Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Safe Deposit & Trust Co. of Baltimore v. Virginia

Safe Deposit & Tr. Co. of Balt. v. Va., 280 U.S. 83 (1929)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1929-11-25
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • concluding that Virginia, where the grantor resided but had no "control or possession" over the intangible assets of the trust, which was domiciled in Maryland, could not impose a tax on those assets
  • "Intangible personal property may acquire a taxable situs where permanently located, employed and protected;" and cases cited therein

Citator

Safe Deposit & Trust Co. of Baltimore v. Virginia has been questioned or limited by later authorities: relies on overruled authority: 47 S. Ct. 202 (overruled by Graves v. Schmidlapp, 315 U.S. 657 (1942)). Read them before relying on it. 149 later decisions cite it.

Authority status
caution
Cited by
149 opinions
SAFE DEPOSIT T. CO.v. VIRGINIA,280 U.S. 83(1929)
50 S.Ct. 59
SAFE DEPOSIT AND TRUST COMPANY OF BALTIMOREv. COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA.
APPEAL FROM THE SPECIAL COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA.
No. 20.
Argued October 24, 1929.
Decided November 25, 1929.
1. Cause held properly here on appeal; certiorari denied. P. 89. 2. A statute of a State which undertakes to tax things wholly beyond her jurisdiction or control conflicts with the Fourteenth Amendment. P. 92. 3.Mobilia sequuntur personamis a fiction intended for convenience, not controlling where justice does not demand it, and not to be applied if the result would be a patent and inescapable injustice through double taxation, or otherwise. Pp. 92, 93. 4. Intangibles, such as stocks and bonds, in the hands of the holder of the legal title, with definite taxable situs at that owner's residence not subject to be changed by the equitable owner, may not be taxed at the latter's domicile in another State. P. 93. 5. A citizen of Virginia transferred a fund of stocks and bonds to a Maryland Trust Company in trust for his two minor sons. The trustee was empowered to change the investments and was to accumulate the income, first paying taxes and its own commissions, and, as each son attained the age of twenty-five years, was to pay him one-half of the principal with the income accumulated thereon. If either son died before receiving his share, his share was to be paid over to his children, if he left any; otherwise it was to be added to that of the surviving son and held for his use and benefit in the same manner as the original share of that son was held. The deed made no provision for the event of death of both sons under twenty-five without issue. The donor reserved to himself a power of revocation but died in Virginia without exercising it. The Trust Company continued to hold the original securities in Baltimore, Maryland, and paid the taxes regularly demanded by that City and State on account of them. Administration of thePage 84donor's estate was had in Virginia, where the two sons, still in their minority, also were domiciled. The Courts of Virginia sustained a Virginia tax upon the whole corpus of the trust estate by regarding the sons, in conjunction with the administrator, as the real owners of it.Heldthat the tax was on property beyond the jurisdiction of the State and invalid under the Fourteenth Amendment.151 Va. 883, reversed.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Special Court of Appeals of
Virginia which affirmed a judgment denying relief to the Trust
Company from assessments of taxes.
Mr. Littleton M. Wickham, with whomMessrs. J. JordanLeake, A.S. Buford, Jr., Wm. P. Constable, andJoseph M. Hurt,Jr., were on the brief, for appellant.

The statute is unconstitutional unless thecestuisand the estate own the entirecorpus. We take it to be undisputed by counsel for the Commonwealth that no greater tax would have been imposed had an identical set of securities been held in absolute estate by a resident of Richmond, Virginia, in his safe-deposit box in a Richmond bank.

It surely cannot be contended that the mere accident of appellant's appearance before a Virginia tribunal can justify the taxation of the corpus of a fund held in Maryland, when appellant neither resides in Virginia nor is acting in any fiduciary capacity under the supervision of a Virginia court.Deweyv.Des Moines,173 U.S. 193.

A State has power to tax intangibles held without its borders to the extent only of such interest therein as may belong to a resident of the State.Brookev.Norfolk,277 U.S. 27.

