Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Mooney v. Holohan

Mooney v. Holohan, 294 U.S. 103 (1935)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1935-01-21
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that the use of fabricated evidence at trial violates the Constitution without implying that the fabrication is an independent problem
  • holding that the Due Process Clause prohibits the knowing use of falsified testimony or evidence by the prosecution
  • holding that conviction obtained through the presentation of perjured testimony does not satisfy the requirement of due process
  • holding that a dueprocess violation occurs when the prosecution introduces fabricated evidence and knows that it is fabricated
  • concluding that only the knowing presentation of perjured testimony implicates due process
  • holding that due process prohibits prosecution’s knowing use of perjured testimony
  • holding that presentation of knowingly false testimony violates Due Process Clause
  • recognizing a process which "contrived a conviction" violates "fundamental conceptions of justice which lie at the base of our civil and political institutions"

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Mooney v. Holohan. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Authority status
pending
Cited by
1832 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Due Process The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment governs any action of a State, whether taken through its legislature, its courts, or its executive or administrative officers, including prosecuting officers acting on the State's behalf. 294 U.S. at 112
  2. Constitutional Law — Due Process A requirement of due process cannot be deemed satisfied by mere notice and hearing where a State has contrived a conviction through the pretense of a trial which in truth is used as a means of depriving a defendant of liberty through a deliberate deception of court and jury by the presentation of testimony known to be perjured; such a contrivance to procure conviction and imprisonment is as inconsistent with the rudimentary demands of justice as obtaining a like result by intimidation. 294 U.S. at 112
  3. Constitutional Law — Due Process Where a State has denied due process, the Fourteenth Amendment obliges it to supply corrective judicial process; accordingly, the State must afford a remedy for a conviction alleged to have been obtained by the State's knowing use of perjured testimony and deliberate suppression of impeaching evidence. 294 U.S. at 112–13
  4. Habeas Corpus — State Remedies Before this Court is asked to issue a writ of habeas corpus in the case of a person held under a state commitment, recourse should be had to whatever judicial remedy afforded by the State may still remain open. 294 U.S. at 115
  5. Habeas Corpus — Availability of State Prerogative Writ The State's obligation to provide corrective judicial process is not shown to be unmet where the State's courts are not without power to issue the historic prerogative writ of habeas corpus upon a showing that one is deprived of liberty without due process of law, and the state remedy has not been invoked and is not shown to be unavailable. 294 U.S. at 113–15
MOONEYv. HOLOHAN,294 U.S. 103(1935)
55 S.Ct. 340
MOONEYv. HOLOHAN, WARDEN.
MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS.
No. ___, original.
Rule to Show Cause Issued November 12, 1934.
Return to Rule Presented January 7, 1935.
Decided January 21, 1935.
1. The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment governs any action of a State through its legislature, its courts, or its executive officers, including action through its prosecuting officers. P. 112. 2. A criminal conviction procured by the state prosecuting authorities solely by the use of perjured testimony known by them to be perjured and knowingly used by them in order to procure the conviction, is without due process of law and in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. P. 112. 3. It is the duty of every State to provide corrective judicial process for the relief of persons convicted and imprisoned for crime without due process of law; and it is to be presumed that this duty has been complied with. P. 113. 4.Semblethat in the courts of California the writ ofhabeascorpusis available for one who is deprived of his liberty without due processPage 104of law in violation of the Constitution of the United States. P. 113. 5. Before this Court is asked to issue a writ ofhabeas corpusin the case of a person held under a state commitment, recourse should be had to whatever judicial remedy afforded by the State may still remain open. P. 115. Leave to file denied.
On a motion for leave to file a petition forhabeas corpus.
The case was heard upon the petition and upon a return made by
the State, in response to an order to show cause. The return did
not put in issue any of the facts alleged in the petition but was
in the nature of a demurrer.
Messrs. Frank P. Walsh, John F. Finerty, George T. Davis,Murray C. Bernays, andHerbert D. Davidwere on the brief for petitioner.Mr. U.S. Webb, Attorney General of California, andMr.William F. Cleary, Deputy Attorney General, were on the return filed in response to the order to show cause.

