Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Piedmont & Georges Creek Coal Co. v. Seaboard Fisheries Co.
41 S. Ct. 1
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1920-10-11
- Topic
- general
explaining that a maritime lien arises immediately and secretly when necessaries are provided to the vessel | describing the evidentiary burden in a - maritime lien claim to establish that goods and materials were actually delivered to a vessel | refusing to find a maritime lien for necessaries because it was not possible to discern whether the supplies at issue were actually provided to a vessel | refusing to find a maritime lien for necessaries because it was not possible to discern whether the supplies at issue were actually provided to a vessel | relying on lower court’s factual finding that the parties had not created a non-statutory lien by agreement, but implying that such a creation is possible | elaborating on the intent behind § 31342(a)’s predecessor statute, the Act of June 23 | elaborating on the intent behind § 31342(a)’s predecessor statute, the Act of June 23 | holding container stuffing and stripping to be maritime | "A contract cannot afford the necessary basis for a maritime lien, unless it is maritime in its nature, so as to be cognizable in admiralty" | “A contract cannot afford the necessary basis for a maritime lien, unless it is maritime in its nature, so as to be cognizable in admiralty.” | “A contract cannot afford the necessary basis for a maritime lien, unless it is maritime in its nature, so as to be cognizable in admiralty” | "The act relieves the libelant of the burden of proving that credit was given to the ship when necessaries are furnished to her upon order of the owner....” | "A vessel may be made liable in rem for supplies, although the owner can be made liable therefor in personam, since the dealer may rely upon the credit of both." | “The maritime lien is . . . . stricti juris and will not be extended by construction, analogy or inference.” | “The maritime lien is . . . . stricti juris and will not be extended by construction, analogy or inference.” | “A vessel may be made liable in rem for supplies, although the owner can be made liable therefor in personam, since the dealer may rely upon the credit 3 of both.” | “A vessel may be made liable in rem for supplies, although the owner can be made liable therefor in personam, since the dealer may rely upon the credit 3 of both.” | "[O]ne vessel of a fleet cannot be made liable under the [Federal Maritime Lien Act] for supplies furnished to the others, even if the supplies are furnished to all upon orders of the owner under a single contract." | “The maritime lien is a secret one. It may operate to the prejudice of prior mortgagees or of purchasers without notice. It is therefore stricti juris and will not be extended by construction, analogy or inference.” | “[O]ne vessel of a fleet cannot be made liable under the [Federal Maritime Lien Act] for supplies furnished to the others, even if the supplies are furnished to all upon orders of the owner under a single contract.” | “[O]ne vessel of a fleet cannot be made liable under the [Federal Maritime Lien Act] for supplies furnished to the others, even if the supplies are furnished to all upon orders of the owner under a single contract.” | “Since she is usually absent from the home port, remote from the residence of her owners and without any large amount of money, it is essential that she should be self-reliant — that she should be able to obtain upon her own account needed repairs and supplies.” | “Since she is usually absent from the home port, remote from the residence of her owners and without any large amount of money, it is essential that she should be self-reliant—that she should be able to obtain upon her own account needed repairs and supplies.” | “Since she is usually absent from the home port, remote from the residence of her owners and without any large amount of money, it is essential that she should be self-reliant—that she should be able to obtain upon her own account needed repairs and supplies.” | “Since she is usually absent from the home port, remote from the residence of her
Citator
- Cited by
- 112 opinions
PIEDMONT COAL CO.v. SEABOARD FISHERIES CO.,254 U.S. 1(1920)
41 S.Ct. 1
PIEDMONT GEORGES CREEK COAL COMPANYv. SEABOARD FISHERIES COMPANY,
CLAIMANT, c.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT.
No. 58.
Argued March 16, 17, 1920.
Decided October 11, 1920.
THE case is stated in the opinion.
Is the petitioner to be deprived of its lien and its decrees undermined for the benefit of the purchaser of the vessels at foreclosure sale, who acquired the vessels with full knowledge of the facts, merely for the reason that the petitioner did not do the impossible and indicate in advance of the delivery of the coal at the oil corporation's bins the name of each vessel to be supplied with coal and the amount to be appropriated to her?
