Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Wissner v. Wissner

70 S. Ct. 398

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1950-02-06
Topic
general

holding that state action diverting benefits after they have been paid out to the intended beneficiary is in “flat conflict” with anti-attachment provisions | holding that the National Service Life Insurance Act preempted application 2 Case: 18-11479 Document: 00515810731 Page: 304 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 18-11479 of California community property law in state probate proceedings | holding that California community property law could not divert to the service member’s widow insurance proceeds from SGLIA’s predecessor program when the service member had named his parents as beneficiaries | holding that California community property law could not divert to the service member's widow insurance proceeds from SGLIA's predecessor program when the service member had named his parents as beneficiaries | holding that NSLIA’s anti-attachment provision precluded a California court from allowing a widow to recover, under state law, one-half of the amount of an insurance policy that had already been paid to the beneficiary | determining that a National Service Life Insurance policy was not subject to state community property laws, and that proceeds belong to the named beneficiary | noting that enhancing "the morale of servicemen” is a legitimate end "within the congressional powers over the national defense” | finding that the lower court judgment that ordered the diversion of future payments after NSLIA paid them to the beneficiary constituted a seizure of those payments under NSLIA’s anti-attachment clause | stating that “[we] do not share appellee’s discovery of congressional purpose that widows in community property states participate in the payments under the policy, contrary to the express direction of the insured.” | conflicting state community property laws did not apply to a military life insurance program established by Congress | noting the National Life Insurance Act provision that servicemen " 'shall have the right to designate' " life insurance beneficiaries, thereby preempting California community property law | involving a National Service Life Insurance policy, and National Service Life Insurance Act of 1940, 54 Stat. 1008, amended | noting the National Life Insurance Act provision that servicemen “ ‘shall have the right to designate’ ” life insurance beneficiaries, thereby preempting California community property law | finding similar anti-attachment provision in National Service Life Insurance Act precluded wife’s community property claim against life insurance policy proceeds paid to military member’s parents pursuant to his beneficiary designation | order directing the diversion of future insurance proceeds as soon as they are made constitutes “seizure” of those proceeds | order directing the diversion of future insurance proceeds as soon as they are made constitutes "seizure" of those proceeds | widow did not have community property claim to one-half the proceeds of life insurance policy of her deceased army officer husband | husband’s life insurance policy, purchased under federal program for members of military, not subject to state community property law | the National Service Life Insurance Act of 1940 (currently codified at 38 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq. (2018)) precluded state law requiring division under community property laws | anti-attachment provision prohibited State court from assigning life insurance proceeds to nonbeneficiary widow | the case that the United States Supreme Court relied upon in deciding Ridgway | federal military benefts law preempted state community-property rules | Congress must preempt state authority with “force and clarity,” | federal military benefits law preempted state community-property rules | National Service Life Insurance Act | National Service Life Insurance Act

Citator

Cited by
143 opinions
WISSNERv. WISSNER,338 U.S. 655(1950)
70 S.Ct. 398
WISSNER ET AL.v. WISSNER.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD APPELLATE
DISTRICT, OF CALIFORNIA.
No. 119.
Argued December 6-7, 1949.
Decided February 6, 1950.
An insured under a National Service Life Insurance policy, who was domiciled in California, as was his wife, designated his mother as principal beneficiary and his father as contingent beneficiary. Premiums on the policy were paid from the insured's Army pay. Since his death the proceeds of the policy were being paid to his mother in monthly installments. The insured's widow brought suit in a California court, alleging that, under the state community property law, she was entitled to one-half the proceeds of the policy. The court gave judgment to the widow for one-half of the payments already received and required payment to her of one-half of all future payments immediately upon receipt thereof.Held:
1. The judgment of the state court was invalid as in conflict with the National Service Life Insurance Act of 1940. Pp. 656-660.
(a) Under 38 U.S.C. § 802 (g), the proceeds of such a policy belong to the named beneficiary; and the judgment below would nullify the soldier's choice and frustrate the purpose of Congress. Pp. 658-659.
(b) So far as it ordered diversion of future payments, the judgment contravenes the provision of 38 U.S.C. § 454a that payments to the named beneficiary "shall be exempt from the claims of creditors, and shall not be liable to attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process whatever, either before or after receipt by the beneficiary . . . ." P. 659.
(c) A different result is not required by decisions holding exemptions relating to pensions and veterans' relief inapplicable when alimony or the support of wife or children is in issue. Pp. 659-660.
2. The National Service Life Insurance Act is a valid exercise of the congressional powers over national defense. Pp. 660-661.
3. No issue under the Fifth Amendment is presented; because the Act precludes any claim by the widow of a "vested" right in the proceeds of the insurance. P. 661.
89 Cal.App.2d 759,201 P.2d 837, reversed.Page 656
In a suit in a California state court, by the widow of
an insured under a National Service Life Insurance policy,
to recover one-half the proceeds of the policy, the state
court gave judgment for the plaintiff. The District
Court of Appeal affirmed.89 Cal.App.2d 759,
201 P.2d 837. The State Supreme Court denied a hearing.
On appeal to this Court,reversed, p. 661.
Carlos J. Badgerargued the cause for appellants. With him on the brief wereW. Coburn CookandVernonF. Gant.Leslie A. Clearyargued the cause for appellee. With him on the brief wasWilliam Zeff.

