Is Jaquith v. Rowley still good law?

Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Jaquith v. Rowley

Jaquith v. Rowley, 188 U.S. 620 (1903)

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1903-02-23
Topic: general

Mb’. Justice Peckham, after making the foregoing statement of facts, delivered the opinion of the court. This proceeding is governed by the principles decided in Bardes v. Hawarden Bank, 178 U. S. 524; Bryan v.

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Jaquith v. Rowley. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by: 82 opinions

Headnotes

Bankruptcy Law — Jurisdiction A summary petition in the bankruptcy court seeking to compel a party holding funds of the bankrupt to surrender them constitutes an exercise of jurisdiction over an adverse claimant, and section 23(a) and (b) of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898 prohibit such jurisdiction whether it is asserted through a plenary action or a summary application; the method of procedure is immaterial. 188 U.S. at 625–626
Bankruptcy Law — Adverse Claimants A surety who received money from the bankrupt to indemnify him against liability on bail bonds, and whose liability had not been determined and satisfied, is an adverse claimant within the meaning of section 23 of the Bankruptcy Act; to qualify, the claimant need not assert absolute ownership of the property, and the trustee must test the surety's right to retain the money through the procedures that section prescribes rather than by summary proceedings. 188 U.S. at 626
Bankruptcy Law — Summary Power over Property Held Without Adverse Claim The bankruptcy court may, by summary proceedings, order the bankrupt or an agent holding property of the bankrupt who asserts no adverse right or title but merely refuses to surrender possession to deliver the property to the trustee. 188 U.S. at 627–628 (citing *Mueller v. Nugent*, 184 U.S. 1)
Bankruptcy Law — Effect of Proving Claim A creditor's decision to prove her claim in the bankruptcy proceeding does not waive or impair her right to enforce her state-court judgment against the surety on the bankrupt's bail bond, and a creditor who has not proved his claim stands in the same position. 188 U.S. at 629
Bankruptcy Law — Abstention from State-Court Proceedings Judgment creditors of a bankrupt have the right to proceed to judgment in state court and to collect those judgments against the surety on the bankrupt's bail bond, and the bankruptcy court has no power to prevent such proceedings in suits over which the state court has full cognizance. 188 U.S. at 629–630

JAQUITHv. ROWLEY,188 U.S. 620(1903)

23 S.Ct. 369

JAQUITHv. ROWLEY.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF

MASSACHUSETTS.

No. 81.

Argued and submitted November 10, 1902.

Decided February 23, 1903.

One who received money to indemnify him for giving bail bonds for a person subsequently and more than four months thereafter adjudicated a bankrupt, and against whom the judgment creditors in the suits in which he gave the bonds are seeking to enforce execution, holds such money as an adverse claimant within the meaning of section 23aandbof the bankruptcy act of 1898, and the District Court of the United States does not have jurisdiction in a summary proceeding on the petition of the trustee to compel him to turn such money over to the trustee in bankruptcy. It makes no difference as to this question of jurisdiction whether the judgment creditors have or have not proved their claims before the referee in bankruptcy. Such creditors have the right to obtain and enforce their judgments in the state courts.

THE appellant herein was appointed a trustee in bankruptcy by

the United States District Court in Massachusetts on September

18, 1900, and his bond was approved on the 21st of that month.

The bankrupt was duly adjudged such on August 15, 1900, and at

the date of that adjudication there were pending in the Superior

Court of Massachusetts, for Middlesex County, two suits, one of

E.W. Thayer against the bankrupt, in which a bail bond had been

taken on November 14, 1899, and the other a suit of E.F. Flanders

against the bankrupt, in which case a bail bond had also been

taken on that day, and in order to protect the surety, Joseph P.

Silsby, Jr., on the bail bond in each of the two cases, the

bankrupt on the same day deposited in the hands of the surety the

two sums of $148 in the Thayer suit and $125 in the Flanders

suit. These sums were to be held to indemnify the surety in each

case, respectively, if the bankrupt avoided the bail bond. After

the adjudication in bankruptcy these suits proceeded to judgment

in the state court and the plaintiffs took out execution, which

they are seeking to enforce

Page 621

against the surety on the bail bond, but not against the bankrupt

himself.