It is urged that such a construction is out of line with previous well-considered judicial decisions and so limits the act of Congress that it is wholly unavailable as a source of credit to ship owners operating fleets of vessels.
The Act of June 23, 1910, affords a maritime lien for supplies furnished to a vessel, and where coal is delivered to the owner of a fleet of vessels for distribution among them, upon an express stipulation that the delivery isPage 3made upon the credit of the vessels and not upon the credit of the owner, a lien attaches to each vessel for the coal actually distributed to and used by it.
The case of the petitioner is one of unusual hardship.
It parted with its coal solely upon the security of the lien given by the act of Congress. The coal was actually delivered to and used by the libeled vessels to the amount for which the lien was allowed against each of them. By the use of the petitioner's coal the vessels were kept in operation, contributing earnings to the oil corporation and its creditors, including the claimant herein, which under foreclosure proceedings, purchased the libeled vessels with knowledge that the petitioner asserted a maritime lien against them for coal unpaid for although actually delivered to, and used by, the vessels.
A maritime lien under such conditions is sustained by the weight of authority both prior to and subsequent to the passage of the Act of June 23, 1910.The Yankee, 233 F. 919;Berwind-White Coal Co. v.Metropolitan S.S. Co., 166 F. 782; 173 F. 471 (materialman's lien);The Kiersage, 2 Curtis, 421 (materialman's lien);The Cora P. White, 243 F. 246 (where the claim of maritime lien was denied only because the coal was furnished the owner without mentioning that it was intended for use on a vessel);The Murphy Tugs, 28 F. 429 (maritime lien);McRaev.Bowers Dredging Co., 86 F. 344 (maritime lien);The Grapeshot, 9 Wall. 129, 145;The Lulu, 10 Wall. 192, 204.
While it is true that certain of the above decisions were rendered under state statutes, we fail to perceive, in view of the wording of the lien act, any substantial basis for distinguishing them or questioning their authority.
Especial reliance is placed upon the decision inTheKiersage, 2 Curtis, 421. The Maine statute involved in that case allowed a lien for supplies "furnished to or for account of a vessel."Page 4
The lien act was intended to increase the security of persons furnishing supplies to vessels, not to narrow or circumscribe it, and hence should have an enlightened construction to meet modern needs.
It is not necessary in order to impress a maritime lien on a vessel that the supplies be actually delivered on board the vessel by the person who supplies them.Ammonv.TheVigilancia, 58 F. 698;Delaware Hudson Canal Co. v.The Alida, 7 Fed. Cas. 399;The James H. Prentice, 36 F. 777.
It is settled that an owner may by agreement, express or implied, create a maritime lien on his vessel for supplies furnished.The Kalorama, 10 Wall. 208;The Cimbria, 214 F. 128;The Alaskan, 227 F. 594;The George Dumois, 68 F. 926;The Fortuna, 213 F. 284;The SouthCoast, 247 F. 84.
Agreements for a general lien such as was here shown have frequently had judicial approval, and the fact that the supplies have been first charged to the owner on the supplier's books has been held immaterial.The Patapsco, 1871, 13 Wall. 329;LowerCoast Transportation Co. v.Gulf Refining Co., 211 F. 336;Freights of The Kate, 63 F. 707;The Advance, 72 F. 793;Astor Trust Co. v.White Co., 241 F. 57.
