Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Lawrence v. State Tax Comm'n of Miss.

286 U.S. 276

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1932-05-16
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that domicile established a basis for taxation of income
  • recognizing that “domicile in itself establishes a basis for taxation. Enjoyment of the privileges of residence within the state, and the attendant right to invoke the protection of its laws, are inseparable from the responsibility for sharing the costs of government.”
  • allowing taxpayer to make equal protection challenge to tax exemption available to competitors
  • "Even though the claimed constitutional protection be denied on non-federal grounds, it is the province of this Court to inquire whether the decision of the state court rests upon a fair or substantial basis."
  • Mississippi could tax income earned by one of its residents from activities carried on in another state
  • “[I]n passing on [a taxing scheme’s] constitutionality we are concerned only with its practical operation, not its definition or the precise form of descriptive words which may be applied to it.”
  • separately addressing due process and equal protection challenges to a tax
  • “Even though the claimed constitutional protection be denied on non-federal grounds, it is the province of this Court to inquire whether the decision of the state court rests upon a fair or substantial basis. If unsubstantial, constitutional obligations may not be thus avoided.”

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Lawrence v. State Tax Comm'n of Miss.. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Authority status
pending
Cited by
336 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — State Taxation of Income Domicile within a State in itself establishes a basis for taxation, because the obligation of one domiciled within a State to pay taxes there arises from the State's plenary sovereign power to raise revenue and to distribute its burdens among those who enjoy its benefits and protection; enjoyment of the privileges of residence and the attendant right to invoke the protection of the State's laws are inseparable from the responsibility for sharing the costs of government. 286 U.S. at 279
  2. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection In passing on the constitutionality of a tax, a court is concerned only with the tax's practical operation, not with its definition or the precise form of descriptive words (such as "excise" or "property tax") that a state court may apply to it. 286 U.S. at 280
  3. Constitutional Law — State Taxation of Extra-State Income A State has constitutional power to tax its own citizens on their net incomes even though the income is derived wholly from activities carried on by them outside the State; such a tax, apportioned to the taxpayer's ability to bear it, is founded upon the protection the State affords the recipient of the income in his person, in his right to receive the income, and in his enjoyment of it when received—rights and privileges incident to his domicile. 286 U.S. at 281
  4. Constitutional Law — Review of State-Court Decisions A constitutional question properly raised in a state court may not be evaded by a decision resting on a non-federal ground that is unsubstantial and illusory; it is the province of the Supreme Court to inquire whether the state court's decision rests upon a fair or substantial basis. 286 U.S. at 281
  5. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection Where discrimination resulting from a tax statute is inconsistent with the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the constitutional rights of those not within the exception are infringed when they are taxed and the others are not assessed, and the refusal of the state court to decide the constitutional question, when properly before it, is as much a denial of those rights as an erroneous decision of it would be; the burden does not rest on the taxpayer to test the validity of the exemption again by some procedure to compel his competitors to pay the tax. 286 U.S. at 282
  6. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection A state tax on income from activities outside the State cannot be adjudged to violate the equal protection clause merely because it applies to individuals but not to domestic corporations, even though the corporations compete with the individuals, in the absence of any showing of relevant local conditions and of how the statutory provisions in question are related to the other provisions by which a permissible divergence of state policy with respect to the taxation of individuals and corporations may be effected. 286 U.S. at 283
  7. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection A State's adoption of a general policy of avoiding double taxation of the same economic interest in corporate income—by taxing either the income of the corporation or the dividends of its stockholders, but not both—may afford a rational basis for excepting domestic corporations from a tax on income derived from extra-state activities that is imposed on individuals. 286 U.S. at 284
  8. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection The equal protection clause does not require a State to maintain a rigid rule of equal taxation, to resort to close distinctions, or to maintain a precise scientific uniformity; possible differences in tax burdens not shown to be substantial, or which are based on discriminations not shown to be arbitrary or capricious, do not fall within constitutional prohibitions. 286 U.S. at 284
LAWRENCEv. STATE TAX COMM.,286 U.S. 276(1932)
52 S.Ct. 556
LAWRENCE ET AL.v. STATE TAX COMMISSION OF MISSISSIPPI.
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI.
No. 580.
Argued April 18, 1932.
Decided May 16, 1932.
1. A State has constitutional power to tax its own citizens on their net incomes though derived wholly from activities carried on by them outside of the State. P. 281. 2. Domicile in itself establishes a basis for taxation. P. 279. 3. Whether the tax in question is called an excise by the state court or a property tax, is not material in this case, since this Court, in passing on its constitutionality, is concerned only with its practical operation. P. 280. 4. A constitutional question properly raised in a state court may not be evaded by a decision on a non-federal ground that is unsubstantial and illusory. P. 281. 5. Where the discrimination resulting from a statute creating exemptions from a tax is inconsistent with the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the constitutional rights of those not within the exception are infringed when they are taxed and the others are not assessed; and a refusal of the state court to decide the constitutional question, when properly before it, is as much a denial of those rights as an erroneous decision of it would be. P. 282. 6. A state tax on income resulting from activities outside of the State can not be adjudged to violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment merely because it applies to individuals but not to domestic corporations, though in competition with the individuals, in the absence of any showing of relevant local conditions and of how the provisions in question are related to the others by which a permissible divergency of state policy with respect to the taxation of individuals and corporations may be effected. P. 283. 7. The fact that the State has adopted generally a policy of avoiding double taxation of the same economic interest in corporate income,Page 277by taxing either the income of the corporation or the dividends of its stockholders, but not both, may afford a rational basis for excepting domestic corporations from a tax on income derived from extra-state activities which is imposed on individuals. P. 284. 8. The equal protection clause does not require the State to maintain a rigid rule of equal taxation, to resort to close distinctions, or to maintain a precise scientific uniformity; and possible differences in tax burdens not shown to be substantial, or which are based on discriminations not shown to be arbitrary or capricious, do not fall within constitutional prohibitions.Id.162 Miss. 338;137 So. 503, affirmed.
APPEAL from a judgment upholding a state tax in an action to
set aside the assessment.
Mr. Wm. H. Watkinsfor appellants.