By special leave of Court,Morton Hollanderargued the cause for the United States, asamicus curiae, urging reversal. With him on the brief wereSolicitor GeneralPerlman, Assistant Attorney General MorisonandPaulA. Sweeney.
MR. JUSTICE CLARK delivered the opinion of the Court.
We are to determine whether the California community property law, as applied in this case, conflicts with certain provisions of the National Service Life Insurance Act of 1940;1and if so, whether the federal law is consistent with the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The cause is here on appeal from the final judgment of a California District Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court of California having denied a hearing. Reading the opinion below as a decision that the federal statute was unconstitutional, we noted probable jurisdiction.28 U.S.C. § 1257(1).

The material facts are not in dispute. Appellants are the parents, and appellee the widow, of Major Leonard O. Wissner, who died in India in 1945 in the service of thePage 657United States Army. He had enlisted in the Army in November 1942 and in January 1943 subscribed to a National Service Life Insurance policy in the principal sum of $10,000, which policy was in effect at the date of his death. The opinion below indicates that the decedent and appellee were estranged at the time he entered the Army or shortly thereafter. In January 1943 he requested his attorney to "get an insurance policy away" from appellee. After six months in the service decedent stopped the allotment to his wife, and in September 1943 expressed the wish that he "could find some way of forcing plaintiff to a settlement and a divorce." It is not surprising, therefore, that, without the knowledge or consent of his wife, the Major named his mother principal and his father contingent beneficiary under his National Service Life Insurance policy. Since his death the United States Veterans' Administration has been paying his mother the proceeds of the policy in monthly installments.

In 1947 the Major's widow brought action against the appellants in the Superior Court for Stanislaus County, State of California, alleging that under California community property law she was entitled to one-half the proceeds of the policy. Appellants answered that their designation as beneficiaries was "final and conclusive as against any claimed rights" of appellee. The court found that the decedent and his widow had been married in 1930, and until the date of Major Wissner's death had been legally domiciled there and subject to the state's community property laws. Major Wissner's army pay, which was held to be community property under California law,2was the source of the premiums paid on the policy.Page 658But no claim was made for the premiums; the widow sought the proceeds of the insurance. The court concluded that, consistent with California law in the ordinary insurance case, the proceeds of this policy "were and are the community property" of the widow and the decedent, and entered judgment for appellee for one-half the amount of payments already received, plus interest, and required appellants to pay appellee one-half of all future payments "immediately upon the receipt thereof" by appellees or either thereof. The District Court of Appeal affirmed,89 Cal.App.2d 759,201 P.2d 837(1949), holding that appellee had a "vested right" to the insurance proceeds, and the Supreme Court of California denied a hearing, one judge dissenting.

We are of the opinion that the decision below was incorrect. The National Service Life Insurance Act is the congressional mode of affording a uniform and comprehensive system of life insurance for members and veterans of the armed forces of the United States. A liberal policy toward the serviceman and his named beneficiary is everywhere evident in the comprehensive statutory plan. Premiums are very low and are waived during the insured's disability; costs of administration are borne by the United States; liabilities may be discharged out of congressional appropriations.

The controlling section of the Act provides that the insured "shall have the right to designate the beneficiary or beneficiaries of the insurance [within a designated class], . . . and shall . . . at all times have the right to change the beneficiary or beneficiaries . . . ." 38 U.S.C. § 802 (g). Thus Congress has spoken with force and clarity in directing that the proceeds belong to the named beneficiary and no other. Pursuant to the congressional command, the Government contracted to pay the insurance to the insured's choice. He chose his mother. It is plain to us that the judgment of the lower court, asPage 659to one-half of the proceeds, substitutes the widow for the mother, who was the beneficiary Congress directed shall receive the insurance money. We do not share appellee's discovery of congressional purpose that widows in community property states participate in the payments under the policy, contrary to the express direction of the insured. Whether directed at the very money received from the Government or an equivalent amount, the judgment below nullifies the soldier's choice and frustrates the deliberate purpose of Congress. It cannot stand.