The inquiry here, then, is what interest in the fund assessed is owned by residents of Virginia? Obviously, the owners of the largest share are appellant'scestuis, but, though their interest may be technically a fee defeasible,Page 85it is certainly not the entirety.Saltonstallv.Saltonstall,276 U.S. 260. Assume the disabilities of nonage removed, so that thecestuiscould validly bind themselves to part with their interest, could they, or either of them, obtain for it the value actually taxed? Obviously not, because any purchaser would estimate the probability of a defeasance and reduce accordingly the amount he would be willing to pay. In other words, neithercestuican sell the remainder, or whatever estate depends upon his death before 25, since such estate is owned by others, amongst whom are his brother and his own issue (now unborn). We do not now contend that the State of Virginia could not constitutionally tax whatever may be the value of thecestui'sinterest. This, however, she has not seen fit to do (as she has not, indeed, provided any machinery for ascertaining such value); but, on the contrary, she has taxed the entirety.

Still another interest is owned by the Kellam estate, as representing such persons as may take in event bothcestuisdie without issue and under twenty-five. The contingency is not provided for in the trust, and the record is, of course, silent as to the place of residence of these persons, if they exist or are identifiable. Whoever they are, or wherever they may be, it is clear that their interest is a mere reversion, if we may speak by analogy with the law of real property, and, as such, is far from entire.

The Kellam estate as standing in the place of the grantor, can claim no ownership.Bullenv.Wisconsin,240 U.S. 625. No resident ownership, therefore, can be predicated upon the fact that administration took place in Virginia.

The interests belonging to bothcestuiswhen added to those belonging to the estate, fall short of totality by the extent of the interest belonging to thecestuis'issue, whom, as already stated, we may with complete confidencePage 86assume to have been yetin futuroat the time of the institution of these proceedings, as the two boys were then, respectively 14 1/2 and 11 years old.

The contingent interests just discussed would seem to have nositusapart from the securities themselves, and the securities are in Maryland, not Virginia. In other words, so far as concerns these contingent interests, there is no "person for the movables to follow."

Any theory that would support a tax in this case on the ground that the property was once in Virginia must, we conceive, be based on a fundamental misconception of state power and jurisdiction.State Tax on Foreign Held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300;Frickv.Pennsylvania,268 U.S. 473.

Now, "jurisdiction" and "power to impose" a tax are questions, not of motive, but of fact. Their existence does not depend on the intentions of the person whose object it may be to escape them. Either the property is within the jurisdiction or it is not. Can a tax upon it be justified by a retrospective view of why it is where it is? Surely not. If M, a resident of Virginia, believing his taxes too burdensome and desiring to escape them, removes himself and all his property to another State, could this Commonwealth (assuming she in some way obtained a temporary jurisdiction of his person) impose a tax on his property? Surely not. Yet any theory involving origin as a criterion would justify a tax in that case.Cf. Buckv.Beach,206 U.S. 392.

Appellant'scestuisare not, from the constitutional standpoint, the owners of the fund in any sense of this term. Ownership is not a technical conception but one that should be viewed realistically and as meaning possession or control, or the immediate right to either.Bullenv.Wisconsin,240 U.S. 625;Wachoviav.Doughton,272 U.S. 567;Brookev.Norfolk,277 U.S. 27;Attorney Generalv.Power, [1906] 2 I.R. 272, K.B.D.Page 87

The ownership pertaining to appellant'scestuisin their own right will not support the constitutionality of the statute.Mr. Henry R. Miller, Jr., with whomMr. W.W. Martinwas on the brief, for appellee.

The proper party appellant is "The Safe Deposit and Trust Company of Baltimore, Maryland, Trustee for L.J. and E.P. Kellam," and not that company in its individual capacity.

Under the doctrine ofmobilia sequuntur personam, approved inBlodgettv.Silberman,277 U.S. 1, Virginia may tax intangible property such as is here involved to its residents, even though the physical evidences thereof be located outside the jurisdiction of Virginia.Fidelity Columbia Trust Co. v.Louisville,245 U.S. 54; and even though the legal title thereto be in a non-resident.

The question at issue here is, did the sons "own" so much of the trust fund as amounted in value to the value of the entire fund? If they did, the assessment is valid.

The two sons took vested absolute estates in the personal property, with their enjoyment thereof postponed, such vested estates being subject to be divested upon the happening of either of the conditions subsequent.Cropleyv.Cooper, 19 Wall. 167;Carterv.Keesling,130 Va. 655. There can be no question of the right of Virginia to tax such vested estates, and such other estates as the two sons have in the property.