The Supreme Court of Mississippi has expressly held the tax in question to be an excise. The construction is binding upon this Court.

The State was without authority to levy an excise on income earned beyond its borders.First National Bankv.Maine,284 U.S. 312;Hans Rees' Sonsv.North Carolina,283 U.S. 123;Farmers Loan Tr. Co. v.Minnesota,280 U.S. 204;Frickv.Pennsylvania,268 U.S. 473;Safe Deposit Trust Co. v.Virginia,280 U.S. 83;St. Louis Cotton Compress Co. v.Arkansas,260 U.S. 346;Shafferv.Carter,252 U.S. 37;New York Life Ins. Co. v.Dodge,246 U.S. 257;ProvidentSavings Societyv.Kentucky,239 U.S. 103;Western Unionv.Kansas,216 U.S. 1;Union Refrigerator Transit Co. v.Kentucky,199 U.S. 194;Delaware, L. W.R. Co. v.Pennsylvania,198 U.S. 341;Louisville J.F. Co. v.Kentucky,188 U.S. 385;Allgeyerv.Louisiana,165 U.S. 517;Cleveland, etc. R. Co. v.Pennsylvania, 15 Wall. 300;Arpinv.Eberhardt, 147 N.W. 1016. See Beale, "Jurisdiction to Tax," in Apr. 1919, Harv. L. Rev.

Since the State can not tax an occupation carried on beyond its borders, it can not tax the income earned inPage 278that occupation, consistently with the Fourteenth Amendment.National Life Ins. Co. v.United States,277 U.S. 508;Gillespiev.Oklahoma,256 U.S. 501;Indian Territory Co. v.Oklahoma,240 U.S. 522. Distinguishing:Maguirev.Trefry,253 U.S. 12. Cf.Hutchinsv.Tax Commissioner,172 N.E. 605;Opinion of the Justices, 149 A. 321.