At the first meeting of the creditors the plaintiff Thayer in

the suit in the state court against the bankrupt appeared in the

bankruptcy court and proved her claim for $150. Flanders, the

plaintiff in the other suit in the state court, did not appear or

prove his claim. After the appointment of the trustee, and

without leave of the bankruptcy court, and without notice to or

the knowledge of the trustee, the plaintiff in each of the two

suits took judgment by default in the state court. Upon learning

of the entry of the judgments the trustee notified the surety not

to pay the money over, and then, in the name of the bankrupt,

petitioned the state court to vacate the judgment and to order

the execution returned, which the state court refused to do, and

thereupon the trustee filed his petition in the District Court of

the United States for the District of Massachusetts against the

plaintiffs in the two suits, their attorney and the surety,

setting up that the prosecution of the suits in the state court

was contrary to the provisions of the bankruptcy act and a

contempt of court, and praying that the plaintiffs and their

attorney be enjoined from collecting the judgments, and that the

surety be enjoined from paying the money in his hands, and that

the parties, plaintiffs in the judgments and their attorney, be

adjudged in contempt, etc. This motion was denied and the

restraining order refused.

The petition was subsequently amended by leave of the court so

as to ask that the plaintiffs and their attorney in the state

suits be enjoined from collecting the judgments or making any

levy under the execution or taking any further proceedings

thereon pending the further and final determination of the court

in bankruptcy upon the petition of the trustee, and also that the

surety, Joseph P. Silsby, Jr., be ordered to pay over to the

trustee the funds deposited in his hands; also that the several

plaintiffs in the state suits be ordered to appear before the

referee in bankruptcy and prove their claims against his estate

and establish their liens, if any, upon the funds paid over to

the trustee by Joseph P. Silsby, Jr. This amended petition

omitted the prayer that the plaintiffs in the suits in the state

court might

Page 622

be adjudged guilty of contempt, etc. Upon the petition as amended

a motion for a rehearing was made and granted, and the appellees

appeared and objected that the court had no jurisdiction in the

matter of the petition, and after argument the court so held and

denied the petition for want of jurisdiction only, and allowed an

appeal to this court.

In dismissing the petition the district judge certified that

the following questions arose before him, namely:

"1. Do the provisions of the second clause of section 23 of

the act of Congress, known as the bankruptcy act of 1898, control

and limit the jurisdiction of the several District Courts of the

United States, so that said courts cannot permanently enjoin a

creditor of the bankrupt whohasproved his debt in the

bankruptcy court, from collecting a judgment recovered in the

state court and from making levy under an execution taken out on

said judgment; and do they limit the jurisdiction of the said

courts so that these courts may not require said creditor to

submit the controversy to their judgment?

"2. Do the provisions of the second clause of section 23 of

the act of Congress, known as the bankruptcy act of 1898, control

and limit the jurisdiction of the several District Courts of the

United States, so that said courts cannot permanently enjoin a

creditor of the bankrupt whohas notproved his debt in the

bankruptcy court, from collecting a judgment recovered in the

state court, and from making levy under execution taken out on

said judgment; and do they limit the jurisdiction of the said

courts so that these courts may not require said creditor to

submit the controversy to their judgment?

"3. Do the provisions of the second clause of section 23 of

the act of Congress, known as the bankruptcy act of 1898, control

and limit the jurisdiction of the several District Courts of the

United States over controversies between the trustee and a third

person in the possession of property alleged to belong to the

bankrupt, it being also alleged that said third person has no

beneficial interest in the said property, but has the sole duty

of paying or delivering it over in settlement of the debts of the

bankrupt?

"4. Can the District Court of the United States entertain

Page 623

jurisdiction of proceedings on petition by a trustee in

bankruptcy to recover property alleged to belong to the bankrupt,

but held under a claim or lien or security by the bankrupt's

creditor, or by third parties for the benefit of said creditors?

"5. Can the District Court for the District of Massachusetts

take jurisdiction over this suit as it now stands on record?"

Submitted byMr. Harry J. Jaquith, in person, for appellant.

Argued byMr. Clarence W. Rowley, in person, for appellees.

MR. JUSTICE PECKHAM, after making the foregoing statement of facts, delivered the opinion of the court.

This proceeding is governed by the principles decided inBardesv.Hawarden Bank,178 U.S. 524;Bryanv.Bernheimer,181 U.S. 188, andMuellerv.Nugent,184 U.S. 1.

