Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

United States v. Stafoff

United States v. Stafoff, 260 U.S. 477 (1923)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1923-01-02
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that Congress may not give retrospective criminality to acts done before passage of construing statute
  • "statute purporting to declare the intent of an earlier one might be of great weight in assisting a Court when in doubt, although not entitled to control judicial action”
  • “Of course a statute purporting to declare the intent of an earlier one might be of great weight in assisting a Court when in doubt, although not entitled to control judicial action.”

Citator

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Cited by
157 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Criminal Law & Procedure — Ex Post Facto — Retroactive Legislation An act of Congress cannot make past conduct criminal by purporting to construe a former act as having been in force at a time when the Supreme Court has held it was repealed; a statute that does not even purport to construe the earlier act as remaining in force cannot give retrospective criminality to acts that were not criminal except for the statutes held repealed. 260 U.S. at 478-480
  2. Criminal Law & Procedure — Repeal of Internal Revenue Statutes As applied to criminal prosecutions, Rev. Stats. §§ 3242, 3258, 3281 and 3283 — governing the special tax on rectifiers, wholesalers and retailers of liquor, the registration of stills, the bond requirement for distillers, and the making of mash in an unauthorized distillery — were repealed by the National Prohibition Act as to the production of liquor for beverage purposes. 260 U.S. at 479
  3. Criminal Law & Procedure — Revival of Repealed Statutes Laws held to have been repealed by the National Prohibition Act were revived by § 5 of the Supplementary Prohibition Act of November 23, 1921, as to conduct occurring subsequent to its enactment; from the time it took effect, the Supplemental Act had the same operation as if Congress had enacted the continued laws in terms rather than declaring them continued in force. 260 U.S. at 480
  4. Constitutional Law — Taxation and the Police Power Congress may tax what it also forbids; the exercise of the taxing power is not precluded merely because Congress has also prohibited the taxed activity. 260 U.S. at 480
  5. Criminal Law & Procedure — Indictment A conviction upon an indictment based on repealed internal revenue statutes cannot be sustained under the National Prohibition Act by spelling out acts violative of that statute from the indictment, because it would be unjust to treat the conviction as covering an offense under a law of fundamentally different policy where the facts alleged were not pleaded with any thought of the latter statute nor any suggestion to the accused that he must be prepared to defend against the different charge. 260 U.S. at 481
UNITED STATESv. STAFOFF,260 U.S. 477(1923)
43 S.Ct. 197
UNITED STATESv. STAFOFF, ALIAS ELIOFF.
BROOKSv. UNITED STATES.
UNITED STATESv. REMUS ET AL.
ERROR TO THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
MISSOURI.
CERTIFICATE FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.
ERROR TO THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT
OF OHIO.
Nos. 26, 197, 403.
Argued November 29, 1922.
Decided January 2, 1923.
1. An act of Congress can not make past conduct criminal by purporting to construe a former act as having been in force at a time when this Court has held it was repealed. P. 480. 2. As applied to criminal prosecutions, (1) for carrying on the business of rectifier, wholesaler or retailer of liquor for beverage purposes, without having paid the special tax therefor, (2) for keeping a still for production of such spirits "for beverage and commercial purposes" without having registered it with the Collector of Internal Revenue, (3) for carrying on the business of a distiller of spirits for beverage purposes without having given bond, and, (4) for making a mash for production of such spirits, in an unauthorized distillery, and separation of spirits therefrom, — Rev. Stats. §§ 3242, 3258, 3281 and 3283, respectively, were repealed by the National Prohibition Act. P. 479.United Statesv.Yuginovich,256 U.S. 450. 3. These laws, however, were revived by the Supplementary Prohibition Act of November 23, 1921, c. 134, § 5,42 Stat. 223, as to conduct subsequent to its enactment. P. 480. 4. Congress may tax what it also forbids. P. 480. 5. A conviction upon an indictment based upon Rev. Stats. §§ 3258, 3281 and 3282, repealed, can not be sustained under the National Prohibition Act by spelling out acts violative of that statute from the indictment. P. 481. 268 F. 417, (No. 26) affirmed. 283 F. 685, (No. 403) affirmed in part and reversed in part.Page 478
THE first and third of these cases came on writs of error sued
out by the United States to review judgments of District Courts
sustaining demurrers to counts of indictments based on sections
of the Revised Statutes relating to internal revenue. The second
arose upon questions certified by the Circuit Court of Appeals in
a similar case in which the defendant, Brooks, had been
convicted.
Mrs. Mabel Walker Willebrandt, Assistant Attorney General, with whomMr. Solicitor General BeckandMr. Howard T. Joneswere on the brief, for the United States.Mr. Samuel Herrick, with whomMr. George L. Taylorwas on the brief, for Brooks.Mr. Elijah N. Zolinefor defendants in error in No. 403

No appearance for defendant in error in No. 26.
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.
In the first of these cases Stafoff was indicted with another for having had in their possession a still intended for the production of distilled spirits for beverage and commercial purposes, without having registered it with the Collector of Internal Revenue, as required by Rev. Stats. § 3258; and in a second count for having unlawfully manufactured on premises other than an authorized distillery a mash fit for the production of distilled spirits, to wit, whiskey, contrary to Rev. Stats. § 3282. A demurrer to these counts was sustained, 268 F. 417, and the United States brings the case here under the Criminal Appeals Act of March 2, 1907, c. 2564,34 Stat. 1246.

