within the meaning of section 22 (k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939. Respondent likewise determined deficiencies as to Margaret K. Holt by including the weekly payments made to her pursuant to said agreement in her gross income, on the theory that the same written instrument was incident to the subsequent decree of divorce.
The question for consideration is whether a written agreement of separation providing for periodic payments by husband to wife was incident to a subsequent divorce procured by the husband. The cases were submitted on stipulation of facts, exhibits, and oral testimony.Page 470
FINDINGS OF FACT.
The stipulated facts, as amended, are found accordingly, and are incorporated herein by reference.
Petitioner Harold Holt is an individual who resides in Albany, New York. The taxable years involved in this proceeding are the calendar years 1948 and 1949 and the returns for said years were filed with the collector of internal revenue at Albany, New York, on March 15, 1949, and March 15, 1950, respectively.
Petitioner Margaret K. Holt is an individual who resides in Delmar, Albany County, New York. The taxable years involved in this proceeding are the calendar years 1948 and 1949 and the returns for said years were timely filed with the collector of internal revenue at Albany, New York.
Separate notices of deficiency were mailed to Margaret K. Holt and to Harold Holt on January 22, 1953.
The Holts were married on August 28, 1924. The sole issue of the marriage is a daughter, Mary Elizabeth Holt, born January 8, 1927.
In February 1947, Margaret K. Holt commenced an action in the Supreme Court, Albany County, State of New York, for a legal separation.
Upon motion of Margaret K. Holt dated May 13, 1947, the Supreme Court, Albany County, New York, ordered Harold Holt to pay $50 each week commencing May 23, 1947, for his wife's support and maintenance.
On December 24, 1947, Harold Holt and Margaret Holt entered into a separation agreement containing provisions for various payments to Margaret K. Holt, including payments of $50 per week for support and maintenance so long as she shall live and not remarry. Further reference to the provisions of said agreement will be made hereafter. A copy thereof is attached to the stipulation of facts and is a part thereof.
The action for legal separation theretofore instituted by Margaret K. Holt was discontinued by order of the said Supreme Court of New York dated January 5, 1948, upon the basis of a stipulation for discontinuance dated December 24, 1947, signed by the parties to said action.
On January 22, 1948, Harold Holt instituted an action for divorce from the said Margaret Holt upon the ground of desertion in the Circuit Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit, Dade County, Florida. On February 27, 1948, the court awarded to Harold Holt a final decree of divorce a vinculo matrimonii from Margaret K. Holt. The agreement of December 24, 1947, was not incorporated in the decree. Said decree made no reference to said agreement and made no provisions for the wife's support and maintenance. The agreement wasPage 471not presented to the court because it was feared that the Florida court might draw the conclusion that there had been collusion.
Harold Holt paid the sum of $50 to Margaret K. Holt each week from November 28, 1947, and each week thereafter during the years 1948 and 1949, or a total of $2,600 in each of said years.
Of the amount so paid in 1948, a total of $400 was paid prior to the decree of February 27, 1948, and $2,200 was paid subsequent to such decree.
Petitioners had been permanently separated since some time in 1945, although Margaret K. Holt made unsuccessful efforts to bring about a reconciliation. From the time of the separation, Harold Holt wanted a divorce. Margaret K. Holt was aware of this, but at all times opposed the idea. She had no knowledge of any definite intention on the part of Harold Holt to file a particular action to obtain a divorce and was not informed of the action in Florida until after it was instituted. She had previously refused to file divorce proceedings. The separation proceedings in New York were filed by her in the belief that this was the only means by which she could force her husband to furnish support and maintenance. Negotiations during the pendency of these proceedings resulted in the agreement of December 24, 1947, which accomplished her objective, and the proceedings were dismissed.
Margaret K. Holt's objections to divorce were based upon religious grounds. She believed in the principles of the Bahai faith, which oppose divorce.
The usual provision that in the event of a divorce the terms of the separation agreement might be incorporated in the divorce decree was not included in the separation agreement of December 24, 1947, because petitioner Margaret K. Holt would not agree. She was opposed to anything which would in any way indicate a divorce.
