Opinion · United States Tax Court
Halle v. Commissioner
7 T.C. 245
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- United States Tax Court
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1946-06-27
- Topic
- general
sworn statement of petitioner that his tax return is correct does not satisfy his burden of proof and need not be accepted as accurate by the Commissioner where other information shows to the contrary | sworn statement of petitioner that his tax return is correct does not satisfy his burden of proof and need not be accepted as accurate by the Commissioner where other information shows to the contrary | sophistication of the taxpayer is relevant to determination of fraud
Citator
- Cited by
- 175 opinions
HALLE v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,7 T.C. 245(1946)
LOUIS HALLE, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.
Docket No. 3705.
United States Tax Court.
Promulgated June 27, 1946.
2. PLEADINGS — RULES OF PRACTICE — RULE 6 (d). — Issues in respect of which the burden of proof is by statute placed upon the Commissioner will not be deemed to be raised by the petitioner in the absence of assignments of error by the petitioner in respect thereof.
3.Id. — RULE 17. — Pleadings must be reduced to writing and filed.
4. FRAUD. — The respondent sustains his burden of proof on a fraud issue where he shows that the petitioner received large amounts from others in business transactions, which money he thereafter dealt with as his own but failed to report in his tax returns.
Year Deficiency 50% addition
1929 ......................... $8,758.44 $4,379.22 1930 ......................... 32,848.13 16,424.07 1931 ......................... 39,814.36 19,907.18 1932 ......................... 41,565.55 20,782.78 1933 ......................... 10,144.82 5,072.41 1934 ......................... 34,793.90 17,403.25 1935 ......................... 15,287.97 7,647.79 1936 ......................... 11,554.96 5,777.48 1937 ......................... 7,220.91 3,610.46 1938 ......................... 6,994.79 3,497.40
Page 246
1929 ......................... $8,758.44 $4,379.22 1930 ......................... 32,848.13 16,424.07 1931 ......................... 39,814.36 19,907.18 1932 ......................... 41,565.55 20,782.78 1933 ......................... 10,144.82 5,072.41 1934 ......................... 34,793.90 17,403.25 1935 ......................... 15,287.97 7,647.79 1936 ......................... 11,554.96 5,777.48 1937 ......................... 7,220.91 3,610.46 1938 ......................... 6,994.79 3,497.40
The Commissioner made a number of adjustments in determining the deficiencies, some of which were not assigned as error by the petitioner. Errors were assigned as to other adjustments, but the petitioner did not allege or prove any facts to support those assignments. He merely alleged and testified that his returns were correct as filed. The Commissioner introduced evidence in regard to fraud.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
The petitioner was a resident of New York City and was engaged in the practice of law during the tax years involved herein. He and his wife, to whom he was married in 1914, filed joint returns for 1929, 1936, and 1937. He filed separate returns for the other years. His return for 1932 was filed with the collector of internal revenue for the second district of New York. The other returns were filed with the collector of internal revenue for the third district of New York.
The petitioner maintained one or more bank accounts in his own name during all the taxable years and in some of the years he maintained a brokerage account in his own name. Separate bank and brokerage accounts were maintained in the name of the petitioner's wife during all of the taxable years. Securities purchased through the brokerage accounts were carried in the name of the wife. The petitioner never acquired or owned any real estate or securities in his own name, except in two instances not material hereto. Substantially all of the funds in the wife's bank and brokerage accounts during the years here in question were originally received by her from the petitioner, except those which represented income or gain from investments. The money was given to her by the petitioner from his earnings. The petitioner gave many of the orders to buy or sell securities in his wife's brokerage accounts. He frequently obtained money from his wife when he needed funds.
Much of the petitioner's income from the practice of law prior to 1934 was derived from representing persons charged with violation of prohibition laws. His income from that source dropped off somewhat after the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment.
The petitioner spent more than $23,500 for living and other family expenses during 1934.
The petitioner, sometimes assisted by his stenographer, kept a loose-leaf book which shows some of his receipts and disbursements during the period beginning at some time in 1934. The loose-leaf book does not completely or clearly reflect the petitioner's income for that period. He has no records showing any receipts and disbursements prior to 1934. He personally prepared his returns up to the return for 1934, at which time an accountant began to prepare his returnsPage 247from information furnished by the petitioner. The accountant did not examine any books or records of the petitioner.