The case of Brooks comes here on a certificate from the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Brooks was convicted under the above mentioned §§ 3258 and 3282, and also under Rev. Stats. § 3281 for havingPage 479carried on the business of a distiller without having given bond as required by law. The third and fourth counts under § 3282 respectively charged the making of a mash as above and the separating by distillation of alcoholic spirits from a fermented mash. The questions certified are whether the three sections mentioned are repealed by the National Prohibition Act of October 28, 1919, c. 85,41 Stat. 305; and whether if they are repealed the cause should be remanded with directions to enter judgment and impose sentence under the last named act.

In the third case Remus and his associates were charged in six counts with having carried on the business of a wholesale liquor dealer, that of a retail liquor dealer, and that of a rectifier, without having paid the special tax as required by law. Rev. Stats. § 3242. A demurrer to these counts was sustained. 283 F. 685. The United States took a writ of error under the Criminal Appeals Act.

InUnited Statesv.Yuginovich,256 U.S. 450, it was decided that §§ 3281 and 3282 were repealed by the later law, at least as to the production of liquor for beverage purposes. Since that decision and with reference to it, as appears from the House Report, No. 224, 67th Cong., 1st sess., and the debates, 61 Cong. Rec., Part 3, pp. 3095, 3096, the Act Supplemental to the National Prohibition Act was passed. Act of November 23, 1921, c. 134, § 5,42 Stat. 222, 223. By § 5 of this statute "all laws in regard to the manufacture and taxation of and traffic in intoxicating liquor, and all penalties for violations of such laws that were in force when the National Prohibition Act was enacted, shall be and continue in force, as to both beverage and nonbeverage liquor, except such provisions of such laws as are directly in conflict with any provision of the National Prohibition Act or of this Act." (But if an act violates both the former and the latter a conviction under one is a bar to prosecution under thePage 480other.) This section is not declaratory even in form. It does not purport to construe the National Prohibition Act as leaving in force what this Court has declared to have been repealed. It could not in this way give a retrospective criminality to acts that were done before it was passed and that were not criminal except for the statutes held to have been repealed.Ogdenv.Blackledge, 2 Cranch, 272, 277.Koshkonongv.Burton,104 U.S. 668. Of course a statute purporting to declare the intent of an earlier one might be of great weight in assisting a Court when in doubt, although not entitled to control judicial action. But that is not this case. The decision inUnited Statesv.Yuginovichmust stand for the law before November 23, 1921. In that case, besides what we have mentioned, it was held also that the penalty imposed by Rev. Stats. § 3257 on a distiller for defrauding the United States of the tax on the spirits distilled by him was repealed. So far as the liquor is for beverage purposes the same reasoning must apply to the penalty in § 3242 for carrying on the business of rectifier or wholesale or retail liquor dealer without having paid the special tax imposed by law.

But the Supplemental Act that we have quoted puts a new face upon later dealings. From the time that it went into effect it had the same operation as if instead of saying that the laws referred to shall continue in force it had enacted them in terms. The form of words is not material when Congress manifests its will that certain rules shall govern henceforth.Swigartv.Baker,229 U.S. 187,198. Of course Congress may tax what it also forbids.256 U.S. 462. For offenses committed after the new law,United Statesv.Yuginovichcan not be relied upon. Three counts in the Remus case charge carrying on the business mentioned up to April 1, 1922, and therefore are governed in part by the Supplemental Act. So far as the decision of the Court below neglected this distinctionPage 481it was wrong. The decision in Stafoff's case dealt with conduct before the date of the Supplemental Act and was right. The keeping of a still to make liquor for beverage purposes contrary to § 3258 is within the principle of theYuginovich Case, and the addition of the words "and commercial" to the statement of the purposes does not seem to us enough to take it out. The reference to this section in Title III, § 9, of the Prohibition Act may have been inserted simply for greater caution. It is one of the several considerations tending to a different conclusion inUnited Statesv.Yuginovich, but as they did not prevail then they cannot prevail now.

There remain the questions certified inBrooksv.UnitedStates. They are somewhat broader than we indicated in our summary statement, as they include the Revenue Laws generally as well as the §§ 3258, 3281 and 3282. The general question manifestly is too broad to require an answer. From the summary given of the indictment we infer that what we have said is sufficient with regard to the sections named. The fourth question, whether, in view of what we have decided, the case should be remanded for judgment and sentence under the National Prohibition Act, must be answered, No. The indictment plainly purported to be drawn under the old law and it would be unjust to treat the conviction as covering an offense under a law of fundamentally different policy if facts could be spelled out that might fall within the latter, although alleged with no thought of it or any suggestion to the accused that he must be prepared to defend against the different charge.No. 26. Judgment affirmed.No. 403. Judgment on counts 2, 4 and 6 affirmed.Judgment on counts 3, 5 and 7 reversed.No. 197. Questions 1, 2 and 3, as limited above answered, Yes.Question 4 answered, No.Page 482