During the negotiations which led to the separation agreement of December 24, 1947, neither Margaret K. Holt nor her counsel was informed that Harold Holt had gone or was going to Florida to establish a residence there and institute divorce proceedings. Harold Holt did at that time contemplate such action, and had already begun to establish a Florida residence.
When Margaret K. Holt first received notice of the fact that the Florida divorce proceedings had been instituted, she requested her attorney to appear and defend the proceedings. Later, on her attorney's advice, she decided not to contest.
Margaret K. Holt's counsel advised her, at the time she entered into the agreement of December 24, 1947, that she would not have to pay income tax on the weekly payments provided therein for her support and maintenance.Page 472
The agreement of December 24, 1947, contained the following provision:
Except, however, that the wife does not release, nor shall this agreement be construed to release, any obligation of the husband to his wife or her attorneys for legal services and disbursements in any action or proceeding which may arise in the future, including any action or proceeding in connection with the provisions of this agreement.
FINDINGS OF ULTIMATE FACTS.
The husband wanted a divorce.
The wife did not want a divorce, was unwilling to institute proceedings to obtain one, and was unwilling to agree not to oppose a divorce proceeding if her husband instituted it.
The wife was aware that the husband wanted a divorce, but was not aware that he had any definite plans to institute proceedings, or that he was establishing a Florida residence and intended to apply for a divorce there. Her first information concerning the proceeding was when she received formal notice that it had been instituted.
There was no mutuality of intention on the part of Harold and Margaret K. Holt that the agreement of December 24, 1947, and the payments provided therein were to be deemed incident to a subsequent divorce, in Florida or elsewhere.
There was no mutuality of understanding between Harold and Margaret K. Holt that, in the event of subsequent divorce, the agreement of December 24, 1947, was to be incorporated in the decree, or was, from the perspective of Federal income taxes, to be deemed, in the event of such divorce, as determinative of the fact that the payments provided therein were to be taxable to the wife and deductible by the husband, or the opposite.
The agreement did not refer to a possible subsequent divorce or incorporation in any divorce decree. The Florida decree did not refer to the agreement or include any provision for support and maintenance. The agreement was not brought to the attention of the Florida court.
OPINION.
The evidence does not indicate that the parties entering into the agreement contemplated divorce proceedings as were true inBertram G. Zilmer,16 T.C. 365. If plans for a divorce following the agreement were held by Albert Moses [the husband], he did not bring them to light. The fact that one party may be considering the possibility of a divorce is not sufficient to make the voluntary separation agreement an incident to a divorce later obtained.Cecil A. Miller,16 T.C. 1010. Although there is no requirement of positive proof that both parties jointly and positively anticipated legal divorce or separation at the moment they signed the agreement,Izrastzoffv.Commissioner,193 F.2d 625, affirmingEstate ofDaniel G. Reid,15 T.C. 573, the actions and conduct of the parties, the time between agreement and divorce proceedings, and the participation of the parties in obtaining a divorce are elements and factors to be considered.
Upon examination of the evidence, we are left with the conclusion that if a divorce had been made the consideration for entering into the voluntary separation agreement, the petitioner would not have executed the agreement * * *
If anything the instant proceeding presents a stronger case for taxing the husband than didFlorence B. Moses, supra. In that case the Opinion continued:
The respondent contends that section 21 of the agreement demonstrates that both husband and wife contemplated a divorce. That section declared that the provisions of the agreement may be incorporated in the final judgment or decree of divorce in any action brought by either party. * * *
On the contrary the present circumstances are, as our findings show, that such a provision was proposed and categorically rejected by the wife thereby putting the husband on notice that the agreement was not being made and could not be construed as having been intended as an incident to any divorce. Cf., e. g.,Bertram G. Zilmer,16 T.C. 365, andEstate of Daniel G. Reid,15 T.C. 573, affirmed sub nom.Izrastzoffv.Commissioner,(C. A. 2)193 F.2d 625, withJoseph J. Lerner,15 T.C. 379, revd. (C. A. 2)195 F.2d 296.