In this case, as inFrankv.Mangum,237 U.S. 309, no question respecting the original jurisdiction of the trial court is raised. Consequently, the contention is and must be that the alleged fraud occurring during the course of the trial deprived the trial court of jurisdiction to receive the verdict and pronounce the sentence.

It is manifest that the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was never intended to deprive courts generally of the power to hear and determine issues of fact and in so doing to decide which evidence is true and which evidence is false. That clause must, of necessity, be held to apply only to the process of law by means of which jurisdiction over the subject matter of actions and over the parties to actions is acquired and retained, that is, by means of which notice is given and a fair opportunity to be heard is afforded.Page 105

Petitioner's contention, reduced to its final analysis, is that although the trial court was vested with jurisdiction to hear and determine the issues of fact raised by the pleadings and had the power to decide which evidence was true and which evidence was false, yet the court lost jurisdiction during the course of the trial, and therefore lost the power to decide which evidence was true and which evidence was false, by reason of the fact that during the course of the trial false evidence was introduced against him.

The rule announced by this Court inUnited Statesv.Throckmorton,98 U.S. 61, has been applied in criminal cases as often as the occasion for its application has arisen.Springsteinv.Saunders,182 Iowa 658;Statev.Asbell,62 Kan. 209;Beardv.State, 99 S.W. 837;State ex rel. Davisv.Superior Court,15 Wn. 339;Howardv.State,58 Ark. 229.

Here we may draw attention to this Court's action in denying petitioner's application for a writ of certiorari to review a decision of the Supreme Court of California wherein it was held that the factual assertions upon which this petition is based, even if true, did not entitle petitioner to relief from the judgment by virtue of which petitioner is now being held — a decision following the rule of theThrockmortoncase,supra.178 Cal. 525,530, cert. den.,248 U.S. 589.

Petitioner contends that the rule of law announced by this Court in theThrockmortoncase,supra, and followed by every court in the land, is in need of revision. He argues that courts should have the power to reopen cases wherein intrinsic fraud is alleged. That, however, is a matter for legislative rather than judicial action. At the present time courts are not empowered, by constitution or statute, to exercise such a jurisdiction. The only remedial power in such cases is that of executive pardon or executive clemency.Page 106

Petitioner realizes the force of this objection and attempts to overcome it by asserting that intrinsic fraud reduces the process of law to a mere sham, and that, consequently, this and other courts are given jurisdiction by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to set aside judgments procured by intrinsic fraud. He cites no authority in support of such contention.

Petitioner would persuade this Court to change the accepted meaning of the word "process," and to so broaden it as to include that which has never been regarded as process by any court in the history of our country. He would have the meaning of the due process clause expanded into a guarantee against the presentation of false evidence; he would have the federal courts charged with the duty of setting aside each judgment based, in whole or in part, upon false evidence, and, in so doing, perform, if not usurp, the function which, under our system of law, is the peculiar province of a trial by jury; and he would have no limit placed upon the period within which, or the number of times that, such a review could be invoked.

If the presentation of false evidence is a denial of due process in criminal cases, it is likewise a denial of due process in civil cases, and if it is a denial of due process in cases in which severe penalties or large sums are involved, it is likewise a denial of due process in cases in which nominal penalties and nominal sums are involved. Consequently, if petitioner's contention be sustained, this Court will become the Court not only of last but of ever continuing resort in all cases, civil as well as criminal, small as well as large, in which there is a conflict of evidence and a charge of fabrication.

We concede that if the acts or omissions of a prosecuting attorney have the effect of withholding from a defendant the notice which must be accorded him under the due process clause, or if they have the effect of preventingPage 107a defendant from presenting such evidence as he possesses in defense of the accusation against him, then such acts or omissions of the attorney may be regarded asresultingin a denial of due process of law. Such is the effect of this Court's decision inPowellv.Alabama,278 U.S. 45, although, in that case, it was an omission on the part of the trial judge which was held to have had such a result.

We make the same concession concerning the acts or omissions of any one, or of any group of persons; for no matter from what source, whether it be official or otherwise, an act or omission emanates, if it operate to deprive the defendant of notice or of an opportunity to be heard, then there has been a denial of due process of law. Such is the effect of this Court's decision inMoorev.Dempsey,261 U.S. 86, cited by petitioner.

