Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Lawlor v. National Screen Service Corp.

349 U.S. 322

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1955-06-06
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that judgment dismissing previous suit unaccompanied by findings did not bind the parties on any issue
  • recognizing that a previously existing actionable claim or judgment “cannot be given the effect of extinguishing claims which did not even then exist”
  • holding that joinder of alleged antitrust coconspirators was not mandatory “since as joint tort-feasors they were not indispensable parties”
  • recognizing that a course of conduct may frequently give rise to more than a single cause of action
  • holding that a “judgment dismissing the previous suit ‘with prejudice’ bars a later suit on the same cause of action”
  • holding that a lawsuit, dismissed with prejudice pursuant to a settlement agreement “bars a later suit on the same cause of action”
  • holding that this is true “whether the defendants’ conduct be regarded as a 26 series of individual torts or as one continuing tort”
  • holding that antitrust violations that continued after the settlement of the first lawsuit were new causes of action not barred by res judicata even though “both suits involved ‘essentially the same course of wrongful conduct’ ”

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Headnotes

  1. Civil Procedure — Res Judicata Under the doctrine of res judicata, a judgment on the merits in a prior suit involving the same parties or their privies bars a second suit based on the same cause of action; under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, by contrast, such a judgment precludes relitigation of issues actually litigated and determined in the prior suit, regardless of whether the second suit is based on the same cause of action. 349 U.S. 322, 326 (1955)
  2. Civil Procedure — Collateral Estoppel A judgment entered without findings of fact or law does not bind the parties on any issue — such as the legality of exclusive license agreements or their effect on a party's business — that might arise in connection with another cause of action. 349 U.S. at 326-327
  3. Civil Procedure — Res Judicata That two suits involve essentially the same course of wrongful conduct is not decisive of whether they rest on the same cause of action, because a single course of conduct — such as an abatable nuisance — may give rise to more than one cause of action. 349 U.S. at 327-328
  4. Antitrust & Competition Law — Res Judicata — Continuing Conduct and New Violations A prior judgment in an antitrust action does not bar a later suit where the conduct complained of occurred entirely after the prior judgment and the later suit alleges new antitrust violations — such as deliberately slow deliveries and tie-in sales — that were not present in the earlier action, even if the defendants' conduct be regarded as one continuing tort; the prior judgment precludes recovery only on claims arising before its entry and cannot extinguish claims that did not then exist and could not have been sued upon. 349 U.S. at 327-328
  5. Civil Procedure — Res Judicata A combination of facts constituting two or more causes of action at law does not congeal into a single cause of action merely because equitable relief is also sought; a prior judgment is res judicata only as to suits involving the same cause of action, so a plaintiff's failure to press a demand for injunctive relief in the earlier suit does not preclude a later action for damages, particularly given the public interest in vigilant enforcement of the antitrust laws through the private treble-damage action. 349 U.S. at 328-329
  6. Civil Procedure — Res Judicata Defendants who were not parties to the prior suit are not brought within the scope of res judicata by their relationship to the original defendants where they fall outside the orthodox categories of privies, could not have been joined in the prior action because they did not enter the alleged conspiracy until after the judgment, were not indispensable parties as joint tortfeasors, and their liability was not altogether dependent upon the culpability of the prior defendants. 349 U.S. at 329-330
LAWLORv. NATIONAL SCREEN SERVICE,349 U.S. 322(1955)
75 S.Ct. 865
LAWLOR ET AL., TRADING AS INDEPENDENT POSTER EXCHANGE,v. NATIONAL
SCREEN SERVICE CORP. ET AL.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT.
No. 163.
Argued February 9-10, 1955.
Decided June 6, 1955.
In 1942, alleging that the defendants had conspired to establish a monopoly in the distribution of motion picture advertising material, petitioners and others brought an antitrust action for treble damages and injunctive relief against National Screen and three motion picture producers who had granted exclusive licenses to National Screen to manufacture and lease such material. In 1943, pursuant to a settlement made before trial and without any findings of fact or law having been made, that action was dismissed "with prejudice" and sublicenses were granted by National Screen to the plaintiffs. In 1949, petitioners brought a similar action against the same defendants, plus five additional motion picture producers, alleging that settlement of the 1942 suit was merely a device used to perpetuate the conspiracy and monopoly, that the five additional producers had since joined the conspiracy, and that National Screen had deliberately made slow and erratic deliveries under the sublicense in an effort to destroy petitioners' business and had used tie-in sales and other means of exploiting its monopoly power. Petitioners sought damages for only those injuries sustained after the 1943 judgment.Held:The 1949 action was not barred by the 1943 judgment under the doctrine ofres judicata. Pp. 323-330.
(a) Since the 1943 judgment was not accompanied by findings, it did not bind the parties on any issue — such as the legality of the exclusive license agreements or their effect on petitioners' business — which might arise in connection with another cause of action. Pp. 326-327.
(b) Whether the defendants' conduct be regarded as a series of individual torts or as one continuing tort, the two suits were not based on the same cause of action, and the 1943 judgment does not bar the 1949 suit. Pp. 327-328.
(c) A different result is not required by the fact that the 1942 complaint sought, in addition to treble damages, injunctive reliefPage 323which, if granted, would have prevented the illegal acts now complained of. Pp. 328-329.
(d) With respect to the five defendants who were not parties to the 1942 suit, moreover, their relationship to the other defendants was not close enough to bring them within the scope of the doctrine ofres judicata. Pp. 329-330.
211 F.2d 934, reversed.
Francis Andersonargued the cause and filed a brief for petitioners.Louis Nizerargued the cause and filed a brief for the National Screen Service Corporation, respondent.Earl G. Harrisonargued the cause for the Columbia Pictures Corporation et al., respondents. With him on the brief wereWm. A. SchnaderandEdward W. Mullinixfor Loew's Incorporated et al., andLouis J. Goffmanfor Warner Bros. Pictures Distributing Corporation, respondents.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WARREN delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an action to recover treble damages for alleged violation of the federal antitrust laws. The only question presented is whether the action is barred, in the circumstances of the case, under the doctrine ofresjudicata.