We are of course not unaware that theMosescase has been reversed,Commissionerv.Moses,(C. A. 2, 1954)214 F.2d 912. If the fact just stated is not adequate to distinguish the two results,2we must respectfully adhere to the position previously taken by the cases decided in the Tax Court. "Not every agreement which is followed by a divorce is 'incident to' the divorce within the meaning and intentPage 474of section 22 (k). * * * The chief difficulty has been to determine from the facts in each individual case whether the necessary connection between the two exists."3Cecil A. Miller,16 T.C. 1010,1013,1014, revd. (C. A. 9)199 F.2d 597. We conclude that under the facts as found the payments were not made under an agreement incident to a divorce.
Reviewed by the Court.Decisions will be entered under Rule 50.
While pointing out a possible distinction in the facts (to be discussedinfra) the majority Opinion bases its views substantially on the reasoning of this Court inFlorence B.Moses,18 T.C. 1020. The decision in theMosescase, as stated in the majority Opinion in the instant case, was reversed by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in214 F.2d 912, as wasJoseph J. Lerner,15 T.C. 379. (See195 F.2d 296.) Despite the reasoning supporting the reversals, the majority Opinion adheres to the previous position taken by this Court in said cases.
I have dissented because, in my opinion, for the reasons hereinafter set forth, the reasoning of the Second Circuit presents the better view.
The majority Opinion of this Court rests substantially upon the following: There was no mutuality of intent on the part of Harold and Margaret K. Holt either to obtain a divorce or, in the event that a decree of divorce should ensue, that the agreement for support was to be deemed incident thereto; that while the husband wanted a divorce, the wife was flatly opposed to it; that while the wife knew her husband wanted a divorce, she was unaware of any definite plans to institute proceedings in Florida or elsewhere; and that she did not know of the Florida proceedings until after they were instituted. Other facts are mentioned, but the foregoing is the foundation for the ultimate holding that the agreement involved in the instant case was not incident to the divorce.
In my judgment, Congress did not intend that the determination of whether or not an agreement is incident to a divorce or separation should depend upon such standards as those adopted in the majority Opinion. The intent of the wife, her anticipation or forecast of what might happen in the future, mutuality of intent on the part of husband and wife, and like factors reflected only in the minds of the partiesPage 475are vague and elusive. However clear they may be in the instant case, if they are adopted as ultimate tests, it would seem apparent that in cases of this general type, they will inevitably lead to confusion, issues of fact, and difficult problems of proof in an area in which it is highly desirable for interested parties to be as certain in advance of action as circumstances may permit.
An examination of the tests prescribed in the statute shows that Congress intended, to the extent possible, to establish definite and objective standards. The provisions of section 22 (k) require that there must be a divorce or legal separation. There must be a decree. There must be periodic payments. Such payments must be in discharge of a legal obligation. They must be imposed or incurred under a decree or awritteninstrument. If incurred under a written instrument, the instrument must be incident to the divorce or separation.
Eliminating, for the moment, the last factor, which is the focus of the dispute, each of the elements is clear and precise. The possibility of confusion is reduced to a minimum. The intangible factors of intent are absent.
In my judgment, the last factor is just as susceptible of measurement under the statute by precise standards as the other factors, and that Congress so intended. It seems to me to be apparent that where there is a written instrument providing for periodic payments in discharge of a legal obligation (or, in other words, in lieu of alimony), if such written agreement and the legal obligation which it discharges remain in effect at the time a subsequent decree of divorce or legal separation is granted, and if such written agreement (and the legal obligation which it discharges) survive such decree, the agreement must be deemed to be incident thereto. To my mind, such a construction is quite consistent with the language of the statute, and the application of such construction in implementing the statute will produce consistent results which accord with the patent objectives of the statute.
There can be no doubt that all of the circumstances which I have set forth in outlining my view of the essentials mounting up to an agreement incident to a divorce have actually occurred in the instant case. To my mind, the effect of such concurrence of events cannot be defeated by a lack of intent on the part of the wife, or an active unwillingness on her part to come within the statute, or a failure on her part to understand that her acts would bring her within it, even though such lack of understanding was due to mistaken advice of counsel.
It appears to me that the views which I have expressed above in relation to the instant case likewise set forth the essence of the views of the Second Circuit as expressed in theMosesandLernercases,supra.Page 476
The related effect of those cases is best understood by reading the Opinion in theMosescase as a sequel to theLernercase, and by noting the close relationship of the facts in theMosescase to those in the instant case.