Conversely, we contend that it is only where an act or omission operates so as to deprive a defendant of notice or so as to deprive him of an opportunity to present such evidence as he has, that it can be said that due process of law has been denied.Frankv.Mangum, supra; Powellv.Alabama, supra; Moorev.Dempsey, supra. Nor does it make a particle of difference from what source the act or omission complained of emanates, for it is not the act or omission itself but its effect upon the hearing accorded by the court to the defendant that results in, or does not result in, a denial of due process of law.

Petitioner attempts to differentiate this case from all previous cases by pointing out that here the State itself is charged with being a party to the alleged fraud. It is stated that the prosecuting attorney was acting as an agent and officer of the State and that consequently his fraudulent acts must be regarded as having been acts of the State.

Petitioner does not contend that the State authorized the prosecuting attorney to suborn perjury or to work aPage 108fraud upon petitioner or upon the trial court. Indeed, as petitioner well knows, the State of California not only did not authorize such things, but it made the doing of them, if, indeed, they were done, crimes against the State (California Penal Code, §§127,128,137,653), grounds for removing the prosecuting attorney from office and grounds for disbarring him from the practice of law in the courts of the State. If the prosecuting attorney did such things, he did them not with the consent of the State but against the positive prohibition of the State. The State itself was injured. The State itself was a victim of the fraud.

However, even if it be admitted that the alleged fraudulent act of the prosecuting attorney ascended to his principal, the State, it can not be held that such fraudulent act denied due process of law to petitioner unless it be held that, after ascending to the principal, such fraudulent act descended to the other arm of the Government and became the act of the trial court.

This is so, because the functions of a prosecuting attorney and of a trial court are entirely different and are held apart by constitutional mandate. The function of a prosecuting attorney is to prosecute, to act as accuser, to be a partisan, to present the evidence on one side of the case. He has no power to adjudge, to sentence, or, by his order, to deprive anyone of life, liberty or property. He is not a part of the tribunal but merely a pleader before the tribunal. The trial court is the tribunal. Its function is to hear the evidence on both sides of the case, to decide which evidence is the more credible, and to pronounce judgment in accordance with such findings of fact. The court must be impartial between the accuser and the accused, and, above all, it must hear the accused before depriving him of life, liberty or property.

Petitioner contends that the trial court, instead of being a party to the alleged fraud, was a victim of it. By makingPage 109such a contention petitioner completely answers his own argument.Home Tel. Tel. Co. v.Los Angeles,227 U.S. 278, andRaymondv.Traction Co.,207 U.S. 20, are not in point for the reason that in each the act complained of was the final process by means of which property was to be taken without due process of law. Were petitioner held by virtue of an order of the prosecuting attorney, those cases would be in point.

It is only where due process of law has been denied that the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment places any obligation upon the State to supply a corrective process. The State of California has heard petitioner's complaint a number of times, and in each instance it has received careful consideration. In some instances, that is, where the complaint has been made to the courts, as such, the courts have carefully pointed out that they had no jurisdiction to interfere and that the only remedy rested with the Executive. In the other instances, that is, where applications for executive clemency have been made, a full hearing has been given and the executive has gone to great lengths to explain why executive relief was being denied.

We respectfully submit that petitioner has failed to raise a federal question and that, consequently, leave to file the petition should be denied.
PER CURIAM.
Thomas J. Mooney asks leave to file petition for an original writ ofhabeas corpus. He states that he is unlawfully restrained of his liberty by the State of California under a commitment pursuant to a conviction, in February, 1917, of murder in the first degree and sentence of death subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. He submits the record of proceedings set forth in his petition for a writ ofhabeas corpuspresented to the DistrictPage 110Court of the United States for the Northern District of California and dismissed upon the ground that the petitioner had not exhausted his legal remedies in the state court. Applications to the Judges of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for allowance of an appeal to that Court from the judgment of dismissal have severally been denied.

