Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Railroad Comm'n of Tex. v. Pullman Co.

61 S. Ct. 643

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1941-03-03
Topic: general

holding that federal courts should ordinarily abstain where the resolution of a federal constitutional issue may be rendered irrelevant by the determination of a predicate state-law question | holding that federal courts should ordinarily abstain where the resolution of a federal constitutional issue may be rendered irrelevant by the determination of a predicate state-law question | holding that federal courts should abstain when the determination of an unsettled issue of state law by state courts could avoid the necessity of deciding a federal constitutional question | holding that federal courts should abstain from deciding cases presenting unsettled questions of state law | holding that Florida’s anti‐surcharge law is a “[r]estriction on pricing” and thus not subject to First Amendment scrutiny | holding that federal courts administering equitable remedies must “ex-ercis[e] a wise discretion” to “avoid[ ] ... needless friction with state policies” (internal quotation marks omitted) | holding that federal courts should refrain from resolving federal constitutional questions before state court has been afforded opportunity to interpret ambiguous state law and thereby avoid constitutional difficulty | holding that a federal court should defer decision while a federal plaintiff seeks a state determination of an unclear state law issue that may render unnecessary a decision on a constitutional claim | holding that federal courts should abstain when the determination of an unsettled issue of state law by state courts could avoid the necessity of deciding a federal constitutional question | holding that federal courts must “exercis[e] a wise discretion” in administering equitable relief to “avoid[ ] ... needless friction with state policies” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted) | holding that federal courts should abstain from deciding constitutional questions relating to state laws when there is a possibility that state courts may interpret the laws in a way that alters or eliminates the federal question | holding that federal courts should abstain from deciding constitutional questions relating to state laws when there is a possibility that state courts may interpret the laws in a way that alters or eliminates the federal question | holding that a decision granting Pullman abstention is an appealable order | concluding federal court abstention is proper when a “definitive ruling on the state issue would terminate the controversy” | holding abstention appropriate where resolution of federal constitutional question could be rendered unnecessary by state-court interpretation of ambiguous state law | noting that the “last word” on the interpretation of state law issues from that state’s highest court | nothing that Pullman abstention is appropriate when a case (1) involves a federal constitutional challenge to a state action and (2 | explaining that, where appropriate, a federal court may abstain from deciding a case to permit a state court the opportunity to resolve a state law question | abstaining because the "law of Texas appears to furnish easy and ample means for determining the Commission's authority" | abstaining because the “law of Texas appears to furnish easy and ample means for determin ing the Commission’s authority” | requiring courts to withhold decision on the unconstitutionality of state law until pending proceedings in state court can provide definitive construction of state statutes | requiring courts to withhold decision on the unconstitutionality of state law until pending proceedings in state court can pro vide definitive construction of state statutes | requiring abstention where unsettled and complex state-law questions must be decided before federal constitutional question can be resolved | justifying abstention as a means to “further[ ] the harmonious relation between state and federal authority” | declaring that abstention is "appropriate to our federal system whereby the federal courts, exerci

Citator

Cited by: 1640 opinions

RAILROAD COMM'Nv. PULLMAN CO.,312 U.S. 496(1941)

61 S.Ct. 643

RAILROAD COMMISSION OF TEXAS ET AL.v. PULLMAN COMPANY ET AL.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT

OF TEXAS.

No. 283.

Argued February 4, 1941.

Decided March 3, 1941.

A railroad company, some of whose trains in Texas had each but one Pullman sleeping car and that in charge of a colored porter subject to the control of the train conductor, assailed in the federal court, as unauthorized by Texas statutes and as violative of the Federal Constitution, a regulation by a state commission which would require that such cars be continuously in charge of an employee "having the rank and position of a Pullman conductor." Pullman porters, intervening, also attacked the order, adopting the railroad's objections but urging mainly that it discriminated against Negroes in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, Pullman porters being Negroes and the conductors while.Held:Page 4971. Decision of the issue of unconstitutional discrimination should be withheld pending proceedings to be taken in the state courts to secure a definitive construction of the state statute. P. 498. 2. The federal courts, when asked for the extraordinary remedy of injunction, will exercise a sound discretion in the public interest to avoid needless friction with state policies that may result from tentative constructions of state statutes and premature adjudication on their constitutionality. P. 500.33 F. Supp. 675, reversed.