The Commissioner for each year added to the petitioner's income as shown on his return,inter alia,an item entitled "gross income from business understated." The Commissioner, in determining that those amounts represented additional gross income, examined the bank accounts and brokerage accounts of the petitioner and his wife. He found the total amounts deposited in the petitioner's accounts with those banks and brokers and the amounts in the wife's accounts which came from the petitioner. He eliminated all duplications, all amounts which could be identified as not representing income of the petitioner, and all portions of the totals which had been reported as income by the petitioner. The total net increase in the petitioner's wealth for each year as thus disclosed was the amount which he added to the petitioner's income for the year. The following table shows the net income reported on the returns for the years here in question, the gross income from the petitioner's business reported on those returns, and the additional gross income from his business which was not reported on those returns:
Gross income Additional Net income from business income from Year reported reported business not reported
1929 .................... $25,600.56 $34,110.00 $51,750.87 1930 .................... 27,785.67 47,168.34 139,069.72 1931 .................... 28,497.67 29,497.67 166,056.53 1932 .................... 17,809.68 40,654.00 100,222.45 1933 .................... 16,778.68 39,875.00 36,138.59 1934 .................... 6,500.38 31,356.28 48,487.77 1935 .................... 6,992.12 24,866.87 50,268.10 1936 .................... (loss) 2,451.44 9,167.53 41,873.23 1937 .................... 6,223.06 8,107.65 36,251.70 1938 .................... 7,926.63 19,380.70 27,755.62
The statutory period for assessment and collection of additional taxes for the years 1936, 1937, and 1938 was extended until June 30, 1945, by waivers signed by the parties.
1929 .................... $25,600.56 $34,110.00 $51,750.87 1930 .................... 27,785.67 47,168.34 139,069.72 1931 .................... 28,497.67 29,497.67 166,056.53 1932 .................... 17,809.68 40,654.00 100,222.45 1933 .................... 16,778.68 39,875.00 36,138.59 1934 .................... 6,500.38 31,356.28 48,487.77 1935 .................... 6,992.12 24,866.87 50,268.10 1936 .................... (loss) 2,451.44 9,167.53 41,873.23 1937 .................... 6,223.06 8,107.65 36,251.70 1938 .................... 7,926.63 19,380.70 27,755.62
The notice of deficiencies was mailed on September 29, 1943.
Each return filed by the petitioner, or by the petitioner and his wife, for the years 1929 to 1938, inclusive, was false and fraudulent, with intent to evade tax.
A part of the deficiency for each year was due to fraud with intent to evade tax.
OPINION.
Rule 6 (d) of the Court's Rules of Practice provides that "Issues in respect of which the burden of proof is by statute placed upon the Commissioner will not be deemed to be raised by the petitioner in the absence of assignments of error in respect thereof" in the petition. Section 907 (a) of the Revenue Act of 1924, as amended by section 601 of the Revenue Act of 1928, provides that the burden of proof on an issue of whether the petitioner has been guilty of fraud shall be upon the Commissioner. There can be two such issues — one, under section 293 (b), whether any part of the deficiency is due to fraud with intent to evade tax, so that the 50 per cent addition to the tax applies; the other, under section 276 (a), whether a return was false and fraudulent with intent to evade tax, so that it would not start a period of limitation for the assessment and collection of the tax. The petitioner has never assigned as error the action of the Commissioner in determining the 50 per cent additions to the tax under 293 (b), and thus those determinations must stand approved, unchallenged under the rules of the Court.
The petition, up to the time of trial, did not contain any assignment of error raising any question of fraud or of the statute of limitations which in turn might have required the Commissioner to plead, as a defense, that the returns were false and fraudulent. Nevertheless, the Commissioner, for some reason, alleged in his answer that the failure of the petitioner to report certain amounts as income in each year was false and fraudulent, with intent to evade tax. The petitioner did not reply to that pleading, but, since the Commissioner made no move under Rule 18, those allegations of the answer, if material to any issue properly raised, would be deemed to be denied. See Rule 18. Then, during the hearing, the petitioner's counsel moved orally to enter the "plea of limitations," there was no objection, the Court permitted "the petition to be amended to allege that the deficiency determined as to each of the ten years in question is barred by the applicable statute of limitations covering that year," and the respondent was permitted to "enter a general denial." These oral motions were never reduced to writing and filed, as required by Rule 17, and do not serve to raise any issue.M. C. Parrish Co.,3 T.C. 119,129.
Furthermore, a petitioner, raising an issue as to the period of limitation, must allege and prove facts to show that returns were filed, when they were filed, and that the notice of deficiency was not mailed within the prescribed time thereafter. If he did that, it would then be incumbent upon the Commissioner to allege and prove some exception to thePage 249general rule, as, for example, that the period had been extended by waivers filed or that the returns were false and fraudulent with intent to evade tax and they did not start any period of limitation to run. Obviously, the petitioner could not cast this burden upon his adversary by merely moving orally during the hearing to enter the "plea of limitations." The Court is entitled to have the required pleadings showing the positions and contentions of the parties, and the respondent may not be prejudiced by late or inadequate pleadings. However, the respondent, as stated above, had pleaded facts in his answer to show that all of the returns filed were false and fraudulent, with intent to evade tax. He proceeded to prove those facts at the trial. The trial progressed, and the parties have assumed that an issue relating to false and fraudulent returns is properly before the Court. Rather than have the decision based solely upon the technical point that no fraud issue has been raised, we have made findings of fact in relation to fraud and will discuss briefly the evidence which led to those findings.