The income earned and the property with which it was earned were subject to taxation in Tennessee.

The taxing authorities have not attempted to impose any liability upon domestic corporations. Therefore, the Act violates the Fourteenth Amendment.Quaker City Cab Co. v.Pennsylvania,277 U.S. 389.

The following authorities are directly in point:Frostv.Corporation Comm.,278 U.S. 515;Southern Ry. Co. v.Green,216 U.S. 400;Royster Guano Co. v.Virginia,253 U.S. 412;Chalkerv.Railway Co.,249 U.S. 522. See alsoIowa-DesMoines Nat. Bankv.Bennett,284 U.S. 239.

An excise in the form of a tax upon net income must not include income from sources beyond the power of the State to tax.Millerv.Milwaukee,272 U.S. 713;Pacific Co. v.Johnson,285 U.S. 480;Macallen Co. v.Massachusetts,279 U.S. 620;Flintv.Stone-Tracy Co.,220 U.S. 107;Educational Films Corp. v.Ward,282 U.S. 379.Mr. J.A. Lauderdale, Assistant Attorney General of Mississippi, with whomMr. Greek L. Rice, Attorney General, was on the brief, for appellee.
MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal under § 237 of the Judicial Code, from a decree of the Supreme Court of Mississippi,162 Miss. 338;137 So. 503, upholding the Mississippi income tax law [c. 132, Miss. Laws of 1924, as amended in 1928, c. 124, 2 Miss. Code Ann. (1930) 2136], which, as appliedPage 279to appellant, is assailed as infringing the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. Sections 5027 and 5033 of the statute impose an annual tax on the net income of corporations and individuals. But paragraph (b) of § 5033, added by the Act of 1928, provides: "The term gross income does not include . . . (11) Income of a domestic corporation, when earned from sources without this state. . . ."

Appellant, a citizen and resident of Mississippi, brought the present suit to set aside the assessment of a tax upon so much of his net income for 1929 as arose from the construction by him of public highways in the State of Tennessee. The taxing statute was challenged on the ground that in so far as it imposes a tax on income derived wholly from activities carried on outside the state, it deprived appellant of property without due process of law, and that in exempting corporations, which were his competitors, from a tax on income derived from like activities carried on outside the state, it denied to him the equal protection of the laws.

The obligation of one domiciled within a state to pay taxes there, arises from unilateral action of the state government in the exercise of the most plenary of sovereign powers, that to raise revenue to defray the expenses of government and to distribute its burdens equably among those who enjoy its benefits. Hence, domicile in itself establishes a basis for taxation. Enjoyment of the privileges of residence within the state, and the attendant right to invoke the protection of its laws, are inseparable from the responsibility for sharing the costs of government. SeeFidelity Columbia Trust Co. v.Louisville,245 U.S. 54,58;Maguirev.Trefry,253 U.S. 12,14,17;Kirtlandv.Hotchkiss,100 U.S. 491,498;Shafferv.Carter,252 U.S. 37,50. The Federal Constitution imposes on the states no particular modes of taxation, and apart from the specific grant to the federal government of the exclusivePage 280power to levy certain limited classes of taxes and to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, it leaves the states unrestricted in their power to tax those domiciled within them, so long as the tax imposed is upon property within the state or on privileges enjoyed there, and is not so palpably arbitrary or unreasonable as to infringe the Fourteenth Amendment.Kirtlandv.Hotchkiss, supra.

Taxation at the place of domicile of tangibles located elsewhere has been thought to be beyond the jurisdiction of the state,Union Refrigerator Transit Co. v.Kentucky,199 U.S. 194;Frickv.Pennsylvania,268 U.S. 473,488-489; but considerations applicable to ownership of physical objects located outside the taxing jurisdiction, which have led to that conclusion, are obviously inapplicable to the taxation of intangibles at the place of domicile or of privileges which may be enjoyed there. SeeForeign Held Bond Case, 15 Wall. 300, 319;Frickv.Pennsylvania, supra, p. 494. And the taxation of both by the state of the domicile has been uniformly upheld.Kirtlandv.Hotchkiss, supra; Fidelity Columbia Trust Co. v.Louisville, supra; Blodgettv.Silberman,277 U.S. 1;Maguirev.Trefry, supra;compareFarmers Loan Trust Co. v.Minnesota,280 U.S. 204;First National Bankv.Maine,284 U.S. 312.