As between the owner of a vessel, who agrees to give a maritime lien for money or supplies, and the person furnishing the money or supplies on the credit of the vessel, the owner is estopped to deny that the money or supplies were actually used for the vessel.The Worthington, 133 F. 725;TheSchooner Mary Chilton, 4 F. 847;The Robert Dollar, 115 F. 218;United Hydraulic Cotton Pressv.AlexanderMcNeil, Fed. Cas. 14,404;The Mary, 1 Paine, 671.Mr. Philip L. Miller, with whomMr. Royall Victorwas on the brief, for respondent.Page 5
As to the facts proved there is no disagreement between the two lower courts. The substantial question presented is whether these facts constitute a furnishing of supplies by the Coal Company to the vessels upon order of the owner within the provisions of the Act of June 23, 1910, c. 373, § 1,36 Stat. 604.1That coal was furnished to the vessels to the extent to which they severally received it on board, is clear. The precise question, therefore, is: Was the coal furnished by the libelant, the Coal Company, or was it furnished by the Oil Corporation, the owner of the fleet? In determining this question additional facts must be considered:
No coal was delivered by the Coal Company directly to any vessel; and it had no dealings of any kind concerning the coal directly with the officers of any vessel. All the coal was billed by the Coal Company to the Oil Corporation and there was no reference on any invoice, or on its books, either to the fleet or to any vessel. TherePage 7was no understanding between the companies when the agreement to supply the coal was made or when the coal was delivered that any part of it was specifically for any one of the several vessels libeled, or that it was for any particular vessel of the fleet, or even for the vessels then composing the fleet. Indeed, the first shipment was stated on the invoice to be "coal for factory." The negotiations of the Oil Corporation with the Coal Company did not relate to coal required at that time by the particular vessels subsequently libeled as distinguished from other vessels of the fleet.
The coal was sold f.o.b. at the Coal Company's piers which were at St. George, Staten Island, and Port Reading, New Jersey. At these piers it was loaded on barges which were towed either to the Oil Corporation's plant at Promised Land or to that at Tiverton. Some of these barges were supplied by the Oil Corporation, some by the Coal Company. If supplied by the latter, trimming and towing charges were added to the agreed price of the coal. Upon arrival of the coal at the factories it was placed in the Oil Corporation's bins. At Promised Land — which received four of the five shipments — the bins already contained other coal (1068 tons) which had been theretofore purchased by the Oil Corporation and had been paid for. With this coal on hand that delivered by libelant was commingled. At each plant both the vessels and the factory were from time to time supplied with coal from the same bins; but the greater part of the coal supplied from each plant was used by the vessels. Weeks, and in some instances months, elapsed between placing the coal in the bins and the delivery of it by the Corporation to the several vessels. When it made such deliveries it furnished coal to the vessels, as it did to the factories, not under direction of the Coal Company but in its discretion as owner of the coal and of the business.
The quantity of coal delivered to each vessel wasPage 8proved; but to what extent the coal supplied to the several vessels which bunkered at Promised Land came from the 1068 tons previously purchased, and to what extent it came from the lots purchased from the Coal Company, it was impossible to determine. In making the computations which formed the basis of the decrees in the District Court, it was assumed that, of the coal supplied to the several vessels which bunkered at Promised Land, a proportionate part of that received by each had come from the coal purchased from libelant.
The Coal Company contends on these facts that it furnished necessary supplies to the several vessels within the meaning of § 1 of the Act of June 23, 1910. But the facts show that no coal was furnished by that company to any vessel "upon the order of the owner." The title to the coal had passed to the Oil Corporation when it was loaded on board the barges at the Coal Company's piers. It was delivered to Promised Land and Tiverton as the Oil Corporation's coal and placed in its bins. As its coal the later distribution was made in its discretion to vessels and factories. A large part of the coal so acquired by the Oil Corporation for use in its business was subsequently appropriated by it specifically to the use of the several vessels of the fleet and this use of the coal by vessels of the fleet was a use which had been contemplated by the parties when it was purchased. But the fact that such a use had been contemplated does not render the subsequent appropriation by the owner a furnishing by the coal dealer to the several vessels.
