Opinion · United States Tax Court
Bell v. Commissioner
Bell v. Comm’r, 13 T.C. 344 (T.C. 1949)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- United States Tax Court
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1949-09-20
- Topic
- bankruptcy
OPINION. Harlan, Judge: Kespondent contends first that the petitioner has failed to establish her business loss for 1945 because she has produced no original documents showing receipts and disbursements by which the business loss may be established and also because she has failed to furnish an inventory of her restaurant supplies at the beginning and the end of the taxable year. Petitioner herein was unable to produce at the trial the papers showing the separate items of receipts and disbursements which made up her six weeks operation of the cafeteria. She was also unable to introduce the statement of the individual items which made up her inventory. However, from the testimony, her auditor was a man of considerable experience, and the cash journal, together with the ledger sheets which he kept from the original evidence of the business transactions, were in evidence.
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BELL v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,13 T.C. 344(1949)
IRENE L. BELL, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,
RESPONDENT.
Docket No. 17093.
United States Tax Court.
Promulgated September 20, 1949.
2. Petitioner filed her return under section 400, I. R. C. She used an automobile in soliciting insurance business in her home city and its suburbs and in driving from her home to the market in the operation of her cafeteria.Held,the expense of the automobile operation is a deductible item in computing petitioner's adjusted gross income under the provisions of section 22 (n) (1), I. R. C.
FINDINGS OF FACT.
Petitioner during the taxable year was a resident of Atlanta, Georgia, and she filed her income tax return with the collector of internal revenue for the district of Georgia.
From January 1 to September 1, 1945, petitioner sold burial insurance policies issued by the Family Fund Burial Insurance Co. of Atlanta and collected premiums from the customers. She devoted all of her working hours for six days a week to this work and was paid a commission on her sales and collections. For the period January 1 to September 1, 1945, she received commissions in the amount of $1,187.67, which were reported in her income tax return for the year 1945.
She was unrestricted as to her territory, paid all of her own expenses, and was not under the direction or control of the insurance company as to hours of work, methods of transportation, or working operations. She called at the insurance office only for the purpose of reporting her sales and collections and getting her commissions. She used her automobile constantly in her selling and collection work, as this method greatly increased her efficiency. She maintained no record of her automobile expense, but its use was confined to her business operations. Her computation of automobile expense was based upon an estimate of 5,400 miles traveled during the year inPage 345the operation of her insurance business and later in the operation of her cafeteria. She estimated that her automobile used in city traffic cost her 5 cents a mile.
Petitioner filed her return and computed her income tax under the provisions of section 400 of the Internal Revenue Code and deducted $270 from the income which she received as commissions in computing her adjusted gross income. This deduction was labeled "Auto maintenance and supplies."
On November 15, 1945, petitioner purchased a cafeteria, with its furniture and equipment and a stock of supplies, from one B. C. Fox for a consideration of $1,700 cash, promissory notes to Fox of $1,742.95, and the assumption of an indebtedness of $4,940.61. She operated this cafeteria through December 31, 1945. She employed an auditor to keep her accounts, which were kept on the cash receipts basis. She kept a file of her invoices and a daily record of her business transactions, which she delivered to her auditor once a week, to be entered on the cash journal and general ledger. These original documents were in the possession of the auditor in the fall of 1946, when he died. When petitioner was informed that her income tax return was being questioned, she endeavored to get the documents delivered by her to the bookkeeper from his widow, but discovered that they were either lost or destroyed.