The present tax has been defined by the Supreme Court of Mississippi as an excise and not a property tax,HattiesburgGrocery Co. v.Robertson,126 Miss. 34;88 So. 4;Knoxv.Gulf, M. N.R. Co.,138 Miss. 70;104 So. 689, but in passing on its constitutionality we are concerned only with its practical operation, not its definition or the precise form of descriptive words which may be applied to it. SeeEducational Films Corp. v.Ward,282 U.S. 379,387;Pacific Co. v.Johnson,285 U.S. 480;Shafferv.Carter, supra, pp. 54-55.

It is enough, so far as the constitutional power of the state to levy it is concerned, that the tax is imposedPage 281by Mississippi on its own citizens with reference to the receipt and enjoyment of income derived from the conduct of business, regardless of the place where it is carried on. The tax, which is apportioned to the ability of the taxpayer to bear it, is founded upon the protection afforded to the recipient of the income by the state, in his person, in his right to receive the income, and in his enjoyment of it when received. These are rights and privileges incident to his domicile in the state and to them the economic interest realized by the receipt of income or represented by the power to control it, bears a direct legal relationship. It would be anomalous to say that although Mississippi may tax the obligation to pay appellant for his services rendered in Tennessee, seeFidelity Columbia TrustCo. v.Louisville, supra; Farmers Loan Trust Co. v.Minnesota, supra, still, it could not tax the receipt of income upon payment of that same obligation. We can find no basis for holding that taxation of the income at the domicile of the recipient is either within the purview of the rule now established that tangibles located outside the state of the owner are not subject to taxation within it, or is in any respect so arbitrary or unreasonable as to place it outside the constitutional power of taxation reserved to the state.Maguirev.Trefry, supra;seeFidelity Columbia Trust Co. v.Louisville, supra.

The Supreme Court of Mississippi found it unnecessary to pass upon the validity of so much of the statute, added by the amendment of 1928, as exempted domestic corporations from the tax on income derived from activities outside the state. It said that if the amendment were valid, appellant could not complain; if invalid, he would still be subject to the tax, since the act which it amended, § 11, c. 132, Laws of 1924, would then remain in full force, and under it individuals and domestic corporations are taxed alike.Knoxv.Gulf, M. N.R. Co., supra.Page 282

But the Constitution, which guarantees rights and immunities to the citizen, likewise insures to him the privilege of having those rights and immunities judicially declared and protected when such judicial action is properly invoked. Even though the claimed constitutional protection be denied on non-federal grounds, it is the province of this Court to inquire whether the decision of the state court rests upon a fair or substantial basis. If unsubstantial, constitutional obligations may not be thus avoided. SeeWardv.Love County,253 U.S. 17,22;Enterprise Irrigation Districtv.Canal Co.,243 U.S. 157,164;Fox River Paper Co. v.Railroad Commission,274 U.S. 651,655. Upon one of the alternative assumptions made by the court, that the amendment is discriminatory, appellant's constitutional rights were infringed when the tax was levied upon him, and state officers acting under the amendment refrained from assessing the like tax upon his corporate competitors. SeeIowa-Des Moines National Bankv.Bennett,284 U.S. 239,246. If the Constitution exacts a uniform application of this tax on appellant and his competitors, his constitutional rights are denied as well by the refusal of the state court to decide the question, as by an erroneous decision of it, seeGreenev.Louisville Interurban R. Co.,244 U.S. 499,508,512etseq.; Smithv.Cahoon,283 U.S. 553,564, for in either case the inequality complained of is left undisturbed by the state court whose jurisdiction to remove it was rightly invoked. The burden does not rest on him to test again the validity of the amendment by some procedure to compel his competitors to pay the tax under the earlier statute.Iowa-Des Moines Nat. Bankv.Bennett, supra, p. 247. SeeCumberland Coal Co. v.Board ofRevision,284 U.S. 23. We therefore conclude that the purported non-federal ground put forward by the state court for its refusal to decide the constitutional question was unsubstantial andPage 283illusory, and that the appellant may invoke the jurisdiction of this Court to decide the question.