Petitioners are engaged in the business of leasing advertising posters to motion picture exhibitors in the Philadelphia area. Such posters, known in the trade as standard accessories, embody copyrighted matter from the motion pictures being advertised. Until recent years, standard accessories could be purchased directly from the motion picture companies themselves. Beginning with Paramount in 1939, however, the eight major producers granted to National Screen Service Corporation the exclusive right to manufacture and distribute various advertisingPage 324materials, including standard accessories as well as specialty accessories and film trailers, for their motion pictures. RKO followed in 1940, Loew's in 1942, Universal in 1944, Columbia in 1945, United Artists and Warner Brothers in 1946, and 20th Century Fox in 1947.

In 1942, together with a number of others in similar businesses, petitioners commenced a treble-damage antitrust action against National Screen and the three producers who had already granted exclusive licenses to National Screen. The complaint alleged that the defendants had conspired to establish a monopoly in the distribution of standard accessories by means of the exclusive licenses and that the plaintiffs' businesses had been injured as a consequence. The complaint also alleged that National Screen was then negotiating with the other major producers to procure similar licenses. In addition to damages, an injunction was sought against the defendants' "illegal acts and practices."

In 1943, prior to any trial, the suit was settled. The basis of the settlement was an agreement by National Screen to furnish the plaintiffs with all standard accessories distributed by National Screen pursuant to its exclusive license agreements with producers, including exclusive license agreements which might be executed in the future. In exchange, the plaintiffs agreed that they would withdraw the suit and that they would pay National Screen for the materials at specified prices. Pursuant to the settlement, the suit was dismissed "with prejudice" by court order. No findings of fact or law were made.

The sublicense was to run three years. In 1946 it was renewed for another five-year term. In 1949, while the sublicense was still in force, petitioners brought the instant action, again seeking treble damages and injunctive relief. Named as defendants — respondents here — werePage 325National Screen, the three producers who were parties to the 1942 suit, and the five producers who licensed National Screen subsequent to the dismissal of the 1942 suit.

In their present complaint, petitioners allege that the settlement of the 1942 suit was merely a device used by the defendants in that case to perpetuate their conspiracy and monopoly. They also allege: that five other producers have joined the conspiracy since 1943; that National Screen has deliberately made slow and erratic deliveries of advertising materials under the sublicense in an effort to destroy petitioners' business; and that for the same purpose National Screen has used tie-in sales and other means of exploiting its monopoly power.1Petitioners seek damages for resulting injuries suffered from August 16, 1943 — in other words, for a period beginning several months after the dismissal of the 1942 complaint.