The cash journal contained the following entries reflecting the opening of the business:
Debit Credit
B. C. Fox — cash ............................. $1,700.00 Notes — Fox .................................. 1,742.95 Loftus Clein ................................ 4,940.61 Furniture Equipment ......................... $7,887.56 Inventory ..................................... 400.00 Insurance ..................................... 96.00 --------- --------- $8,383.56 $8,383.56
Petitioner in her income tax return for 1945 reported a loss for the six weeks operation in 1945 of $352.72. This loss was based upon the following profit and loss statement prepared from the books of account of the Bell Cafeteria for the period November 15 to December 31, 1945:
B. C. Fox — cash ............................. $1,700.00 Notes — Fox .................................. 1,742.95 Loftus Clein ................................ 4,940.61 Furniture Equipment ......................... $7,887.56 Inventory ..................................... 400.00 Insurance ..................................... 96.00 --------- --------- $8,383.56 $8,383.56
INCOME:
Sales .................................................. $3,828.36 Cost of goods sold Food ...................................... $2,132.82 Labor ..................................... 1,291.85 3,424.67 ---------- --------- Gross profit on sales .................................. 403.69Page 346
EXPENSES:
Depreciation ................................ $98.59 Electricity — Gas — Water ................. 20.09 Insurance ................................... 96.00 Interest .................................... 1.00 Linen — laundry ............................ 79.17 Office supplies ............................. 11.20 Repairs ..................................... 59.35 Rent ........................................ 300.00 Store and kitchen expense ................... 76.01 Taxes and licenses .......................... 15.00 Total expenses ............................ ----------- $756.41 --------- Deficit for the period ............................... 352.72
The depreciation item was computed at the rate of 10 per cent per year for 1 1/2 months. The insurance policy expired August 7, 1946.
Sales .................................................. $3,828.36 Cost of goods sold Food ...................................... $2,132.82 Labor ..................................... 1,291.85 3,424.67 ---------- --------- Gross profit on sales .................................. 403.69Page 346
EXPENSES:
Depreciation ................................ $98.59 Electricity — Gas — Water ................. 20.09 Insurance ................................... 96.00 Interest .................................... 1.00 Linen — laundry ............................ 79.17 Office supplies ............................. 11.20 Repairs ..................................... 59.35 Rent ........................................ 300.00 Store and kitchen expense ................... 76.01 Taxes and licenses .......................... 15.00 Total expenses ............................ ----------- $756.41 --------- Deficit for the period ............................... 352.72
Petitioner's balance sheet as of December 31, 1945, was as follows:
ASSETS
Cash on hand ............................................. $93.29 Inventory food, etc. ..................................... 400.00 Furniture and equipment ........................ $7,887.56 Less reserve for depreciation .................. 98.59 7,788.97 --------- -------- Total assets ....................................... 8,282.26 =========
LIABILITIES
Income deferred .......................................... 9.85 Notes payable: B. C. Fox .................................... 1,642.95 Loftus ....................................... 2,945.27 Clein ........................................ 1,837.12 6,425.34 --------- -------- Total liabilities .................................. 6,435.19
Net worth: November 15, 1945 ............................ 1,700.00 Cash advances ................................ 499.79 --------- 2,199.79 Loss for period Nov. 15 to Dec. 31, 1945 ....... 352.72 --------- Net worth December 31, 1945 .......................... 1,847.07 -------- Liabilities and net worth ............................ 8,282.26
During 1945 it was difficult, if not impossible, because of war conditions to get delivery of meat and other supplies for the restaurant without using petitioner's own automobile.
Cash on hand ............................................. $93.29 Inventory food, etc. ..................................... 400.00 Furniture and equipment ........................ $7,887.56 Less reserve for depreciation .................. 98.59 7,788.97 --------- -------- Total assets ....................................... 8,282.26 =========
LIABILITIES
Income deferred .......................................... 9.85 Notes payable: B. C. Fox .................................... 1,642.95 Loftus ....................................... 2,945.27 Clein ........................................ 1,837.12 6,425.34 --------- -------- Total liabilities .................................. 6,435.19
Net worth: November 15, 1945 ............................ 1,700.00 Cash advances ................................ 499.79 --------- 2,199.79 Loss for period Nov. 15 to Dec. 31, 1945 ....... 352.72 --------- Net worth December 31, 1945 .......................... 1,847.07 -------- Liabilities and net worth ............................ 8,282.26
In the notice of deficiency the respondent disallowed both the operating loss of $352.72 and the $270 deduction for "auto maintenance and supplies" which the petitioner claimed on her 1945 income tax return.Page 347
OPINION.
