Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Matter of Gregory

219 U.S. 210

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1911-01-03
Topic
general

Mb. Justice Hughes delivered the opinion of the court. This is a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. By information filed in the Police Court of the District of Columbia, the petitioner was-charged with engaging “in *213 the business of a gift-enterprise” in violation of § 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia. Thereupon an agreed statement of facts was filed, by which it appeared that the petitioner, as the managing officer of The Sperry & Hutchinson Company, was conducting, within the District, its business of issuing and redeeming so-called “trading stamps” in the particular manner set forth.

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Matter of Gregory. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
107 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Habeas Corpus — Scope of Review Habeas corpus cannot be made to perform the functions of a writ of error; the court examines only the power and authority of the committing court to act, not the correctness of its conclusions, and is not concerned with whether the information was sufficient or whether the acts alleged constituted a crime. 219 U.S. 210, 218 (citing Harlan v. McGourin, 218 U.S. 442)
  2. Criminal Law & Procedure — Statutory Construction Section 1176 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia, which disapproves and repeals the earlier authorization of gift enterprises, is not limited to transactions previously licensed under the act of August 23, 1871, but expressly includes gift enterprises conducted in any manner, whether as defined in that act or otherwise. 219 U.S. at 220–21
  3. Criminal Law & Procedure — Constitutionality of Statutes Section 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia punishes a recognized category of offenses within the power of Congress to punish, and is not controlled or rendered invalid by a definition of the prohibited crime contained in an earlier statute that has been repealed. 219 U.S. at 222
  4. Criminal Law & Procedure — Statutory Certainty The words "gift-enterprise business" are not so uncertain as to make the prohibition nugatory, and while general, they may be regarded as embracing a class of transactions the legislature is competent to condemn under the police power. 219 U.S. at 219–20
  5. Criminal Law & Procedure — Jurisdiction Where a statute validly defines a crime and expressly confers jurisdiction of the offense upon a court, that court has jurisdiction to try the issues and render judgment; whether a particular case falls within the prohibition is a question demanding judicial examination, to be determined by the court to which jurisdiction over the class of offenses has been confided. 219 U.S. at 223–24
  6. Criminal Law & Procedure — Review of Jurisdictional Determinations Where the court has jurisdiction, its judgment determining that the acts of the accused fell within the statutory definition of the crime is equally binding whether for or against the accused, and cannot be reviewed on habeas corpus, but must remain in full force unless reversed regularly by a superior court capable of reversing it. 219 U.S. at 223–24 (citing Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet. 193, 203; Ex parte Parks, 93 U.S. 18, 20)
MATTER OF GREGORY,219 U.S. 210(1911)
31 S.Ct. 143
MATTER OF GREGORY, PETITIONER.
PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS.
No. 17, Original.
Argued December 5, 1910.
Decided January 3, 1911.
Habeas corpuscannot be made to perform the functions of a writ of error, and this court is concerned only with the questions of whether the information is sufficient, or whether the committing court properly applied the law if that court had jurisdiction to try the issues and render the judgment.Harlanv.McGourin,218 U.S. 442. The provisions and prohibitions of § 1176 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia are not limited to transactions previously licensed by the act of August 23, 1871, but expressly include gift enterprises conducted in any manner, whether defined in said act or otherwise. Section 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia punishes a recognized category of offenses within the power of Congress to punish, and is not controlled or rendered invalid by a definition of the prohibited crime in an earlier statute which has been repealed. Where the statute defining the crime is valid, it is within the range of judicial consideration to determine whether the acts of the accused are within the definition, and if the court has jurisdiction its judgment cannot be reviewed onhabeascorpus. The police court of the District of Columbia has jurisdiction to try persons charged on information of violating § 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia prohibiting engaging in gift enterprises, and the judgment of that court determining that the acts of accused fell within the definition of gift enterprise is not reviewable onhabeas corpusproceedings.
THE facts, which involve the constitutionality and
construction of §§ 1176, 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to
the District of Columbia prohibiting and punishing
gift-enterprises, and the validity of a conviction thereunder,
are stated in the opinion.
Page 211
Mr. John Hall JonesandMr. W. Benton Crispfor petitioner:

Section 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia does not define gift-enterprises. Such definition is found in the laws of the District of Columbia, 1871-73, Part II, 96, and seeRe Lansburgh,11 App.D.C. 512, and opinion inDistrictv.Kraft, referred to in petition in this case.