In 1951, on petitioners' motion for summary judgment, the District Court held that petitioners were entitled to injunctive relief against National Screen because the undisputed facts supported petitioners' claim of unlawful monopoly.2As to the producers, however, the District Court held that conflicting evidence on the issue of conspiracy made a trial necessary.3But in 1953, before any trial was held and before a decree against National Screen could be framed, the defendants moved to dismiss the action on the ground that the 1943 judgment wasres judicata. The District Court, another judge then sitting, granted the motion and the Court of AppealsPage 326for the Third Circuit affirmed.4We granted certiorari because of the importance of the question thus presented in the enforcement of the federal antitrust laws.5

The basic distinction between the doctrines ofresjudicataand collateral estoppel, as those terms are used in this case, has frequently been emphasized.6Thus, under the doctrine ofres judicata, a judgment "on the merits" in a prior suit involving the same parties or their privies bars a second suit based on the same cause of action. Under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, on the other hand, such a judgment precludes relitigation of issues actually litigated and determined in the prior suit, regardless of whether it was based on the same cause of action as the second suit. Recognizing this distinction, the court below concluded that "No question of collateral estoppel by the former judgment is involved because the case was never tried and there was not, therefore, such finding of fact which will preclude the parties to that litigation from questioning the finding thereafter."7Turning then to the doctrine ofres judicata, the court correctly stated the question before it as "whether the plaintiffs in the present suit are suing upon the `same cause of action' as that upon which they sued in 1942 and lost."8The court answered the question in the affirmative on the ground that the two suits were based on "essentially the same course of wrongful conduct."9The courtPage 327acknowledged that "there are some additional allegations, some new acts which the plaintiffs say the defendants have done since the earlier suit" and that "Additional defendants were joined in the 1949 suit," but concluded that "in substance the complaint is the same. . . ."10

It is of course true that the 1943 judgment dismissing the previous suit "with prejudice" bars a later suit on the same cause of action.11It is likewise true that the judgment was unaccompanied by findings and hence did not bind the parties on any issue — such as the legality of the exclusive license agreements or their effect on petitioners' business — which might arise in connection with another cause of action.12To this extent we are in accord with the decision below. We believe, however, that the court erred in concluding that the 1942 and 1949 suits were based on the same cause of action.

That both suits involved "essentially the same course of wrongful conduct" is not decisive. Such a course of conduct — for example, an abatable nuisance — may frequentlyPage 328give rise to more than a single cause of action.13And so it is here. The conduct presently complained of was all subsequent to the 1943 judgment.14In addition, there are new antitrust violations alleged here — deliberately slow deliveries and tie-in sales, among others — not present in the former action. While the 1943 judgment precludes recovery on claims arising prior to its entry, it cannot be given the effect of extinguishing claims which did not even then exist and which could not possibly have been sued upon in the previous case. In the interim, moreover, there was a substantial change in the scope of the defendants' alleged monopoly; five other producers had granted exclusive licenses to National Screen, with the result that the defendants' control over the market for standard accessories had increased to nearly 100%.15Under these circumstances, whether the defendants' conduct be regarded as a series of individual torts or as one continuing tort, the 1943 judgment does not constitute a bar to the instant suit.

This conclusion is unaffected by the circumstance that the 1942 complaint sought, in addition to treble damages, injunctive relief which, if granted, would have prevented the illegal acts now complained of. A combination ofPage 329facts constituting two or more causes of action on the law side of a court does not congeal into a single cause of action merely because equitable relief is also sought. And, as already noted, a prior judgment isres judicataonly as to suits involving the same cause of action.16There is no merit, therefore, in the respondents' contention that petitioners are precluded by their failure in the 1942 suit to press their demand for injunctive relief. Particularly is this so in view of the public interest in vigilant enforcement of the antitrust laws through the instrumentality of the private treble-damage action. Acceptance of the respondents' novel contention would in effect confer on them a partial immunity from civil liability for future violations. Such a result is consistent with neither the antitrust laws nor the doctrine ofres judicata.