Petitioner charges that the State holds him in confinement without due process of law in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The grounds of his charge are, in substance, that the sole basis of his conviction was perjured testimony, which was knowingly used by the prosecuting authorities in order to obtain that conviction, and also that these authorities deliberately suppressed evidence which would have impeached and refuted the testimony thus given against him. He alleges that he could not by reasonable diligence have discovered prior to the denial of his motion for a new trial, and his appeal to the Supreme Court of the State, the evidence which was subsequently developed and which proved the testimony against him to have been perjured. Petitioner urges that the "knowing use" by the State of perjured testimony to obtain the conviction and the deliberate suppression of evidence to impeach that testimony constituted a denial of due process of law. Petitioner further contends that the State deprives him of his liberty without due process of law by its failure, in the circumstances set forth, to provide any corrective judicial process by which a conviction so obtained may be set aside.

In support of his serious charges, petitioner submits a chronological history of the trials, appeals and other judicial proceedings connected with his conviction, and of his applications for executive clemency. He sets forth the evidence which, as he contends, proves the perjuryPage 111of the witnesses upon whose testimony he was convicted and the knowledge on the part of the prosecuting authorities of that perjury and the suppression by those authorities of impeaching evidence at their command. He also submits what he insists are admissions by the State that the testimony offered against him was perjured and that his conviction was unjustified. In amplification of these statements, he asks leave to incorporate in his petition, by reference, the voluminous details of the various proceedings as they were presented with his petition to the District Court.

In response to our rule to show cause why leave to file the petition should not be granted, the respondent has made return by the Attorney General of the State. With this return, he submits an appendix of exhibits setting forth the consent filed by the Attorney General with the Supreme Court of the State on July 30, 1917, that the judgment of conviction be reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial, the subsequent opinions of that Court upon the cases presented to it, the statements of Governors of the State on applications for executive clemency made on behalf of this petitioner and of one Billings (who had been jointly indicted with petitioner and was separately tried and convicted), and the reports of Justices of the Supreme Court of the State, and communications addressed by them, to the Governors of the State in connection with such applications.

The return does not put in issue any of the facts alleged in the petition. The return is in the nature of a demurrer. It submits that the petitioner "has failed to raise a Federal question and that, consequently, leave to file the petition should be denied." Reviewing decisions relating to due process, the Attorney General insists that the petitioner's argument is vitiated by the fallacy "that the acts or omissions of a prosecuting attorney can ever,Page 112in and by themselves, amount either to due process of law or to a denial of due process of law." The Attorney General states that if the acts or omissions of a prosecuting attorney "have the effect of withholding from a defendant the notice which must be accorded him under the due process clause, or if they have the effect of preventing a defendant from presenting such evidence as he possesses in defense of the accusation against him, then such acts or omissions of the prosecuting attorney may be regarded asresultingin a denial of due process of law." And, "conversely," the Attorney General contends that "it is only where an act or omission operates so as to deprive a defendant of notice or so as to deprive him of an opportunity to present such evidence as he has, that it can be said that due process of law has been denied."

Without attempting at this time to deal with the question at length, we deem it sufficient for the present purpose to say that we are unable to approve this narrow view of the requirement of due process. That requirement, in safeguarding the liberty of the citizen against deprivation through the action of the State, embodies the fundamental conceptions of justice which lie at the base of our civil and political institutions.Hebertv.Louisiana,272 U.S. 312,316,317. It is a requirement that cannot be deemed to be satisfied by mere notice and hearing if a State has contrived a conviction through the pretense of a trial which in truth is but used as a means of depriving a defendant of liberty through a deliberate deception of court and jury by the presentation of testimony known to be perjured. Such a contrivance by a State to procure the conviction and imprisonment of a defendant is as inconsistent with the rudimentary demands of justice as is the obtaining of a like result by intimidation. And the action of prosecuting officers on behalf of the State, like that of administrativePage 113officers in the execution of its laws, may constitute state action within the purview of the Fourteenth Amendment. That Amendment governs any action of a State, "whether through its legislature, through its courts, or through its executive or administrative officers."Carterv.Texas,177 U.S. 442,447;Rogersv.Alabama,192 U.S. 226,231;Chicago, BurlingtonQuincy R. Co. v.Chicago,166 U.S. 226,233,234.

