Kananen v. Califano

How later courts describe this case

• an “understanding” about refraining from bidding between two purchasers of timber lots held per se illegal as price-fixing or market division
• courts have some scope for adopting a restricted rather than a literal reading of statute's words when the literal meaning would lead to absurd results
• “ ‘May’ unlike ‘shall,’ is not a word of command, but of permission”