APPEAL from a decree of the District Court of three judges

which enjoined the enforcement of an order of the above-named

Railroad Commission.

Mr. Cecil A. Morganfor M.B. Cunningham et al.; andMr.Cecil C. Rotsch, Assistant Attorney General of Texas, with whomMessrs. Gerald C. Mann, Attorney General,Glenn R. Lewis, andLee Shoptaw, Assistant Attorneys General, were on the brief, for the Railroad Commission et al., appellants.Mr. Ireland Graves, with whomMessrs. Lowell M. Greenlaw,Herbert S. Anderson, Charles L. Black, Claude Pollard, andF.B.Walkerwere on the brief, for appellees.

MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER delivered the opinion of the Court.

In those sections of Texas where the local passenger traffic is slight, trains carry but one sleeping car. These trains, unlike trains having two or more sleepers, are without a Pullman conductor; the sleeper is in charge of a porter who is subject to the train conductor's control. As is well known, porters on Pullmans are colored and conductors are white. Addressing itself to this situation, the Texas Railroad Commission after due hearing ordered that "no sleeping car shall be operated on any line of railroad in the State of Texas . . . unless suchPage 498cars are continuously in the charge of an employee . . . having the rank and position of Pullman conductor." Thereupon, the Pullman Company and the railroads affected brought this action in a federal district court to enjoin the Commission's order. Pullman porters were permitted to intervene as complainants, and Pullman conductors entered the litigation in support of the order. Three judges having been convened, Judicial Code, § 266, as amended, 28 U.S.C. § 380, the court enjoined enforcement of the order. From this decree, the case came here directly. Judicial Code, § 238, as amended, 28 U.S.C. § 345.

The Pullman Company and the railroads assailed the order as unauthorized by Texas law as well as violative of the Equal Protection, the Due Process and the Commerce Clauses of the Constitution. The intervening porters adopted these objections but mainly objected to the order as a discrimination against Negroes in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The complaint of the Pullman porters undoubtedly tendered a substantial constitutional issue. It is more than substantial. It touches a sensitive area of social policy upon which the federal courts ought not to enter unless no alternative to its adjudication is open. Such constitutional adjudication plainly can be avoided if a definitive ruling on the state issue would terminate the controversy. It is therefore our duty to turn to a consideration of questions under Texas law.

The Commission found justification for its order in a Texas statute which we quote in the margin.¹It is commonPage 499ground that if the order is within the Commission's authority its subject matter must be included in the Commission's power to prevent "unjust discrimination . . . and to prevent any and all other abuses" in the conduct of railroads. Whether arrangements pertaining to the staffs of Pullman cars are covered by the Texas concept of "discrimination" is far from clear. What practices of the railroads may be deemed to be "abuses" subject to the Commission's correction is equally doubtful. Reading the Texas statutes and the Texas decisions as outsiders without special competence in Texas law, we would have little confidence in our independent judgment regarding the application of that law to the present situation. The lower court did deny that the Texas statutes sustained the Commission's assertion of power. And this represents the view of an able and experienced circuit judge of the circuit which includes Texas and of two capable district judges trained in Texas law. Had we or they no choice in the matter but to decide what is the law of the state, we should hesitate long before rejecting their forecast of Texas law. But no matter how seasoned the judgment of the district court may be, it cannot escape being a forecast rather than a determination. The last word on the meaning of Article 6445 of thePage 500Texas Civil Statutes, and therefore the last word on the statutory authority of the Railroad Commission in this case, belongs neither to us nor to the district court but to the supreme court of Texas. In this situation a federal court of equity is asked to decide an issue by making a tentative answer which may be displaced tomorrow by a state adjudication.Glennv.Field Packing Co.,290 U.S. 177;Leev.Bickell,292 U.S. 415. The reign of law is hardly promoted if an unnecessary ruling of a federal court is thus supplanted by a controlling decision of a state court. The resources of equity are equal to an adjustment that will avoid the waste of a tentative decision as well as the friction of a premature constitutional adjudication.