The statute relieves domestic corporations from the tax only in so far as their income is derived from activities carried on outside the state. The appellant is thus compelled to pay a tax from which his competitors, if domestic corporations, are relieved, and this, it is urged, is so plainly arbitrary as to infringe the equal protection clause.

But, as there is no constitutional requirement that a system of taxation should be uniform as applied to individuals and corporations, regardless of the circumstances in which it operates, acceptance of this contention would relieve the appellant from the burden which rests on him to overcome the presumption of facts supporting constitutionality, which attaches to all legislative acts, and would require us to assume that there is no state of facts reasonably to be conceived which could afford a rational basis for distinguishing, for taxation purposes, between income of individuals and that of domestic corporations, derived from business carried on without the state.Lindsleyv.Natural Carbonic Gas Co.,220 U.S. 61,78-79;Rastv.Van Deman Lewis Co.,240 U.S. 342,357;O'GormanYoungv.Hartford Fire Ins. Co.,282 U.S. 251,257-258.

What the local conditions are in Mississippi and its neighboring states with respect to businesses like the present, carried on across state lines by individuals and corporations, does not appear. How the statutory provisions now in question are related to others by which a permissible divergence in state policy with respect to the taxation of corporations and of individuals may be effected, is not shown. SeeGeneral AmericanTank Car Corp. v.Day,270 U.S. 367,373;Interstate BussesCorp. v.Blodgett,276 U.S. 245,251;Farmers MechanicsSavings Bankv.Minnesota,232 U.S. 516,529et seq. We cannot say that investigation in these fields would not disclosePage 284a basis for the legislation which would lead reasonable men to conclude that there is just ground for the difference here made. The existence, unchallenged, of differences between the taxation of incomes of individuals and of corporations in every federal revenue act since the adoption of the Sixteenth Amendment, demonstrates that there may be.

Apart from other considerations which may have led to the present legislation as an integral part of the state system of taxation of the income of corporations, one which affords a rational basis for the distinction made, is the fact that the state has adopted generally a policy of avoiding double taxation of the same economic interest in corporate income, by taxing either the income of the corporation or the dividends of its stockholders, but not both. See §§ 5033(a), 5033(b) (11), 5033 (b)(8). In the case of corporate income and dividends attributable to business done outside the state and received by stockholders of domestic corporations, the stockholders are taxed, and not the corporation. That was held inFranklinv.Carter,51 F.2d 345, to be a sufficient ground for upholding a statute of Oklahoma, assailed as denying the equal protection of the laws, which had substantially the same features as the present statute. See alsoConnerv.State,82 N.H. 126,132;130 A. 357. The question presented thus differs from any raised inQuaker City Cab Co. v.Pennsylvania,277 U.S. 389, andRoyster Guano Co. v.Virginia,253 U.S. 412. CompareWhiteRiver Lumber Co. v.Arkansas,279 U.S. 692.

The equal protection clause does not require the state to maintain a rigid rule of equal taxation, to resort to close distinctions, or to maintain a precise scientific uniformity; and possible differences in tax burdens not shown to be substantial or which are based on discriminations not shown to be arbitrary or capricious, do not fall within constitutional prohibitions.Ohio Oil Co. v.Conway,Page 285281 U.S. 146,159;Southwestern Oil Co. v.Texas,217 U.S. 114,121;Brown-Forman Co. v.Kentucky,217 U.S. 563,573;StateBoard of Tax Commissionersv.Jackson,283 U.S. 527,537.Affirmed.

MR. JUSTICE VAN DEVANTER dissents from so much of the opinion as concerns the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.