The petitioner did not introduce any evidence to show when any of his returns were filed. However, the respondent introduced returns for all years and also proved that the period of limitation for 1936, 1937, and 1938 was extended by waiver until a date after the date upon which the notice of deficiencies was mailed. The petitioner does not now claim that the determinations for those latter years are barred. Thus the only further difference between the parties is whether the returns for the years 1929 through 1935 were false and fraudulent, with intent to evade tax, so that no period of limitation upon assessment and collection ever commenced to run.
One of the adjustments which the Commissioner made for each of the taxable years was to add to the petitioner's income, as reported, an amount described as "gross income from business understated." It is upon this item alone that the respondent relies to prove fraud. The findings of fact show how the item was determined and the amount of it for each year. The Commissioner concluded that the returns were false and fraudulent, with intent to evade tax. He added the additional amounts to the petitioner's income, determined the deficiencies, and determined that a part of each deficiency was due to fraud, with intent to evade tax. The petitioner complains generally about the method pursued by the respondent and claims that the latter has failed to sustain his burden of proof as to fraud.
This petitioner, like every other taxpayer, was required by law to file an income tax return for each of the years involved herein and to report thereon, fully and honestly, every item of gross income received by him. Inherent in that requirement was the further requirement that he maintain adequate records of some kind to show to him and to the Commissioner the amount of income received byPage 250him in each year and the nature and the basis for any deductions claimed. The Commissioner need not accept, as complete, correct, and accurate, the returns filed or the sworn statement of the taxpayer that his returns completely and correctly disclose his tax liability. The Commissioner has authority to check the returns against the records of the taxpayer and, if no records have been kept or if the records are incomplete, inaccurate, or otherwise unsatisfactory, he may seek information elsewhere to discover, assess, and collect the full tax liability imposed by law.Estate of Robert LyonsHague,45 B. T. A. 104; affd.,132 F.2d 775.
This petitioner filed returns for each year which he swears are correct reflections of his tax liabilities. The Commissioner thinks otherwise. A loose-leaf book kept by the taxpayer is in evidence. It purports to begin at some time in 1934 and some entries were made for the later taxable years here in question. It is not a full, complete, and accurate record of all of the business transactions of the petitioner for the period just mentioned, for any of those years, or of the transactions referred to in the book. The taxpayer himself did not rely upon it as a full and complete record of his business transactions for any year. Much of his income is not shown in that book. The Commissioner examined it and all other data submitted by the petitioner but, with reason, was not satisfied. No records of the taxpayer which fairly show his income for the years here in question are available. The Commissioner, as he had a right to do in such a situation, looked elsewhere for information in regard to the petitioner's income. The petitioner does not contend that the bank and brokerage records relied upon by the Commissioner are inaccurate. He has testified that any amount which came into his wife's account from him must necessarily have come from his earnings.
The statutes covering these years define gross income as including "gains, profits, and income derived from salaries, wages, or compensation for personal service, of whatever kind and in whatever form paid, or from professions, vocations, trades, businesses, commerce, or sales, or dealings in property, whether real or personal, growing out of the ownership or use of or interest in such property; also from interest, rent, dividends, securities, or the transaction of any business carried on for gain or profit, or gains or profits and income derived from any source whatever." Sec. 22 (a), Revenue Act of 1928, and similar provisions in later acts. The Commissioner has shown clearly that the petitioner received and retained, used for his benefit, or gave to his wife large amounts in each year, he received those amounts from others, and he received them as a result of his efforts in the transaction of business carried on by him for gain or profit. Such amounts were income under the broad definition of section 22 (a) and the petitioner is charged with knowledge of that fact. Cf.Russell C. Mauch,35 B. T. A. 617; affd.,Page 251113 F.2d 555;Robert Burd,19 B. T. A. 734. He was required by law to report all of that income on his returns. He failed to do so. The amounts involved could not possibly have been overlooked. His returns were all false. The irresistible inference from the facts in this record is that the petitioner intended his returns to be false and fraudulent, to evade the tax lawfully due from him. The respondent contends that he has fully sustained the burden of proof cast upon him and that he has made at least aprima faciecase by clear and convincing proof. He argues that the petitioner has failed to refute or rebut this evidence. Cf.JosephCalafato,42 B. T. A. 881; affd., 124 F.2d 187;Oliverv.United States,54 F.2d 48.
The petitioner is not a person who could fail to understand what the law requires of him under the circumstances of this case. He is a lawyer who has practiced his profession for many years. He is experienced not only in the field of law, but also in business. He has failed to show that any part of any deficiency herein was erroneous. Indeed, it is significant that he did not make a genuine effort to allege or prove facts to show any error on the part of the Commissioner. He has never explained satisfactorily the large amounts which got into his hands but not into his tax returns. We have found as a fact from the entire record that each of the returns for the ten years here in question was false and fraudulent, with intent to evade tax, and we have found further as a fact that a part of each deficiency involved herein is due to fraud with intent to evade tax.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.