It is argued, however, that the aggregate value of the sons' interest is less than the value of the fund, the difference being represented by (a) the interests of the unborn issue and (b) the interests of whatever persons take in the event of the death of both sons under twenty-five and without issue.Page 88

The interests of the unborn issue of the sons are of no value.Howbertv.Cauthorn,100 Va. 649;Youngv.Young,89 Va. 675.

It is true that by statute in Virginia now, such an interest as was involved in either of those two cases may be disposed of by deed and, even in the absence of statute, a deed of such interest might operate as an estoppel. But the "naked possibility" is not thereby given any value.

In theHowbertandYoungcases some of the remaindermen werein esse. Here the remaindermen are yet unborn. The interests of the unborn issue are thus dependent upon a double contingency — birth of issue, death of the issue's father under twenty-five — and are thereby reduced from a "naked possibility" to a "strong improbability."

Then too, the assessment of a property tax is made upon the basis of the value of the property at a definite day in the past, not upon the value of the property in the future. On the dates when these assessments were made, the two sons were the owners of the absolute estate in the personalty. They were both alive without issue and there was, therefore, no derogatory estate in any one else.

The possibility of death of both sons under twenty-five, without issue, does not defeat the assessment. Should such event happen, the property would descend to the heirs of the one dying second, or pass under his will to his legatees. As to this contingency, the deed of trust is silent, and there can be no estate in other persons by way of limitation upon such event, save by implication, and such limitations are not favored and the courts will incline against their creation either by devise or by deed, when the words employed are not clear and definite.Brewsterv.McCall,15 Conn. 274. In the absence of all reference to such an event, and when it was the intent of the grantor in the deed to give to the beneficiaries an absolute estate, it should be held that the happening of the contingencyPage 89(death of both sons under twenty-five without issue) does not affect the estate already created by the death of the first son, which estate is (1) an absolute estate in the then surviving son, or (2) a reversion in the grantor in the deed. Both (1) and (2) are represented by residents of Virginia, and Virginia may therefore tax those interests and include such tax in the assessment made against the trustee, who is directed to pay all taxes chargeable. DistinguishingBrookev.Norfolk,277 U.S. 27.Mr. Russell L. Bradford, asamicus curiae, filed a brief on behalf of The City Bank Farmers Trust Company, of New York, as Trustee, by special leave of court.
Opinion of the Court by MR. JUSTICE McREYNOLDS, announced by the CHIEF JUSTICE.
This cause is properly here upon appeal. The petition for certiorari is therefore denied.

May 4th, 1920, Lucius J. Kellam, then domiciled and residing in Accomac County, Virginia, transferred and delivered to the Safe Deposit and Trust Company of Baltimore, Maryland, stocks and bonds of sundry corporations valued at fifty thousand dollars, with power to change the investments, upon the following terms — ". . . to collect the income arising therefrom and after paying such taxes as may be chargeable thereon and its 5% commissions on the gross income, to accumulate the net income for the benefit of the two sons of myself, that is to say, Lucius J. Kellam, Jr., who attained the age of eight years on September 25, 1919, and Emerson Polk Kellam, who attained the age of five years on February 5, 1920, and when the said Lucius J. Kellam, Jr., arrives at twenty-five years of age, to deliver to him one-half of the principal of the estate hereby conveyed and one-half of the said accumulations of income — the other half of thePage 90said principal and accumulations of income shall be retained by said Trustee and all income therefrom shall continue to be accumulated until the said Emerson Polk Kellam arrives at twenty-five years of age when he shall become entitled to the said one-half of the principal and accumulations so retained together with all further accumulations thereon. If either of said two sons shall die before receiving his share of said principal and accumulations, then the same shall be paid over and delivered to his children living at his death; and if either shall die before receiving his share without issue, then such share shall be added to the share of the survivor and be held for his use and benefit in the same manner precisely as his original share is held."

The deed made no provision for the event of death of both sons under twenty-five without issue. The donor reserved to himself power of revocation, but without exercising it, died in 1920. Administration on his estate was had in Accomac County, Virginia, and his two sons are domiciled there.

Except as changed by reinvestment, the Trust Company has continued to hold the original securities in Baltimore, Maryland, and has paid the taxes regularly demanded by that City and State on account of them.

An assessment for taxation in Accomac County, Virginia, for the years 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924 and 1925 upon the whole corpus of the trust estate was sustained by the court below — the highest State tribunal to which the matter could be submitted. It declared Sec. 2307, Virginia Code (1919), as amended in 1920, 1922 and 1923fn*,Page 91applicable, adequate to support the demand and not in conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment.