Petitioner herein was unable to produce at the trial the papers showing the separate items of receipts and disbursements which made up her six weeks operation of the cafeteria. She was also unable to introduce the statement of the individual items which made up her inventory. However, from the testimony, her auditor was a man of considerable experience, and the cash journal, together with the ledger sheets which he kept from the original evidence of the business transactions, were in evidence. From the initial entries in the cash journal pertaining to inventories of furniture and equipment and merchandise on hand, it appears that this auditor computed both of these items to have remained constant at the end of the six weeks period, with the exception of depreciation of $98.59 on the furniture and equipment. The petitioner herself, who operated the cafeteria, testified that she purchased supplies for the cafeteria as they were exhausted, but she was unable to give any further details of her purchases. She was a woman somewhat advanced in years, with an obvious limitation on her business experience, but she exhibited an apparent attempt to give a truthful narration of her operations.
From the above it is our conclusion that the petitioner has established sufficient facts pertaining to the inventory at the beginning and the end of the period November 15 to December 31, 1945, and pertaining to a depreciation allowance to substantiate her contentions as to inventory at the beginning and the end of the taxable period.
As to the amount of depreciation allowance, the petitioner was unable to give any testimony except that her auditor fixed the depreciation based upon a 10 per cent depreciation for each year of the useful life of the furniture and equipment. There was no testimony in the record as to the prospective useful life of the furniture and equipment. All that the record shows is that the furniture and equipment which had been used in a cafeteria business for an undetermined time cost petitioner $7,887.56. We also know that during the month and a half of restaurant operation the furniture and equipment were used by customers in their purchase of food of the value of $3,828.36.
It is our conclusion that complete refusal to allow any depreciation on the furniture and equipment under the undisputed facts in thisPage 348case is not realistic. It is a matter of common knowledge, to which courts must give recognition, that furniture and equipment used in restaurants do suffer wear and tear, and in the present case, if evidence had been introduced by the taxpayer, in all probability a useful life of ten years for furniture and equipment so used could easily have been established. However, such evidence was not introduced and, "bearing heavily" against the taxpayer in this case, with the knowledge that some depreciation did occur, it is our conclusion that the amount of the depreciation should be fixed at $65.73.Cohanv.Commissioner,38 F.2d 540.
The Commissioner also objects to the claimed deduction of $96 for insurance. The record discloses the fact that the insurance policy was purchased by petitioner from Fox on November 15, 1945, and it covered the unexpired term which terminated on August 7, 1946.
UnderKauai Terminal, Ltd.,36 B. T. A. 893, payments made for insurance under the conditions involved herein are a deductible expense in the calendar year when made. See alsoGeorge S. Jephson,37 B. T. A. 1117.
The petitioner claimed deductions from income on the additional items of tax and license, $15; and, repairs, $59.35. No testimony was offered as to the period covered by the expenditure for taxes and license, or as to the nature of the repairs as distinguished from capital improvements. Therefore, because of failure of proof, we find that there is no error in the respondent's refusal to allow these deductions.
From a consideration of all the testimony and evidence, it is our conclusion that, with the exception of the above items on which there was no proof offered, the petitioner herein has overcome the presumption of correctness of the Commissioner's determination and that the petitioner is entitled to a business operating loss in the amount of $245.51.
The question as to the allowance of $270 for "Auto maintenance and supplies" involves a discussion of the nature of the exclusions from gross income authorized by section 22 (n) of the Internal Revenue Code in order to arrive at petitioner's adjusted gross income.
Adjusted gross income is defined in section 22 (n) of the code as follows:
(n) DEFINITION OF "ADJUSTED GROSS INCOME". — As used in this chapter the term "adjusted gross income" means the gross income minus —
(1) TRADE AND BUSINESS DEDUCTIONS. — The deductions allowed by section 23 which are attributable to a trade or business carried on by the taxpayer, if such trade or business does not consist of the performance of services by the taxpayer as an employee;
(2) EXPENSES OF TRAVEL AND LODGING IN CONNECTION WITH EMPLOYMENT. — The deductions allowed by section 23 which consist of expenses of travel, meals,Page 349and lodging while away from home, paid or incurred by the taxpayer in connection with the performance by him of services as an employee;
(3) REIMBURSED EXPENSES IN CONNECTION WITH EMPLOYMENT. — The deductions allowed by section 23 (other than expenses of travel, meals, and lodging while away from home) which consist of expenses paid or incurred by the taxpayer, in connection with the performance by him of services as an employee, under a reimbursement or other expense allowance arrangement with his employer; * * *
The respondent in his determination of deficiency disallowed petitioner's deduction for "Auto maintenance and supplies" in the following words:
The deduction of $270.00 claimed for auto maintenance and supplies has been disallowed for the reason that you elected to compute your tax from the tax table. These deductions are allowable only when the tax computation on page 3 of your return is used.