The objection that it is not a suit within the meaning of the twenty-third section of the bankruptcy law is without force. The proceeding was a summary application to the court in bankruptcy to grant an order in a matter, the result of the granting of which would be to immediately take from the surety moneys which had been deposited with him before the commencement of the proceedings in bankruptcy, and thus compel him to come into the bankruptcy court for the litigation of questions as to his right to retain the money claimed by him. It would also enjoin the plaintiffs in the state suits from proceeding to collect their judgments from the surety in the bail bonds. To extend such a jurisdiction over an adverse claimant would be within the prohibition of section 23,aandb, whether such jurisdiction were exerted by an action strictly so-called or by a summary application to the court in bankruptcy. It is the exercise of jurisdiction which the section prohibits, and the particular method of procedure in the court is immaterial. The surety in whose hands the money was deposited to indemnify him for his liability on the bail bond was an adverse claimant within the meaning of that section of the act, and could not be proceededPage 624against in the bankruptcy court unless by his consent, as provided for therein. It is not necessary in order to be an adverse claimant that the surety should claim to be the absolute owner of the property in his possession. It is sufficient if, as in the present case, the money was deposited with him to indemnify him for his liability upon the bail bond and that liability had not been determined and satisfied. If the trustee desire to test the question of the right of the surety to retain the money he must do so in accordance with the provisions of the section of the bankrupt law above referred to.Bryanv.Bernheimer, 181 U.S.supra, does not, so far as the question here involved is concerned, touch or limit the decision inBardesv.Hawarden Bank, 178 U.S.supra.

InMuellerv.Nugent,184 U.S. 1, it was claimed that where property of a bankrupt came into the hands of a third party before the filing of the petition in bankruptcy, as the agent of the bankrupt, and to which the agent asserted no adverse claim, the bankruptcy court, nevertheless, had no power by summary proceedings to compel the surrender of the property to the trustee in bankruptcy duly appointed. In regard to this claim it was said by the court, through Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, as follows:

"In other words, the question reduces itself to this: Has the bankruptcy court the power to compel the bankrupt, or his agent, to deliver up money or other assets of the bankrupt, in his possession or that of some one for him, on petition and rule to show cause? Does a mere refusal by the bankrupt or his agent so to deliver up oblige the trustee to resort to a plenary suit in the Circuit Court or a state court, as the case may be? If it be so, the grant of jurisdiction to cause the estates of bankrupts to be collected, and to determine controversies relating thereto, would be seriously impaired, and, in many respects, rendered practically inefficient. The bankruptcy court would be helpless indeed if the bare refusal to turn over could conclusively operate to drive the trustee to an action to recover as for an indebtedness, or a conversion, or to proceedings in chancery, at the risk of the accompaniments of delay, complication,Page 625and expense, intended to be avoided by the simpler methods of the bankrupt law.

* * * * * * * *

"The position now taken amounts to no more than to assert that a mere refusal to surrender constitutes an adverse holding in fact and therefore an adverse claim when the petition was filed, and to that we cannot give our assent.

* * * * * * * *

"In this case, however, respondent asserted no right or title to the property before the referee, and the circumstances under which he held possession must be accepted as found by the referee and the District Court.

* * * * * * * *

"In the case before us, William T. Nugent held this money as the agent of his father, the bankrupt, and without any claim of adverse interest in himself. If it was competent to deal with Davidson, the assignee in the case ofBryanv.Bernheimer, by summary proceedings, William T. Nugent could be dealt with in the same way."

In other words,Nugent'scase simply holds that, where the agent held money belonging to the bankrupt, to which he made no claim, but simply refused to give up the property, which he acknowledged belonged to the bankrupt, the bankruptcy court had power, by summary proceedings, to order him to deliver such property to the trustee in bankruptcy.

The case before us is wholly different. The surety claims the right to hold the money as against everybody until his liability on the bail bond is satisfied, and that claim is adverse to any claim that the trustee may make upon him for the money which is to indemnify him as stated.

There is no difference between the two plaintiffs in the state court on account of one having proved her claim in bankruptcy and the other having failed so to do. She did not waive her claim against the surety in the bail bond even by implication, but, on the contrary, stated that she intended to retain the same.

If the trustee has the right to obtain possession of the money from the surety, he must assert it in accordance with the provisionsPage 626of section 23 of the bankruptcy act and not by this summary proceeding in bankruptcy.

The plaintiffs in the suits in the state court had the right to proceed to judgment in that court and to collect their judgments against the surety on the bail bond, and the court in bankruptcy had no power to prevent such proceedings in suits over which the state court had full cognizance.Eysterv.Gaff,91 U.S. 521, cited inBardesv.Hawarden Bank, supra.

Our conclusion is that the District Court was without jurisdiction in the matter submitted to it in the petition of the trustee, and its decree dismissing such petition for want of jurisdiction is, therefore,Affirmed.