In theMosescase, the facts are substantially the same as those in the instant case, with one exception to be consideredinfra. The parties separated in 1943. A month later the wife brought an action for legal separation. After the trial commenced, it was halted while the parties attempted to work out a voluntary separation agreement. The husband wanted a divorce, but the wife was adamant against it. The parties desired to continue their efforts to agree upon terms of separation, and the proceedings were adjourned to give them further opportunity to agree. During the adjournment, respondent's attorney advised her that if she proceeded with her action and was successful in procuring a decree and an award for alimony, her husband could be punished for contempt if he failed to pay alimony as decreed, but that such payments would be taxable to her. He also advised her that if she entered into a voluntary separation agreement, the failure of the husband to make the agreed payments for support would not make him subject to contempt proceedings, but the payments would not be taxed to her. She chose to agree on the terms of a voluntary separation, and executed the agreement in due course. She did not do so in contemplation of any divorce proceedings being instituted either by herself or her husband.
Up to the end of the foregoing statement, I might well have been summarizing the facts in the case now under consideration. I come now to the one difference, namely, the provisions of paragraph 21 of the agreement in theMosescase,supra,which read as follows:
21. The provisions of this agreement, to the extent that they may be acceptable to the court, may be incorporated in the final judgment or decree obtained in any action hereafter brought by either party against the other for a divorce in any court of competent jurisdiction. Notwithstanding such incorporation, the provisions hereof shall not be merged in any such judgment or decree but shall, in all respects, survive the same.
No similar provision is to be found in the agreement in the instant case.
After the agreement was executed in theMosescase, subsequent events likewise paralleled those now before us. The New York proceeding was dismissed, and about 5 months after the execution of the agreement the husband instituted a divorce action in Florida. The wife learned about it when she received notice of the suit. She did not contest it.
The husband obtained a decree of absolute divorce. The agreement was not incorporated or referred to in the decree.Page 477
The precise language used in the opinion in theMosescase is of great significance as a basis for further discussion, and I therefore quotein extenso. Chief Judge Chase said:
Were it a condition precedent to the applicability of Section 22 (k) to prove that when she made the agreement it was done as part of an understanding with her husband that it would be followed by a suit for a divorce, we should not disagree with the decision of the Tax Court. But we have held otherwise inIzrastzoffv.Commissioner,193 F.2d 625, andLernerv.Commissioner,195 F.2d 296. See alsoNewtonv.Pedrick,2 Cir. ___ F.2d ___ dec'd April 28, 1954;Feinbergv.Commissioner,3 Cir.,198 F.2d 260, andCommissionerv.Miller,9 Cir.,199 F.2d 597;Stewartv.Rothensies,114 F. Supp. 497.
As in theLernercase, the issue in theFeinbergcase was the right of the former husband to take deductions for payments pursuant to a separation agreement under Section 23 (u), but the same reasoning is applicable and on the facts the case is so closely in point as to be indistinguishable.
Here the execution of the separation agreement was followed by the husband's Florida divorce within six months. It was by its terms to survive a divorce decree, whether incorporated in it or not, and these provisions make it abundantly clear that the possibility of a divorce was realized by the respondent when she executed the agreement, however much she may have been opposed to having such a thing accomplished. The question of alimony is germane to such a proceeding and where, as here, the provisions of the agreement were apparently a substitute for alimony which was satisfactory to the respondent, since she did not appear in the divorce action and make any attempt to have them increased, the nexus between the agreement and the divorce decree needed to make Section 22 (k) applicable is present. What we said in theLernercase,supra,at page 298 is equally pertinent here.
The term "written instrument incident to a divorce" was designed, we think, only to insure adequate proof of the existence of the obligation when divorce has occurred, * * * So where the payments obviously take the place of alimony and otherwise satisfy the stringent requirements of I. R. C. § 22 (k), although not formally incorporated into the decree they should not be denied effect under the statute merely because there is no evidence that divorce and settlement were not contemporaneously planned and carried out.