Petitioner filed her return under the provisions of section 400 of the code, which provide that a taxpayer who has an adjusted gross income of less than $5,000 may compute his income tax from the tables attached to the income tax return instead of computing his tax under sections 11 and 12 of the code, as is required of those having an adjusted gross income in excess of $5,000. The respondent contends that, since the petitioner, in selling insurance, was an employee, she could not claim any deductions under 22 (n) (1); that, since her travel was all in the city proper and suburbs of Atlanta wherein she lived and wherein her business was conducted, she could not claim any deduction under 22 (n) (2); and, finally, that, since she paid her own expenses and received no promise of remuneration therefor, she could claim no deduction under 22 (n) (3).
The petitioner's brief devotes itself completely to the contention that the $270 automobile expenses should be allowed as traveling expenses. We are unable to support this contention. Reliance is made upon the case ofKenneth Waters,12 T.C. 414. In that case, however, the taxpayer was called upon by his employer to make a trip each Sunday to a town 36 miles distant from his home town for the sake of reporting concerning the operations of one of a chain of grocery stores. This trip was not within the ordinary scope of the taxpayer's business, but was occasioned by the shortage of personnel during the war. The trip was made on Sunday without the taxpayer being away from home over night, but this Court permitted the taxpayer to deduct the expense of operating his automobile as travel expense while away from home, regardless of the fact that the Commissioner's regulations required such deductions to be made only when the taxpayer was away from home over night. The distinction between the facts in theWaterscase and those in the case at bar are obvious.Page 350
However, after considering all of the facts in this case, it is our conclusion that the petitioner is entitled to a deduction under 22 (n) (1) of the code. Although petitioner, during the trial, referred to herself in one place as working for the Family Fund Burial Insurance Co. and in another place on cross-examination stated that she was employed by this burial company, we are convinced from her description of the manner in which she worked whereby she had no supervision, paid her own expenses, and called upon the insurance company only for the purpose of reporting her work, she was not in fact such an employee as is contemplated by section 22 (n) (1). Her activities were those of an independent contractor or salesman operating her own business, not those of an employee under the direction and control of an employer.Atlas Life Ins. Co. ofTulsav.Foraker,165 P.2d 323;Reilingv.Missouri Ins.Co.,153 S.W.2d 79; andSalmiv.New Era Life Assn.,267 N.W. 880.
The petitioner testified that she used the automobile in her business of selling insurance because she increased the number of prospective purchasers very greatly thereby and increased her efficiency. She used the automobile in her business of operating the restaurant because during the year of 1945 it was difficult, if not impossible, to get delivery of meat and other supplies for the restaurant and she had to drive from her restaurant to the market constantly to procure supplies for the restaurant.
In view of the nature of her work and her business, the estimated mileage of 5,400 miles in one year in our opinion may not be unreasonable and the cost thereof of 5 cents per mile in city traffic, with the frequent stops involved in the nature of her work, may also be entirely reasonable in amount. However, while she testified that she thought the auditor's estimate of her mileage was too low, she kept no accounts of mileage or cost of maintenance. We are therefore "bearing heavily" against her estimate and we find her automobile operating cost deduction to be $180.
It is therefore our conclusion that a deduction of $180 for automobile operating expense from petitioner's gross income in order to establish her adjusted gross income for the purpose of filing her income tax return under section 400 of the code is proper and that the Commissioner erred to the extent of refusing to allow that amount.
Reviewed by the Court.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.Page 351