The answer filed herein bases the jurisdiction of the Police Court upon the act of 1873. The information merely charges petitioner with engaging in the business of a gift-enterprise, which comes within the definition of the act of 1871, and charges a perfectly innocent business transaction involving neither moral turpitude, nor any element of chance.

The court has original jurisdiction to issue the writ ofhabeas corpusin this case.Ex parte Bollman Swartwout, 4 Cr. 75;Ex parte Yerger, 8 Wall. 85;Ex parte Virginia,100 U.S. 339;Ex parte Siebold,100 U.S. 371.

The prohibition contained in this statute is in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, in that it deprives petitioner of liberty and property without due process of law, and the courts below were, therefore, without jurisdiction to try and sentence petitioner.Lochnerv.NewYork,198 U.S. 47,53;Muglerv.Kansas,123 U.S. 623,661;Lawtonv.Steele,152 U.S. 133;McLeanv.Arkansas,211 U.S. 539,547;O'Keefev.Somerville,190 Mass. 110;Youngv.Commonwealth,101 Va. 853;Peoplev.Gillson,109 N.Y. 389;Peoplev.Zimmerman,102 A.D. 103;Statev.Hyman,98 Md. 596,613;Toledo R.R. Co. v.Jacksonville,67 Ill. 37,40;Statev.Loomis,115 Mo. 307,313;Ex parte Drexel Holland,147 Cal. 763,767;Statev.Dalton,22 R.I. 77,80.

The act does not affect the public health, safety and morals.Page 212

In the following cases the petitioner's business has been held to be legal:Humesv.Little Rock, 138 F. 929;Hawaiiv.Gunst,18 Haw. 196;Sperry Hutchinson Co. v.Weber, 161 Fed. Rep. (Ill.) 219;Sperry Hutchinson Co. v.Temple, 137 Fed. Rep. (Mass.) 992;Ex parte Hutchinson, 137 Fed. Rep. (Oregon) 950;Sperry Hutchinson Co. v.Brady, 134 Fed. Rep. (Penna.) 691;Samev.Mechanics' Cloth Co., 135 Fed. Rep. (R.I.) 833;Samev.Same, 128 Fed. Rep. (R.I.) 800;Ex parte Hutchinson, 137 Fed. Rep. (Wash.) 949;Statev.Shugart,138 Ala. 86;Montgomeryv.Kelly,142 Ala. 552;Ex parte McKenna,126 Cal. 429;Ex parte DrexelHolland,147 Cal. 763;Denverv.Frueauff,39 Colo. 20;Hewinv.Atlanta,121 Ga. 731;O'Keefev.Somerville,190 Mass. 110;Commonwealthv.Emerson,165 Mass. 149;Commonwealthv.Sisson,178 Mass. 578;Sperry Hutchinson Co., v.Temple, 137 F. 992;Longv.Maryland,74 Md. 565;Attorney Generalv.S. H. Co., 126 N.W. Rep. (Minn.) 120;Statev.Ramseyer,73 N.H. 31;Peoplev.Gillson,109 N.Y. 389;Peoplev.Dycker,72 A.D. 308;Peoplev.Zimmerman,102 A.D. 103;Winstonv.Beeson,135 N.C. 271;Commonwealthv.Moorhead, 7 Penn. Co. Ct. Rep. 513;Statev.Dalton,22 R.I. 77;Statev.Dodge,76 Vt. 197;Youngv.Commonwealth,101 Va. 853.Mr. Edward H. ThomasandMr. William Henry White, with whomMr. Francis H. Stephenswas on the brief, for respondent.
MR. JUSTICE HUGHES delivered the opinion of the court.
This is a petition for a writ ofhabeas corpus. By information filed in the Police Court of the District of Columbia, the petitioner was charged with engaging "inPage 213the business of a gift-enterprise" in violation of § 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia. Thereupon an agreed statement of facts was filed, by which it appeared that the petitioner, as the managing officer of The Sperry Hutchinson Company, was conducting, within the District, its business of issuing and redeeming so-called "trading stamps" in the particular manner set forth. It was stipulated that the statement should be considered as a part of the information, and the petitioner made a motion to quash. This motion was sustained and the petitioner was discharged. On writ of error, the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia reversed the judgment of the Police Court and ordered the cause to be remanded for further proceedings in conformity with its opinion. Application was made to this court for a writ of certiorari, which was refused.218 U.S. 673. The petitioner was then arraigned in the Police Court, pleaded not guilty, and waived trial by jury; and the case was submitted to the court upon the agreed statement. Judgment of guilty was entered and the petitioner was sentenced to pay a fine. He then obtained leave of this court to file the present petition.