Reasoning from the premise that the petitioner has failed to show a denial of due process in the circumstances set forth in his petition, the Attorney General urges that the State was not required to afford any corrective judicial process to remedy the alleged wrong. The argument falls with the premise.Frankv.Mangum,237 U.S. 309,335;Moorev.Dempsey,261 U.S. 86,90,91.

We are not satisfied, however, that the State of California has failed to provide such corrective judicial process. The prerogative writ ofhabeas corpusis available in that State. Constitution of California, Art.I, §5; Art. VI, § 4. No decision of the Supreme Court of California has been brought to our attention holding that the state court is without power to issue this historic remedial process when it appears that one is deprived of his liberty without due process of law in violation of the Constitution of the United States. Upon the state courts, equally with the courts of the Union, rests the obligation to guard and enforce every right secured by that Constitution.Robbv.Connolly,111 U.S. 624,637. In view of the dominant requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment, we are not at liberty to assume that the State has denied to its court jurisdiction to redress the prohibited wrong upon a proper showing and in an appropriate proceeding for that purpose.

The decisions of the Supreme Court of California in relation to petitioner's conviction have dealt with the questionsPage 114presented to that Court within the limitations of particular appellate procedure. When there was submitted to that Court the consent of the Attorney General to the reversal of the judgment against petitioner and to the granting of a new trial, the Court pointed out that no motion had been made by the defendant and that his appeal was awaiting hearing.Peoplev.Mooney,175 Cal. 666;166 P. 999. When, again in advance of the hearing of his appeal, the defendant made his motion solely upon the ground of the Attorney General's consent, the Court held that its jurisdiction on appeal was limited to a determination whether there had been any error of law in the proceedings of the trial court and that the Court was confined to the record sent to it by the court below.Peoplev.Mooney,176 Cal. 105;167 P. 696. On the appeal, the Court thus dealing with the record before it, found that the verdict was supported by the testimony presented and that no ground appeared for reversal.Peoplev.Mooney,177 Cal. 642;171 P. 690. When, later, the defendant moved to set aside the judgment, and sought a certificate of probable cause on his appeal from an order denying his motion, the Court held that the general averments against the fairness of the trial were insufficient, but the Court did not place its denial of the application entirely upon that ground. The Court concluded that the proceeding by way of motion to set aside the judgment after it had become final and a motion for a new trial had been denied, and the time therefor had expired, was "in the nature of an application for a writ ofcoram nobis, at common law." The Court thought that such a writ did not lie to correct any error in the judgment of the Court nor to contradict or put in issue any fact directly passed upon and affirmed by the judgment itself. The Court, adopting the opinion of the court below, concluded that the judgment could not be set aside because it was predicated uponPage 115perjured testimony or because material evidence was concealed or suppressed; that the fraud in such a case was not such fraud as was "extrinsic to the record" and that it was only in cases of extrinsic fraud that the relief sought could be had. It was apparently in relation to such an application that the Court said that the injured party was "without remedy."Peoplev.Mooney,178 Cal. 525;174 P. 325. And it was with respect to that proceeding, that the writ of certiorari was denied by this Court.Mooneyv.California,248 U.S. 579. The subsequent communications from the Justices of the Supreme Court in connection with applications for executive clemency were of an advisory character and were not judicial judgments under the requirements of the Constitution of the United States.

We do not find that petitioner has applied to the state court for a writ ofhabeas corpusupon the grounds stated in his petition here. That corrective judicial process has not been invoked and it is not shown to be unavailable. Despite the many proceedings taken on behalf of the petitioner, an application for the prerogative writ now asserted to be peculiarly suited to the circumstances disclosed by his petition has not been made to the state court. Orderly procedure, governed by principles we have repeatedly announced, requires that before this Court is asked to issue a writ ofhabeas corpus, in the case of a person held under a state commitment, recourse should be had to whatever judicial remedy afforded by the State may still remain open.Davisv.Burke,179 U.S. 399,402;Urquhartv.Brown,205 U.S. 179,181,182;U.S. ex rel. Kennedyv.Tyler,269 U.S. 13,17. See, also,Bryantv.Zimmerman,278 U.S. 63,70.

Accordingly, leave to file the petition is denied, but without prejudice.Leave denied.Page 116