Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Husty v. United States

282 U.S. 694

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1931-02-24
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • "prompt attempt . . . to escape when hailed by the officers," when coupled with other suspicious evidence, ripened into probable cause
  • "prompt attempt of (defendant's) companions to escape when hailed by the officers" contributed to establish probable cause for his arrest
  • probable cause did exist where officers had knowledge of defendant’s criminal history, observed his companions attempt to flee when told to stop and, in addition, were informed by reliable informant that vehicle contained contraband
  • to show probable cause, "[i]t is enough if the apparent facts which have come to his [the officer's] attention are sufficient, in the circumstances, to lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe" that a crime has been committed
  • “In such circumstances, we do not think the officers should be required to speculate upon the c[h]ances of successfully carrying out the search, after the delay and withdrawal from the scene of one or more officers which would have been necessary to procure a warrant.”
  • “It is enough [for an officer] if the apparent facts which have come to his 7 attention are sufficient, in the circumstances, to lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe that liquor is illegally possessed in the automobile to be searched.”
  • "whiskey bags” found in car

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Husty v. United States. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
447 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Criminal Law & Procedure — Fourth Amendment The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless search of an automobile for liquor illegally transported or possessed where the search is supported by probable cause; an arrest for the transportation or possession need not precede the search. 282 U.S. at 700
  2. Criminal Law & Procedure — Probable Cause To establish probable cause for a warrantless search, the officer need not have legal evidence of the suspected act before him; it is enough that the apparent facts within his knowledge are sufficient in the circumstances to lead a reasonably discreet and prudent person to believe that liquor is illegally possessed in the automobile to be searched. 282 U.S. at 700
  3. Criminal Law & Procedure — Probable Cause An officer has reasonable grounds to believe that liquor illegally possessed will be found in an automobile where he acts on information he reasonably believes reliable that a person known to him to have been engaged in the illegal liquor traffic possessed liquor in an automobile of particular description and location, and he then finds the automobile at the indicated place in that person's control, and the person's companions attempt to escape when hailed by the officers. 282 U.S. at 701
  4. Criminal Law & Procedure — Warrants A warrantless automobile search is not unreasonable merely because sufficient time elapsed between the officer's receipt of information and the search to have enabled him to procure a warrant, since the officer could not know when the suspect would come to the car or how soon it would be removed. 282 U.S. at 701
  5. Criminal Law & Procedure — Indictment An indictment that names a time and a place within the jurisdiction of the court and charges the transportation of intoxicating liquor as a first offense and possession of intoxicating liquor is not invalid for failure to state more specifically the amount of the liquor and the time and place of the offenses; such a failure furnishes at most ground for a bill of particulars. 282 U.S. at 702
  6. Criminal Law & Procedure — National Prohibition Act The Jones Act, which increased the penalties for the illegal manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, or exportation of intoxicating liquor, added no new criminal offense to those enumerated and defined in the National Prohibition Act and therefore added nothing to the material allegations required to be set out in indictments for those offenses. 282 U.S. at 702
  7. Criminal Law & Procedure — Sentencing The proviso of the Jones Act declaring the intent of Congress that the court discriminate between casual or slight violations and habitual sales of intoxicating liquor or attempts to commercialize violations of the law is only a guide to the discretion of the court in imposing the increased sentences for those offenses for which an increased penalty is authorized by the Act. 282 U.S. at 702
  8. Criminal Law & Procedure — Sentencing The maximum penalty for illegal possession of intoxicating liquor under § 29 of the National Prohibition Act was not increased by the Jones Act, because illegal possession is not one of the offenses enumerated in the Jones Act for which increased penalties are provided. 282 U.S. at 703
  9. Criminal Law & Procedure — Sentencing Possession of intoxicating liquor in connection with its illegal transportation does not in itself necessarily justify a heavy sentence under the Jones Act for the illegal transportation, and does not necessarily justify such a sentence where the defendant has a former conviction for illegal possession only. 282 U.S. at 703
HUSTYv. UNITED STATES,282 U.S. 694(1931)
51 S.Ct. 240
HUSTY ET AL.v. UNITED STATES.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT.
No. 477.
Argued January 22, 1931.
Decided February 24, 1931.
1. The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the search, without warrant, of an automobile, for liquor illegally transported or possessed, if the search is upon probable cause; and arrest for the transportation or possession need not precede the search. P. 700.Page 6952. To show probable cause it is not necessary that the arresting officer should have had before him legal evidence of the suspected act. It is enough if the apparent facts which have come to his attention are sufficient, in the circumstances, to lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe that liquor is illegally possessed in the automobile to be searched. P. 700. 3. Acting on information, reasonably believed by him to be reliable, that one of the defendants herein, known to him to have been engaged in the illegal liquor traffic, possessed liquor in an automobile of particular description and location, a prohibition officer went to the place and found the automobile and the defendant in company with others, who, upon being hailed by the officer, tried to escape.Held:(1) That there were reasonable grounds for the officer's belief that liquor illegally possessed would be found in the car. P. 701. (2) The search was not unreasonable because sufficient time elapsed between the receipt by the officer of the information and the search of the car to have enabled him to procure a search warrant, since he could not know how soon the defendant would come to the car or how soon it would be removed. P. 701. 4. Rulings of the trial court excluding questions seeking to establish the name and identity of one who gave information to a prohibition officer upon which he based a search of defendant's automobile, are not considered here because not assigned as error and, so far as appears, not presented or passed upon, in the Court of Appeals. P. 701. 5. Where an indictment charged the transportation of intoxicating liquor, as a first offense by two defendants, and in another count, possession of intoxicating liquor as a first offense by one of them and as a third offense by the other, naming in each count a time and place within the jurisdiction of the court,held, that failure to state more specifically the amount of the liquor, and the time and place of the offenses, did not affect the validity of the indictment, but at most furnished ground for demanding a bill of particulars. P. 702. 6. The Act of March 2, 1929, known as the Jones Act, which increased the penalty for illegal manufacture, sale, etc., of intoxicating liquor, with the proviso "that it is the intent of Congress that the court, in imposing sentence hereunder, should discriminate between casual or slight violations and habitual sales of intoxicating liquor, or attempts to commercialize violations of the law," added no new criminal offense to those enumerated and defined in the National ProhibitionPage 696Act, and therefore added nothing to the material allegations required to be set out in indictments for those offenses. P. 702. 7. The proviso mentioned is only a guide to the discretion of the court in imposing the increased sentences for those offenses for which an increased penalty is authorized by the Act. P. 702. 8. The maximum penalty for illegal possession of intoxicating liquor, under § 29 of the National Prohibition Act, was not increased by the Jones Act. P. 703. 9. Possession of intoxicating liquor in connection with its illegal transportation does not in itself justify a heavy sentence under the Jones Act for the illegal transportation, and does not necessarily justify such a sentence, when there has been a former conviction for illegal possession only. P. 703.
CERTIORARI,post, p. 831, to review conviction on two
counts, for unlawful possession and for unlawful transportation
of intoxicating liquor. Reversed.
Mr. Harold A. Kesler, with whomMessrs. John B. McMahonandPercy F. Parrottwere on the brief, for petitioners.