While the opinion of the Court of Appeals in theMosescase takes careful note of the significance of paragraph 21 of the separation agreement, we think it clear from the discussion and the quotation fromLernerv.Commissioner,supra,reversing15 T.C. 379, that the court would have reached the same conclusion on principle even if the agreement had not contained paragraph 21. We think this is even more apparent upon consideration of that part of the opinion inLernerv.Commissioner, supra,which immediately precedes the portion quoted with approval in theMosescase. In theLernercase, Judge Clark said (195 F.2d, at p. 298):
But this Court has recently recognized * * * that "There is no requirement in § 22 (k) of positive proof that both parties jointly and positively anticipated legal divorce or separation at the moment they signed the agreement. * * * Legislative emphasis upon a mutually coexisting intent for divorce is not to be assumed in the absence of an expressed requirement * * *. Such legislativePage 478history as is available stresses only the manifest fairness of charge to the wife and deduction by the husband of payments not only for alimony, but also for separate maintenance provisions 'in the nature of or in lieu of alimony or an allowance for support.' * * *"
Even with this rationale it would still be possible * * * for the trier of facts to find that divorce was not contemplated at the time of the agreement and hence that the latter was not incident to the former. Such a critical examination of the facts appears to have been usual with the courts, although favoring the husband in actual result. * * *
This development, however, has posed a dilemma for tax attorneys, notably in states where the divorce might be avoided for collusion, * * * and it also has threatened to limit the indicated congressional policy of placing the tax burden of all general marriage settlement payments on the party entitled to their enjoyment. * * * Further reflection therefore constrains us to the view that Congress could hardly have intended so confined a meaning.
Immediately following the foregoing is the portion of theLerneropinion quoted inCommissionerv.Moses supra.
I have studied the language of theMosesandLerneropinions with great care in the light of the legislative policy which resulted in the enactment of the provisions of the law here pertinent. It is my view that the principles expressed in those opinions are fully consistent with the legislative intent, and at the same time furnish an objective standard which will produce order and consistency in the place of prior confusion growing out of difficult problems of proof and disputed issues of fact.
In the instant case, the written instrument is adequate proof of the existence of the husband's obligation at the time the Florida decree was obtained. The weekly payments obviously take the place of alimony. The written instrument which was in effect at the time of the decree, and survived the decree, was therefore incident to the divorce within the meaning of section 22 (k), although not formally incorporated into the decree, and despite the fact that it is clear that there was no mutuality of intent or plan that such agreement be made incident to the divorce.
It is my view, therefore, that the weekly payments totaling $2,200 paid to the wife in 1948, subsequent to the Florida decree, and the like payments to the wife totaling $2,600 in 1949, are deductible by the husband under the provisions of section 23 (u) and includible in the gross income of the wife under the provisions of section 22 (k) for the respective years and in the respective amounts above indicated.
I think it clear that the payments to the wife totaling $400 made in 1948 before the entry of the Florida decree are not includible in the wife's gross income and are not deductible by the husband.Robert L. Daine,9 T.C. 47, affd. (C. A. 2)168 F.2d 449.
ARUNDELL and TIETJENS,JJ.,agree with this dissent.Page 479
- SEC. 22. GROSS INCOME.
(k) ALIMONY, ETC., INCOME. — In the case of a wife who is divorced or legally separated from her husband under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance, periodic payments (whether or not made at regular intervals) received subsequent to such decree in discharge of, or attributable to property transferred (in trust or otherwise) in discharge of, a legal obligation which, because of the marital or family relationship, is imposed upon or incurred by such husband under such decree or under a written instrumentincident to suchdivorce or separationshall be includible in the gross income of such wife, and such amounts received as are attributable to property so transferred shall not be includible in the gross income of such husband. * * * [Emphasis added.] ↩ - Lernerv.Commissioner,(C. A. 2)195 F.2d 296, reversing15 T.C. 379, may be distinguished on the same grounds as those set forth in theMorsecase (p. 1024): "The voluntary separation agreement was not employed by the court granting the divorce in establishing the legal and economic relationships between the parties as was true inLernerv.Commissioner* * *." ↩
- And see, e. g.,Jane C. Grant,18 T.C. 1013, affd. (C. A. 2)209 F.2d 430, decided the day before theMosescase where we held as a matter of fact that the agreement was incident to a divorce. ↩