The only question before us is whether the Police Court had jurisdiction. Ahabeas corpusproceeding cannot be made to perform the function of a writ of error and we are not concerned with the question whether the information was sufficient or whether the acts set forth in the agreed statement constituted a crime, that is to say, whether the court properly applied the law, if it be found that the court had jurisdiction to try the issues and to render the judgment.Ex parte Kearney, 7 Wheat. 38;Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet. 193;Ex parte Parks,93 U.S. 18;Ex parte Yarbrough,110 U.S. 651;In re Coy,127 U.S. 731;Gonzalesv.Cunningham,164 U.S. 612;In re Eckart,166 U.S. 481;Stortiv.Massachusetts,183 U.S. 138;Dimmickv.Tompkins,194 U.S. 540;Hydev.Shine,199 U.S. 62,Page 21483;Whitneyv.Dick,202 U.S. 132,136;Kaizov.Henry,211 U.S. 146,148. This rule has recently been applied in a case where it was contended in ahabeas corpusproceeding that the record should be examined to determine whether there was any testimony to support the accusation. And this court, affirming the judgment which discharged the writ, said by Mr. Justice Day: "The contention is that in the respects pointed out the testimony wholly fails to support the charge. The attack is thus not upon the jurisdiction and authority of the court to proceed to investigate and determine the truth of the charge, but upon the sufficiency of the evidence to show the guilt of the accused. This has never been held to be within the province of a writ ofhabeas corpus. Uponhabeas corpusthe court examines only the power and authority of the court to act, not the correctness of its conclusions."Harlanv.McGourin,218 U.S. 442.

We come then to the grounds upon which the jurisdiction of the Police Court is assailed. It is urged that the prohibition contained in the statute under which the information was brought is unconstitutional, in that it violates the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States by depriving the petitioner of liberty and property without due process of law. The information rested on § 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia, which makes it a crime "in any manner" to engage "in any gift-enterprise business" in the District. If this section be read alone no basis appears for the argument of invalidity. It cannot be said that the words "gift-enterprise business" are so uncertain as to make the prohibition nugatory, or that they necessarily include conduct which lies outside the range of legislative interference in the exercise of the police power. While these words are general, they may be regarded as embracing a class of transactions which the legislature is competent to condemn. Thus a "gift-enterprise"Page 215has been defined to be "a scheme for the division or distribution of certain articles of property, to be determined by chance, amongst those who have taken shares in the scheme." Bouvier's Law Dictionary (Rawle's Rev.), p. 884; Black's Law Dictionary, p. 539; Anderson's Law Dictionary, p. 488. See alsoLohmanv.State,81 Ind. 15,17;Winstonv.Beeson,135 N.C. 271,279;Randlev.State,42 Tex. 580[42 Tex. 580].

But it is said that § 1177 must be read in connection with § 1176, which in turn has reference to the act of the Legislative Assembly of the District of Columbia approved August 23, 1871. The argument in substance is that these statutes furnish a controlling definition of the words "gift-enterprise business" as used in § 1177, and that if this be so, the section must be held unconstitutional.

The act passed in 1871 by the Legislative Assembly of the District of Columbia, to which reference is made, was entitled "An act imposing a license on trades, business, and professions practiced or carried on in the District of Columbia." It provided as follows:

"The proprietors of gift enterprises shall pay one thousand dollars annually. Every person who shall sell or offer for sale any real estate or article of merchandise of any description whatever, or any ticket of admission to any exhibition or performance, or other place of amusement, with the promise, expressed or implied, to give or bestow, or in any manner hold out the promise of gift or bestowal, of any article or thing, for and in consideration of the purchase by any person of any other article or thing, whether the object shall be for individual gain or for the benefit of any institution, of whatever character, or for any purpose whatever, shall be regarded as a gift enterprise:Provided, That no such proprietor, in consequence of being thus taxed, shall be exempt from paying any other taxes imposed by law, and the license hereinPage 216required shall be in addition thereto." Laws of the District of Columbia, 1871-72, Part II, pp. 96, 97.