The search was unlawful and the evidence should have been suppressed.Skellyv.United States,37 F.2d 503;UnitedStates, v.Solomon,33 F.2d 193;Carrollv.UnitedStates,267 U.S. 132,147;United Statesv.Setaro,37 F.2d 134;Peoplev.Margelis,217 Mich. 423;United Statesv.Lukas,35 F.2d 599.

The indictment is bad for uncertainty; neither count specifies the place, the time, the liquor transported and possessed, or the amount thereof.Skellyv.United States,37 F.2d 503;McElvoguev.United States,40 F.2d 889;Gurerav.United States,40 F.2d 338;Sappv.United States,35 F.2d 580.

The indictment does not invoke the Jones law. Cf.UnitedStatesv.Kent,36 F.2d 401. Defendants are not informed as to whether the charge against them is a felony or a misdemeanor, nor whether they were charged with a casual or slight violation, or with habitual sales and attempts to commercialize violations of the law.Page 697

If the issues raised by the proviso of the Jones Act should be included in the indictment, then the issue should be presented to the jury and should be included in the charge of the court.United Statesv.Kent,36 F.2d 401;United Statesv.Setaro,37 F.2d 134;McElvoguev.United States,40 F.2d 889;Gurerav.United States,40 F.2d 338.

Concerning the sentence:United Statesv.Setaro, supra;Cissonv.United States,37 F.2d 330;Rossv.UnitedStates,37 F.2d 557;McElvoguev.United States, supra;Gurerav.United States, supra; Bradyv.United States,39 F.2d 312;United Statesv.Farrar,281 U.S. 624.Mr. Amos W.W. Woodcock, with whomSolicitor GeneralThacher, Assistant Attorney General YoungquistandMessrs.Claude R. Branch, Special Assistant to the Attorney General,Mahlon D. Kiefer, andW. Marvin Smithwere on the brief, for the United States.

The arrest and search and seizure were upon probable cause.Carrollv.United States,267 U.S. 132;Bradyv.UnitedStates, 300 F. 540;United Statesv.Lukas,35 F.2d 599. See alsoAshv.United States, 299 F. 277;Parkv.United States, 294 F. 776, 782-783.