To hold that a lien for the unpaid purchase price of supplies arises in favor of the seller merely because the purchaser, who is the owner of a vessel, subsequently appropriates the supplies to her use would involve abandonment of the principle upon which maritime liens rest and the substitution therefor of the very different principlePage 9which underlies mechanics' and materialmen's liens on houses and other structures. The former had its origin in desire to protect the ship; the latter mainly in desire to protect those who furnish work and materials. The maritime lien developed as a necessary incident of the operation of vessels. The ship's function is to move from place to place. She is peculiarly subject to vicissitudes which would compel abandonment of vessel or voyage, unless repairs and supplies were promptly furnished. Since she is usually absent from the home port, remote from the residence of her owners and without any large amount of money, it is essential that she should be self-reliant — that she should be able to obtain upon her own account needed repairs and supplies. The recognition by the law of such inherent power did not involve any new legal conception, since the ship had been treated in other connections as an entity capable of entering into relations with others, of acting independently and of becoming responsible for her acts. Because the ship's need was the source of the maritime lien it could arise only if the repairs or supplies were necessary; if the pledge of her credit was necessary to the obtaining of them; if they were actually obtained; and if they were furnished upon her credit. The mechanic's and materialman's lien, on the other hand, attaches ordinarily although the labor and material cannot be said to have been necessary; although at the time they were furnished there was no thought of obtaining security upon the building; and although the credit of the owner or of others had in fact been relied upon. The principle upon which the mechanic's lien rests is, in a sense, that of unjust enrichment. Ordinarily, it is the equity arising from assumed enhancement in value resulting from work or materials expended upon the property without payment therefor which is laid hold of to protect workmen and others who, it is assumed, are especially deserving, would ordinarily failPage 10to provide by agreement for their own protection and would often be unable to do so.1
The fact found by the lower courts that the parties understood the law would afford a lien on the vessels for the coal is, in this controversy, without legal significance. If the coal had been furnished to the several vessels by the libelant, maritime liens would have arisen and could have been established under the statute without proof that credit was given to the vessels. Since the libelant didnotfurnish any coal to the vessels, the erroneous belief of the parties that the law would afford a lien either for all the coal furnished to the Oil Corporation or for that delivered by it to the several vessels could not create a lien under the statute. Clearly no maritime lien could arise therefrom valid as against the claimant which had acquired title to the vessels under a mortgage antedating the purchase.AstorTrust Co. v.E.V. White Co., 241 F. 57.
The difficulty which confronts the Coal Company does not lie in the fact that the contract for the coal was made with the Oil Corporation. A vessel may be made liablein remfor supplies, although the owner can be made liable thereforin personam;since the dealer may rely upon the credit of both.The Bronx, 246 F. 809. Likewise, the fact that the coal which was supplied to the several vessels had been purchased under a single contract presents no difficulty. For while one vessel of a fleet cannot be made liable under the statute for supplies furnished to the others, even if the supplies are furnished to all upon orders of the owner under a single contract,The Columbus, 65 F. 430; 67 F. 553;ThePage 11Newport, 114 F. 713;The Alligator, 161 F. 37;Asior Trust Co. v.E.V. White Co., 241 F. 57, 61; each vessel so receiving supplies may be made liable for the supplies furnished to it.The Murphy Tugs, 28 F. 429. The difficulty which, under the general maritime law, would have blocked recovery by the Coal Company is solely that it did not furnish coal to the vessels upon which it asserts a maritime lien; and there is nothing in the Act of June 23, 1910, which removes that obstacle.
It is urged by the Coal Company that it was the intention of Congress in passing the act to broaden the scope of the maritime lien and that the construction of the act adopted by the Circuit Court of Appeals renders the statute inoperative in an important class of cases which it was intended to reach. The language of the statute affords no basis for the latter assertion, and the Reports of the Committees of Congress (Senate Report, No. 831, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) show that it is unfounded. Those reports state that the purpose of the act was this:First, to do away with the artificial distinction by which a maritime lien was given for supplies furnished to a vessel in a port of a foreign country or state, but denied where the supplies were furnished in the home port or state.The General Smith, 4 Wheat. 438.Second, to do away with the doctrine that, when the owner of a vessel contracts in person for necessaries or is present in the port when they are ordered, it is presumed that the materialman did not intend to rely upon the credit of the vessel, and that hence, no lien arises.The St. Jago de Cuba, 9 Wheat. 409.Third, to substitute a single federal statute for the state statutes in so far as they confer liens for repairs, supplies and other necessaries.Peyrouxv.Howard, 7 Pet. 324. The reports expressly declare that the bill makes "no change in the general principles of the present law of maritime liens, but merely substitutes a singlePage 12statute for the conflicting state statutes." The act relieves the libelant of the burden of proving that credit was given to the ship when necessaries are furnished to her upon order of the owner, but it in no way lessens the materialman's burden of proving that the supplies in question were furnished to her by him upon order of the owner or of some one acting by his authority. The maritime lien is a secret one. It may operate to the prejudice of prior mortgagees or of purchasers without notice. It is thereforestricti jurisand will not be extended by construction, analogy or inference.The Yankee Blade, 19 How. 82, 89;The Cora P. White, 243 F. 246, 248.