Appellant maintains that, so interpreted and applied, the statute lays a tax upon property wholly beyond the jurisdiction of the State and consequently offends the Fourteenth Amendment.

Manifestly, the securities are subject to taxation in Maryland where they are in the actual possession of the Trust Company — holder of the legal title. That they are property within Maryland is not questioned.De Ganayv.Lederer,250 U.S. 376,382. Also, nobody within Virginia has present right to their control or possession, or to receive income therefrom, or to cause them to be brought physically within her borders. They have no legal situs for taxation in Virginia unless the legal fictionmobiliasequuntur personamis applicable and controlling. The court below, recognizing this, held the two sons, in conjunction with the administrator of the father's estate — all domiciled in Virginia — really owned the fundPage 92and that by reason of the fiction its taxable situs followed them.

We need not make any nice inquiry concerning the ultimate or equitable ownership of the securities or the exact nature of the interest held by the sons. In the disclosed circumstances, we think that is not a matter of controlling importance.

Ordinarily this Court recognizes that the fiction ofmobiliasequuntur personammay be applied in order to determine the situs of intangible personal property for taxation.Blodgettv.Silberman,277 U.S. 1. But the general rule must yield to established fact of legal ownership, actual presence and control elsewhere, and ought not to be applied if so to do would result in inescapable and patent injustice, whether through double taxation or otherwise.State Board of Assessorsv.ComptoirNational d'Escompte,191 U.S. 388,404;Buckv.Beach,206 U.S. 392,408.Liverpool L. G. Ins. Co. v.OrleansAssessors,221 U.S. 346,354;Maguirev.Trefry,253 U.S. 12,17. Here, where the possessor of the legal title holds the securities in Maryland, thus giving them a permanent situs for lawful taxation there, and no person in Virginia has present right to their enjoyment or power to remove them, the fiction must be disregarded. It plainly conflicts with fact; the securities did not and could not follow any person domiciled in Virginia. Their actual situs is in Maryland and can not be changed by thecestuis que trustent.

The power of Virginia to lay a tax upon the fair value of any interest in the securities actually owned by one of her resident citizens is not now presented for consideration. SeeMaguirev.Trefry, supra.

A statute of a State which undertakes to tax things wholly beyond her jurisdiction or control conflicts with the Fourteenth Amendment.Union Refrigerator Transit Co. v.Kentucky,199 U.S. 194,204;Buckv.Beach,Page 93206 U.S. 392,402,408,409;Frickv.Pennsylvania,268 U.S. 473;Wachovia Bank Trust Co. v.Doughton,272 U.S. 567,575.

Tangible personal property permanently located beyond the owner's domicile may not be taxed at the latter place.UnionRefrig. Transit Co. v.Kentucky, supra; Frickv.Pennsylvania, supra. Intangible personal property may acquire a taxable situs where permanently located, employed and protected.New Orleansv.Stempel,175 U.S. 309;Bristolv.Washington County,177 U.S. 133;State Board of Assessorsv.Comptoir National d'Escompte,191 U.S. 388;Metropolitan LifeIns. Co. v.New Orleans,205 U.S. 395;Liverpool L. G.Ins. Co. v.Orleans Assessors,221 U.S. 346.

Here we must decide whether intangibles — stocks, bonds — in the hands of the holder of the legal title with definite taxable situs at its residence, not subject to change by the equitable owner, may be taxed at the latter's domicile in another State. We think not. The reasons which led this Court inUnion Refrig.Transit Co. v.Kentucky,199 U.S. 194, andFrickv.Pennsylvania,268 U.S. 473, to deny application of the maximmobilia sequuntur personamto tangibles apply to the intangibles in appellant's possession. They have acquired a situs separate from that of the beneficial owners. The adoption of a contrary rule would "involve possibilities of an extremely serious character" by permitting double taxation, both unjust and oppressive. And the fiction ofmobilia sequuntur personam"was intended for convenience, and not to be controlling where justice does not demand it."