The judgment under review has a further deficiency so far as it ordered the diversion of future payments as soon as they are paid by the Government to the mother. At least in this respect, the very payments received under the policy are to be "seized," in effect, by the judgment below. This is in flat conflict with the exemption provision contained in 38 U.S.C. § 454a, made a part of this Act by 38 U.S.C. § 816: Payments to the named beneficiary "shall be exempt from the claims of creditors, and shall not be liable to attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process whatever, either before or after receipt by the beneficiary. . . ."

We recognize that some courts have ruled that this and similar exemptions relating to pensions and veterans' relief do not apply when alimony or the support of wife or children is in issue. SeeSchlaeferv.Schlaefer,71 App.D.C. 350,112 F.2d 177(1940);Tullyv.Tully,159 Mass. 91,34 N.E. 79(1893);Hodsonv.New York City Employees'Retirement System,243 A.D. 480,278 N.Y.S. 16(1935);In re Guardianship of Bagnall,238 Iowa 905,29 N.W.2d 597(1947), and cases therein cited. But cf.Brewerv.Brewer,19 Tenn. App. 209,239-241,84 S.W.2d 1022,1040(1933). We shall not attempt to epitomize a legal system at least as ancient as the customsPage 660of the Visigoths,3but we must note that the community property principle rests upon something more than the moral obligation of supporting spouse and children: the business relationship of man and wife for their mutual monetary profit. See de Funiak, Community Property, § 11 (1943). Venerable and worthy as this community is, it is not, we think, as likely to justify an exception to the congressional language as specific judicial recognition of particular needs, in the alimony and support cases. Our view of those cases, whatever it may be, is irrelevant here.4Further, Congress has provided in the National Service Life Insurance Act that the chosen beneficiary of the life insurance policy shall be, during life, the sole owner of the proceeds.

The constitutionality of the congressional mandate above expounded need not detain us long. Certainly Congress in its desire to afford as much material protection as possible to its fighting force could wisely provide a plan of insurance coverage. Possession of government insurance, payable to the relative of his choice, might well directly enhance the morale of the serviceman. The exemption provision is his guarantee of the complete and full performance of the contract to the exclusion of conflicting claims. The end is a legitimate one withinPage 661the congressional powers over national defense, and the means are adapted to the chosen end. The Act is valid.McCullochv.Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 421 (1819). And since the statute which made the insurance proceeds possible was explicit in announcing that the insured shall have the right to designate the recipient of the insurance, and that "No person shall have a vested right" to those proceeds, 38 U.S.C. § 802 (i), appellee could not, in law, contemplate their capture. The federal statute establishes the fund in issue, and forestalls the existence of any "vested" right in the proceeds of federal insurance. Hence no constitutional question is presented. However "vested" her right to the proceeds of nongovernmental insurance under California law, that rule cannot apply to this insurance. CompareW. B. Worthen Co. v.Thomas,292 U.S. 426(1934);Lynchv.United States,292 U.S. 571(1934). SeeHinesv.Lowrey,305 U.S. 85(1938);Normanv.Baltimore Ohio R. Co.,294 U.S. 240(1935);Ruddyv.Rossi,248 U.S. 104(1918).

The judgment below isReversed.

MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
MR. JUSTICE MINTON, dissenting.
MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER, MR. JUSTICE JACKSON, and I are unable to agree with the majority in this case. The husband's earnings are community property under § 161a, California Civil Code. The wife has a vested interest in one-half of such earning.United Statesv.Malcolm,282 U.S. 792;Bank of Americav.Mantz,4 Cal.2d 322,49 P.2d 279;Cookev.Cooke,65 Cal.App.2d 260,150 P.2d 514.

If the premiums on a policy in a private insurance company had been paid out of community property withoutPage 662the wife's consent, the wife could claim her proportionate share of the insurance.Grimmv.Grimm,26 Cal.2d 173,157 P.2d 841;Cookev.Cooke, supra; Bazzellv.Endriss,41 Cal.App.2d 463,107 P.2d 49;Mundtv.ConnecticutGeneral Life Ins. Co.,35 Cal.App.2d 416,95 P.2d 966.1

It is claimed that the exemption provision of the federal statute prevents the same rule from applying here. This provision,49 Stat. 609, 38 U.S.C. § 454a, provides:
"Payments of benefits due or to become due . . . shall be exempt from the claims of creditors, and shall not be liable to attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process whatever, either before or after receipt by the beneficiary."