The Coal Company relies strongly uponThe Kiersage, 2 Curtis, 421, andBerwind-White Coal Mining Co. v.MetropolitanSteamship Co., 166 F. 782; 173 F. 471. The language of the state statutes there under consideration differs from that of the federal act. Furthermore, the state legislation creating liens for work and materials furnished in the repair and supply, as well as in the construction of vessels, are largely extensions of the local mechanic's lien laws applicable to buildings.1
The Coal Company also urges upon our attentionThe Yankee, 233 F. 919, 925, 927. There the court in sustaining a maritime lien declared that the supplies were delivered not to the charterer but to the vessel, holding that "a materialman may make actual delivery of supplies to a vessel in the maritime sense, by causing them to be transported by rail and water carriers by interrupted stages from point of origin to the vessel side, when the transaction is begun by a valid order indicating that the supplies are for the vessel and are to be delivered to her, and is completed by an actual delivery to the vesselPage 13consistent with the instructions of the order and the intentions of the parties giving and accepting it." And in respect to the coal supplied the court there found specifically that "the quantity to be supplied to and daily consumed by the Yankee, was mentioned and considered by the parties." In the case at bar there was no understanding when the contract was made, or when the coal was delivered by the libelant, that any part of it was for any particular vessel or even for the vessels then composing the fleet. And it was clearly understood that the purchasing corporation would apply part of the coal to a non-maritime use. The difficulty here (unlike that presented inThe Vigilancia, 58 F. 698;The Cimbria, 156 F. 378, 382; andTheCurtin, 165 F. 271) is not in failure to show that the coal was furnishedtothe vessels but in failure to prove that it was furnishedbythe libelant.
It was also argued that the parties made an express agreement that the Coal Company should have a lien; that is, that they created by agreement a non-statutory lien. The concurrent findings of fact by the lower courts, which we accept (Bakerv.Schofield,243 U.S. 114,118;La Bourgogne,210 U.S. 95,114;The Germanic,196 U.S. 589,595;) are to the contrary.Affirmed.Page 14
- Page 6 Act of June 23, 1910, c. 373, § 1: Any person furnishing repairs, supplies, or other necessaries, including the use of dry dock or marine railway, to a vessel, whether foreign or domestic, upon the order of the owner or owners of such vessel, or of a person by him or them authorized, shall have a maritime lien on the vessel which may be enforced by a proceeding in rem, and it shall not be necessary to allege or prove that credit was given to the vessel. ↩
- Page 10 CompareVan Stonev.Stillwell Bierce Mfg. Co.,142 U.S. 128,136. SeeO'Connerv.Warner, 4 Watts S. 223, 226;Boltonv.Johns,5 Pa. 145,150;Taggardv.Buckmore,42 Me. 77,81;Buckv.Brian, 2 How. (Miss.) 874, 881;Montandon Co. v.Deas,14 Ala. 33,44;Mochonv.Sullivan,1 Mont. 470,473. ↩
- Page 12 See "Confusion in the Law Relating to Materialmen's Liens on Vessels," 21 Harvard Law Review, 332, and "The New Federal Statute Relating to Liens on Vessels," 24 Harvard Law Review, 182, both by Fitz-Henry Smith, Jr. ↩