No opinion of this Court seems definitely to rule the exact point now presented.Blackstonev.Miller,188 U.S. 189, sustained an assessment of tax by New York upon the transfer of credits, declared to have taxable situs within her borders, under the will of a citizen of Illinois.Page 94InWheelerv.Sohmer,233 U.S. 434, the tax was not laid at the owner's domicile, but by the State wherein the securities were deposited.Bullenv.Wisconsin,240 U.S. 625, involved an inheritance tax; the creator of the trust resided in Wisconsin at his death and an Illinois Company with legal title then held possession of the property in Chicago; but the creator had retained full power to revoke the trust and regain control.Fidelity Columbia Tr. Co. v.Louisville,245 U.S. 54, sustained a tax laid at the domicile of the legal owner. He had full power to control the deposits in St. Louis banks and might have brought the entire fund within Kentucky's jurisdiction. InBlodgettv.Silberman,277 U.S. 1, the decedent — a resident of Connecticut — had control and present right to all benefits arising from the property. The legal title was not held by another with the duty to retain possession, as in the present cause. Moreover, this Court did not there determine that the property had a taxable situs in New York.

Any general statement in the above opinions which may seem to interfere with the conclusion here announced must be limited and confined to the precise situation then under consideration.

It would be unfortunate, perhaps amazing, if a legal fiction originally invented to prevent personalty from escaping just taxation, should compel us to accept the irrational view that the same securities were within two States at the same instant and because of this to uphold a double and oppressive assessment.

The judgment of the court below must be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.Reversed.Page 95
Concurring opinion of MR. JUSTICE STONE.
I concur in the result. It is enough to support it that, as stipulated in the record, the Virginia assessment was levied against a trustee domiciled in Maryland upon securities held by it in trust in its exclusive possession and control there, and so is forbidden as an attempt to tax property without the jurisdiction.Brookev.Norfolk,277 U.S. 27. But the question whether the Fourteenth Amendment forbids a tax on the beneficiaries, in Virginia, where they are domiciled, measured by their equitable interests, seems to me not to be presented by the record and so, under the settled rule of decision of this Court, ought not now to be decided.Burtonv.United States,196 U.S. 283,296;Blairv.United States,250 U.S. 273,279;Flintv.Stone Tracy Co.,220 U.S. 107;Lightv.UnitedStates,220 U.S. 523,538.

No attempt was made by Virginia to tax the equitable interests of the beneficiaries of the trust. That the thing taxed or the measure of the tax is different from the equitable interests of the beneficiaries, as affected by the specified contingencies, sufficiently appears from the fact that the one may well have been of different value than the other. In fact, the securities seem to have been assessed at their full value although the equitable interests of the beneficiaries are less than the whole.

It may be that Virginia, following its own view of the nature of vested and contingent interests, might tax the interests of these beneficiaries as though they were the whole, but it is sufficient for present purposes that it has not assumed to do so. In the face of the present record we are not required to speculate how far a tax, forbidden because assessed upon property beyond the jurisdiction, may be upheld because it may be passed on to the beneficiariesPage 96in Virginia and the equitable interests thus reached by indirection.

If the question were here I should not be prepared to go so far as to say that the equitable rightsin personamof the beneficiaries of the trust might not have been taxed at the place of their domicile quite as much as a debt secured by a mortgage on land in another jurisdiction, notwithstanding the fact that the land is also taxed at its situs. SeeUnion RefrigeratorTransit Co. v.Kentucky,199 U.S. 194,205;Bristolv.Washington County,177 U.S. 133;Kirtlandv.Hotchkiss,100 U.S. 491;Savings Societyv.Multnomah County,169 U.S. 421,431. In neither case, if the threat of double taxation were controlling, which under the decisions it is not,FidelityColumbia Tr. Co. v.Louisville,245 U.S. 54,58;Cream ofWheat Co. v.Grand Forks Co.,253 U.S. 325,330;CitizensNat'l Bankv.Durr,257 U.S. 99,109; cf.Swiss OilCorporationv.Shanks,273 U.S. 407,413, would it seem that in any real sense is there double taxation, since the legal interests protected and taxed by the two taxing jurisdictions are different.
MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS concurs in this opinion.
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES:

The Special Court of Appeals was plainly right in holding that the deed of trust conferred an absolute gift upon the two beneficiaries, perhaps, though I doubt it, subject to be divested upon a condition subsequent. Gray, Perpetuities, 1st ed., § 108. If the beneficiaries could be taxed at all they could be taxed for the whole value of the property, because the whole title was in them, even if liable to be divested at some future time in a not very probable event.