Congress, by act of February 17, 1873, c. 148,17 Stat. 464, disapproved and repealed this legislation and enacted the prohibitions which later were incorporated in §§ 1176 and 1177 of the Revised Statutes relating to the District of Columbia, as follows:

"SEC. 1176. So much of the act of the legislative assembly of the District of Columbia entitled `An act imposing a license on trades, business and professions, practiced or carried on in the District of Columbia,' approved August twenty-third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, as authorizes gift-enterprises therein, and licenses to be issued therefor, is disapproved and repealed, and hereafter it shall be unlawful for any person or persons to engage in said business in any manner as defined in said act or otherwise.

"SEC. 1177. Every person who shall in any manner engage in any gift-enterprise business in the District shall, on conviction thereof in the police court, on information filed for and on behalf of the District, pay a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or be imprisoned in the District jail not less than one nor more than six months, or both, in the discretion of the court."

It will be observed that while § 1176 refers to the District act of 1871, and to "gift enterprises" as therein described, it does not treat that description as exclusive. It assumes that there are other gift enterprises than those defined in the act of 1871. It denounces the former not less than the latter. It does not limit its provisions to the transactions which previously had been licensed under the act of 1871, but expressly includes gift enterprises conducted"in any manner as defined in said act orotherwise."

The purpose of the provision of § 1176 was to disapprove and repeal the former authorization, but not to establishPage 217an exclusive definition based upon it. The language of § 1176 conclusively negatives such an intention. It follows that § 1177 is not controlled by the definition to be found in the act of 1871. Even if it were assumed that the condemnation contained in § 1176 of the transactions particularly described in the act of 1871 was too sweeping, and that Congress went beyond its power in giving the prohibition so wide a scope, this would not affect the provision of § 1177, relating, as we have seen, to a recognized category of offenses for which it was within the power of Congress to prescribe punishment. Whether it be read alone or in the light of its context, § 1177 cannot be adjudged invalid. And it is upon this section that the information in question was based.

We have then a statute with valid operation. This being established there can be no question that it conferred upon the Police Court, by its express terms, jurisdiction of the offense, and that court tried and convicted the petitioner.

But it is insisted that the facts do not support the conviction. The argument ignores the nature of this proceeding, unless it be meant that no colorable question was presented; that on the agreed statement of facts and viewing the statute as prohibiting transactions involving the element of chance, there was such an obvious and palpable want of criminality that the judicial judgment cannot be said to have been invoked, and that therefore the court had no jurisdiction to determine whether or not the statute had been violated.

Such a contention is without merit. It is by no means manifest that the scheme or enterprise in which the petitioner was engaged lay outside the range of judicial consideration under the statute. On the contrary, the agreed statement of facts presented questions requiring the exercise of judicial judgment, and the case falls within the well-established rule. Given a valid enactment, thePage 218question (assuming it to be one demanding judicial examination) whether a particular case falls within the prohibition is for the determination of the court to which has been confided jurisdiction over the class of offenses to which the statute relates.

As said by Chief Justice Marshall inEx parte Watkins, 3 Pet. 193, on p. 203: "The judgment of such a tribunal has all the obligation which the judgment of any tribunal can have. To determine whether the offense charged in the indictment be legally punishable or not, is among the most unquestionable of its powers and duties. The decision of this question is the exercise of jurisdiction, whether the judgment be for or against the prisoner. The judgment is equally binding in the one case and in the other; and must remain in full force unless reversed regularly by a superior court capable of reversing it." And inEx parte Parks,93 U.S. 18, on page 20, the court said: "Whether an act charged in an indictment is or is not a crime by the law which the court administers (in this case the statute law of the United States), is a question which has to be met at almost every stage of criminal proceedings; on motions to quash the indictment, on demurrers, on motions to arrest judgment, etc. The court may err, but it has jurisdiction of the question."

In hearing this application, this court does not sit to review the correctness of the conclusion of the Police Court as to the violation of the statute by the petitioner, or of the decision of the Court of Appeals of the District as to the sufficiency of the information filed against him. The question here is not one of guilt or innocence, but simply whether the court below had jurisdiction to try the issues. And as we find that the statute conferred that jurisdiction the application for a writ ofhabeascorpusmust be denied.Rule discharged and petition dismissed.Page 219