An appeal to the chancellor, as we had occasion to recall only the other day, is an appeal to the "exercise of the sound discretion, which guides the determination of courts of equity."Bealv.Missouri Pacific R. Co., ante, p. 45. The history of equity jurisdiction is the history of regard for public consequences in employing the extraordinary remedy of the injunction. There have been as many and as variegated applications of this supple principle as the situations that have brought it into play. See, for modern instances,Beasleyv.Texas Pacific Ry. Co.,191 U.S. 492;Harrisonvillev.Dickey Clay Co.,289 U.S. 334;United Statesv.Dern,289 U.S. 352. Few public interests have a higher claim upon the discretion of a federal chancellor than the avoidance of needless friction with state policies, whether the policy relates to the enforcement of the criminal law,Fennerv.Boykin,271 U.S. 240;Spielman Motor Co. v.Dodge,295 U.S. 89; or the administration of a specialized scheme for liquidating embarrassed business enterprises,Pennsylvaniav.Williams,294 U.S. 176; or the final authority of a state court to interpret doubtful regulatory laws of the state,Gilchristv.Interborough Co.,279 U.S. 159;Page 501cf.Hawksv.Hamill,288 U.S. 52,61. These cases reflect a doctrine of abstention appropriate to our federal system whereby the federal courts, "exercising a wise discretion," restrain their authority because of "scrupulous regard for the rightful independence of the state governments" and for the smooth working of the federal judiciary. SeeCavanaughv.Looney,248 U.S. 453,457;Di Giovanniv.Camden Ins. Assn.,296 U.S. 64,73. This use of equitable powers is a contribution of the courts in furthering the harmonious relation between state and federal authority without the need of rigorous congressional restriction of those powers. Compare37 Stat. 1013; Judicial Code, § 24(1), as amended,28 U.S.C. § 41(1);47 Stat. 70, 29 U.S.C. § 101-15.

Regard for these important considerations of policy in the administration of federal equity jurisdiction is decisive here. If there was no warrant in state law for the Commission's assumption of authority there is an end of the litigation; the constitutional issue does not arise. The law of Texas appears to furnish easy and ample means for determining the Commission's authority. Article 6453 of the Texas Civil Statutes gives a review of such an order in the state courts. Or, if there are difficulties in the way of this procedure of which we have not been apprised, the issue of state law may be settled by appropriate action on the part of the State to enforce obedience to the order.Bealv.Missouri Pacific R. Co., supra;Article6476, Texas Civil Statutes. In the absence of any showing that these obvious methods for securing a definitive ruling in the state courts cannot be pursued with full protection of the constitutional claim, the district court should exercise its wise discretion by staying its hands. CompareThompsonv.MagnoliaCo.,309 U.S. 478.

We therefore remand the cause to the district court, with directions to retain the bill pending a determinationPage 502of proceedings, to be brought with reasonable promptness, in the state court in conformity with this opinion. CompareAtlas Ins.Co. v.Southern, Inc.,306 U.S. 563,573, and cases cited.Reversed.

MR. JUSTICE ROBERTS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

Page 498 Vernon's Anno. Texas Civil Statutes, Article6445:

"Power and authority are hereby conferred upon the Railroad Commission of Texas over all railroads, and suburban, belt and terminal railroads, and over all public wharves, docks, piers, elevators, warehouses, sheds, tracks and other property used in connection therewith in this State, and over all persons, associations Page 499 and corporations, private or municipal, owning or operating such railroad, wharf, dock, pier, elevator, warehouse, shed, track or other property to fix, and it is hereby made the duty of the said Commission to adopt all necessary rates, charges and regulations, to govern and regulate such railroads, persons, associations and corporations, and to correct abuses and prevent unjust discrimination in the rates, charges and tolls of such railroads, persons, associations and corporations, and to fix division of rates, charges and regulations between railroads and other utilities and common carriers where a division is proper and correct, and to prevent any and all other abuses in the conduct of their business and to do and perform such other duties and details in connection therewith as may be provided by law." ↩