With respect to the five defendants who were not parties to the 1942 suit, there is yet a second ground for our decision. The court below held that their relationship to the other defendants was "close enough to bring them all within the scope of the doctrine of res judicata."17With this conclusion, we cannot agree. We need not stop to consider the outer bounds of the rule of privity and allied concepts.18It is sufficient here to point out that the five defendants do not fall within the orthodox categories of privies;19that they could not have been joined in the 1942 case since they did not even enter the alleged conspiracy until after the judgment on which they nowPage 330rely;20that in any event there was no obligation to join them in the 1942 case since as joint tortfeasors they were not indispensable parties;21and that their liability was not "altogether dependent upon the culpability" of the defendants in the 1942 suit.22

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the case is remanded to the District Court for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.Reversed.

MR. JUSTICE HARLAN took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.Page 331
  1. Page 325 "Defendant NATIONAL, illegally and with intent to destroy plaintiff's business, deliberately reduces the rental price of said motion picture talking trailers to exhibitors if said exhibitors, including plaintiff's customers, agree beforehand to purchase or lease for the exploitation of all of their films exhibited, standard accessories and advertising materials directly from the defendant NATIONAL." ↩
  2. Page 32599 F. Supp. 180,188. ↩
  3. Page 325Ibid. ↩
  4. Page 326211 F.2d 934. ↩
  5. Page 326348 U.S. 810. ↩
  6. Page 326E. g., Cromwellv.County of Sac,94 U.S. 351,352-353;UnitedStatesv.Moser,266 U.S. 236,241. See also Restatement, Judgments, §§ 47, 48, 68. The termres judicatais used broadly in the Restatement to cover merger, bar, collateral estoppel, and direct estoppel.Id., c. 3, Introductory Note. ↩
  7. Page 326211 F.2d 934,935. ↩
  8. Page 326Ibid. ↩
  9. Page 326Id., at 936. ↩
  10. Page 327Id., at 936-937. ↩
  11. Page 327United Statesv.Parker,120 U.S. 89,95;United Statesv.International Building Co.,345 U.S. 502,506. ↩
  12. Page 327 SeeUnited Statesv.International Building Co., supra, at 505: "We conclude that the decisions entered by the Tax Court for the years 1933, 1938, and 1939 were only apro formaacceptance by the Tax Court of an agreement between the parties to settle their controversy for reasons undisclosed. There is no showing either in the record or by extrinsic evidence (seeRussellv.Place,94 U.S. 606,608) that the issues raised by the pleadings were submitted to the Tax Court for determination or determined by that court. They may or may not have been agreed upon by the parties. Perhaps, as the Court of Appeals inferred, the parties did agree on the basis for depreciation. Perhaps the settlement was made for a different reason, for some exigency arising out of the bankruptcy proceeding. As the case reaches us, we are unable to tell whether the agreement of the parties was based on the merits or on some collateral consideration." ↩
  13. Page 328 Restatement, Judgments, § 62, Comment g. Antitrust violations are expressly made abatable.15 U.S.C. § 26. ↩
  14. Page 328 Restatement, Judgments, § 62, Comment g. CompareFederalTrade Commissionv.Raladam Co.,316 U.S. 149,150-151. ↩
  15. Page 32899 F. Supp. 180,183-184. The complaint in the 1942 suit alleged that 40% of National Screen's business in standard accessories consisted of standard accessories for the motion pictures of two (Paramount and RKO) of the three defendant producers. The complaint also alleged that 20% to 33% of the plaintiffs' business consisted of standard accessories for the motion pictures of the third defendant producer (Loew's). As to the pertinence of "the percentage of business controlled," seeUnited Statesv.Columbia Steel Co.,334 U.S. 495,527-528. ↩
  16. Page 329 That the same rule is applicable in equity, see Restatement, Judgments, § 46, Comment b;id., § 53, Comment c. ↩
  17. Page 329211 F.2d 934,937. ↩
  18. Page 329 See Restatement, Judgments, c. 4. ↩
  19. Page 329 Restatement, Judgments, § 83, Comment a: "those who control an action although not parties to it . . .; those whose interests are represented by a party to the action . . .; successors in interest . . . ." ↩
  20. Page 330 CompareBruszewskiv.United States,181 F.2d 419(C.A. 3d Cir.), on which both courts below relied. It should also be noted that theBruszewskidecision was an application of collateral estoppel and notres judicataas that term is used here. ↩
  21. Page 330 Restatement, Judgments, § 94. SeeBigelowv.Old DominionCopper Co.,225 U.S. 111,132. ↩
  22. Page 330Id., at 127. ↩