What did Congress contemplate by the enactment of this provision? I think the statute presupposes that the beneficiary is the undisputed owner of the proceeds, and that a creditor has sought to reach the fund on an independent claim. Under those circumstances the remedy is denied, for the statute immunizes the fund from levy or attachment. That is not the case before us. The nature of this dispute is a claim by the wife that she is theownerof a half portion of these proceeds because such proceeds are the fruits of funds originally hers.

And recognition of her status as an owner glaringly reveals the irrelevancy of the choice of beneficiary provision.54 Stat. 1010, 38 U.S.C. § 802 (g). Congress stated that the serviceman was to have the right to designate his beneficiary. When he has done so all other persons than thePage 663one selected are foreclosed from claiming the proceeds as beneficiary. No further effect has the statute. Here the wife makes no claim to rights as a beneficiary. I am not persuaded that either the choice of beneficiary or the exemption provision should carry the implication of wiping out family property rights, which traditionally have been defined by state law. Fully to respect the right which Congress gave the serviceman to designate his beneficiary does not require disrespect of settled family law and the incidents of the family relationship. As noted in the opinion of the Court, analogous occasions have found courts expressing greater reluctance to obliterate rights recognized by the states.2

Even accepting the Court's view that the exemption provision applies to the wife, it was intended to protect the fund from attachment, levy, or seizure only so long as it could be identified as a fund. No attachment, levy, or seizure is attempted here. This was an action at law for a money judgment. Appellee obtained a judgment for one-half of the payments that had been collected by the beneficiaries and for one-half of those to be collected thereafter. Payments received under the policy are only the measure of the recovery.

To allow such a judgment does not interfere with the fund or the free designation of the beneficiary by the serviceman. I cannot believe that Congress intended toPage 664say to a serviceman, "You may take your wife's property and purchase a policy of insurance payable to your mother, and we will see that your defrauded wife gets none of the money." Certainly Congress did not intend to upset the long-standing community property law of the states where it was not necessary for the protection of the Government in its relation to the soldier or to the integrity of the fund from "attachment, levy, or seizure." These are words of art. They have a definite meaning and usage in the law. This usage is not present here. I find nothing in the section that prohibits the beneficiary from being sued at any time on a matter growing out of the transaction by which the soldier acquired the insurance, at least where there is no attempt to attach, levy, or seize the fund. It was the fund Congress was interested in protecting, not the beneficiary. I would affirm.Page 665
  1. Page 65654 Stat. 1008, as amended, 38 U.S.C. § 801et seq. Amendments added in 1946,60 Stat. 781, do not concern us here. ↩
  2. Page 657 We assume the correctness of the lower court's statement of state law. See alsoFrenchv.French,17 Cal.2d 775,112 P.2d 235(1941). The view we take of this case makes it unnecessary to decide whether California is entitled to call army pay community property. ↩
  3. Page 660 See Lobingier, An Historical Introduction to Community Property Law, 8 Nat. Univ. L. Rev. (No. 2), p. 45 (1928); de Funiak, Community Property, c. II (1943). ↩
  4. Page 660 There are, of course, support aspects to the community property principle, and in some cases they may be of considerable importance. Likewise alimony may not be limited to the amount essential to support the divorced spouse. But we do not think the Congress would have intended decision to turn on factual variations in the spouse's need. If there is a distinction to be drawn, we think it must be based upon a generalization as to the dominating characteristics of a particular class of cases — alimony cases, support cases, community property cases. The alimony cases have uniformly been decided on that basis. ↩
  5. Page 662 ". . . the only test applied to this problem has been whether the premiums (on a policy issued on the life of a husband after coverture) are paid entirely from community funds. If so, the policy becomes a community asset and the nonconsenting wife may recover an undivided one-half thereof . . . without regard to the disproportionate size of the premium when compared with the face of the policy."Mundtv.Connecticut General Life Ins. Co.,35 Cal.App.2d at 421,95 P.2d at 969. ↩
  6. Page 663 The Court has sought to distinguish, unsuccessfully I think, the many cases holding that payments received as pension, disability insurance, or veterans' compensation are not exempted from claims for alimony or family support by exemption statutes in the pattern of § 454a. Exhaustive discussions may be found inIn re Bagnall'sGuardianship,238 Iowa 905,29 N.W.2d 597;Schlaeferv.Schlaefer,71 App.D.C. 350,112 F.2d 177. See alsoGaskinsv.Security-FirstNat. Bank of Los Angeles,30 Cal.App.2d 409,86 P.2d 681;Hollisv.Bryan,166 Miss. 874,143 So. 687. Cf. Note, 11 A. L. R. 123 and succeeding annotations. ↩