I am of opinion that on principle they can be taxed. In the first place I do not think that it matters that the owners, residing in Virginia, have only an equitable title. To be sure the trustee having the legal title and possessionPage 97of the bonds in Maryland may be taxed there. But that does not affect the right of Virginia by reason of anything that I know of in the Constitution of the United States.Bonapartev.TaxCourt,104 U.S. 592.Kiddv.Alabama,188 U.S. 730,732,733.Hawleyv.Malden,232 U.S. 1,13.Cream of Wheat Co. v.Grand Forks,253 U.S. 325,330.Citizens National Bankv.Durr,257 U.S. 99,109.Blodgettv.Silberman,277 U.S. 1,10. Compare with the last caseWheelerv.Sohmer,233 U.S. 434.

I see no other fact to cut down Virginia's power. It is true that the conception of domicil has been applied to tangible personal property and it now is established that a State cannot tax the owner of such property if it is permanently situated in another State. But hitherto the decisions have been confined to tangibles that in a plain and obvious way owed their protection to another power.Union Refrigerator Transit Co. v.Kentucky,199 U.S. 194,206. It seemed to me going pretty far to discover even that limitation in the Fourteenth Amendment. It opens vistas to extend the restriction to stocks and bonds in a way that I cannot reconcile withBlodgettv.Silberman,277 U.S. 1. Taxes generally are imposed upon persons, for the general advantages of living within the jurisdiction, not upon property, although generally measured more or less by reference to the riches of the person taxed, on grounds not of fiction but of fact.Fidelity Columbia Trust Co. v.Louisville,245 U.S. 54,58.Kirtlandv.Hotchkiss,100 U.S. 491,498. The notion that the property must be within the jurisdiction puts the emphasis on the wrong thing. The owner may be taxed for it although it never has been within the State.Southern PacificCo. v.Kentucky,222 U.S. 63. It seems to me going still further astray to rely upon thesitusof the debt. A debt is a legal relation between two parties and, if we think of facts, is situated at least as much with the debtor against whom the obligation must be enforced as it is with the creditor. To say that a debtPage 98has asituswith the creditor is merely to clothe a foregone conclusion with a fiction. The place of the property is not material except where inability to protect carriers with it inability to tax. But that is an exceptional consequence. One State may tax the owner of bonds of another State, although it certainly contributes nothing to their validity.Bonapartev.Tax Court,104 U.S. 592. It is admitted that Maryland could tax the trustee in this case although most at least of the securities handed over were beyond the power of Maryland to affect in any substantial way. The equitable owners of the fund were in Virginia and I think they could be taxed for it there. I do not understand that any merely technical question is raised on the naming of the trustee instead of thecestuis que trustentas the party taxed. Nor is there any question of the amount. Throughout the record, by the Court and by the trustee, the single issue is stated to be whether the fund can be reached. In the words of the trustee it is: "Has such corpus, so created and held, a taxable situs in Virginia within the sanction of section one of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States?" I think the judgment should be affirmed.
  1. Page 90 Sec. 2307, Va. Code 1919 (as amended).By whom property is to belisted; to whom taxed. — If property be owned by a person sui juris, it shall be listed by and taxed to him. If property be owned by a minor, it shall be listed by and taxed to his guardian or trustee, if any he has; if he has no guardian or trustee it shall be listed by and taxed to his father, if any he has; if he has no father, Page 91 then it shall be listed by and taxed to his mother, if any he has; and if he has no guardian, nor trustee, father nor mother, it shall be listed by and taxed to the person in possession. If the property is the separate property of a person over twenty-one years of age or a married woman, it shall be listed by and taxed to the trustee, if any they have in this State; and if they have no trustee in this State, it shall be listed by and taxed to themselves. In either case, it shall be listed and taxed in the county or city where they reside; but if they be non-residents of Virginia, the property shall be listed and taxed in the county or city wherein such trustee resides. If the property be the estate of a deceased person, it shall be listed by the personal representative or person in possession, and taxed to the estate of such deceased person. If the property be owned by an idiot or lunatic, it shall be listed by and taxed to his committee, if any; if none has been appointed, then such property shall be listed by and taxed to the person in possession. If the property shall be held in trust for the benefit of another, it shall be listed by and taxed to the trustee in the county or city of his residence (except as hereinbefore provided). ↩