The indictment alleges the unlawful transportation, in a specified kind of automobile, and the unlawful possession of, intoxicating liquor fit for use for beverage purposes, to-wit, whiskey, on December 10, 1929, in Grand Rapids, Kent County, Michigan, within the jurisdiction of the court. The petitioners' objection is that the indictment does not specify the amount of the liquor, nor the time when or the place where it was illegally transported and possessed. We submit that the indictment contained all the essential elements of the offenses averred and duly informed petitioners of the charges against them. SeeGurerav.United States,40 F.2d 338;Jacobsv.UnitedStates,24 F.2d 890;Leonardv.United States,Page 69818 F.2d 208;Myersv.United States,15 F.2d 977;Hovermalev.United States,5 F.2d 586;Panev.UnitedStates,2 F.2d 855. The allegation that the offenses took place within the jurisdiction of the court is sufficient. Further information could have been supplied by a bill of particulars but it was not asked for.Durlandv.United States,161 U.S. 306,315. If at any time they should find it necessary to plead the record and conviction in bar of another prosecution, the time and place, as well as the amount of liquor involved, may be shown by other proof. SeeDunbarv.United States,156 U.S. 185,191.

The proviso to the Jones Act defines no new crime, but merely cautions the court to exercise a judicial discretion in the imposition of sentences.Rossv.United States,37 F.2d 557, certiorari denied,281 U.S. 767;United Statesv.Kent,36 F.2d 401. See alsoMcElvoguev.United States, in which this Court denied certiorari.

The trial court had power under the Jones Act to impose a sentence for transportation of imprisonment not to exceed five years and a fine not to exceed $10,000. There was a general verdict of guilty, and the sentences imposed were general sentences which did not exceed those which might have been imposed under the first count. SeeAbramsv.United States,250 U.S. 616,619;United Statesv.Trenton Potteries,273 U.S. 392,401-402. Obviously, the proviso that Congress intended the court to use discrimination in imposing sentences was not intended as a limitation upon the power of the court. If the sentences were within the discretion of the trial court, petitioners' only recourse is to the executive. The court in imposing the sentences no doubt took into consideration the evidence in the case. SeeRossv.United States,37 F.2d 557.Page 699
MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.
Petitioners were convicted in the District Court for Western Michigan upon two counts of an indictment, the first for transporting, and the second for possessing, intoxicating liquors in violation of the National Prohibition Act. They had been apprehended while in an automobile, and arrested without warrant. The officers had searched the automobile, without warrant, and found a quantity of intoxicating liquor, which they had seized. A motion by petitioners to suppress the use as evidence of the information thus acquired, on the ground that the arrest and the search and seizure were illegal, was denied. Each count of the indictment set forth a single offense; and the second, that for possession, alleged two prior convictions of petitioner Husty for unlawful possession. Petitioners were sentenced generally on the indictment, without reference to either count, Husty to five years' imprisonment and to pay a fine of $3000, and Laurel to imprisonment for one year and six months.

In the course of the proceedings before the District Court, petitioners, by appropriate motions and exceptions, challenged the correctness of the order denying the motion to suppress evidence; the sufficiency of the indictment; and the legality of the sentences, the last on the grounds that they were not authorized by the Jones Act of March 2, 1929, c. 473,45 Stat. 1446, and exceeded the maximum penalties which could be imposed under § 29 of the National Prohibition Act.

The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, without opinion, affirmed the convictions under both counts and held the sentences to be supported by the convictions upon the second count — that for possession — alone. This Court granted certiorari, on a petition which asked review of the rulings of the District Court which have beenPage 700mentioned, the government opposing on the ground, among others, that the sentences were proper under the possession count.

1. In the proceeding to suppress evidence, one of the prohibition officers who made the arrest testified that he had known Husty to be a "bootlegger" for a number of years before the arrest, and had arrested him in 1922 and 1928 for violations of the National Prohibition Act, both arrests resulting in conviction and the second in imprisonment. On the day of petitioners' arrest, the witness had received information over the telephone that Husty had two loads of liquor in automobiles of a particular make and description, parked in particular places on named streets. The witness was well acquainted with his informant, having known him for about eight years, and had come in frequent contact with him in business and socially. The same person had given similar information to the witness before, which had always been found to be reliable. The officer believed the information, and, acting upon it, found one of the cars described, at the point indicated, and unattended. Later, petitioners and a third man entered the car. Husty had started it when he was stopped by the officers. Laurel and the third man fled, and the latter escaped. The officers, believing that the car contained intoxicating liquor, searched it, and found eighteen cases of whiskey.

The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the search, without warrant, of an automobile, for liquor illegally transported or possessed, if the search is upon probable cause; and arrest for the transportation or possession need not precede the search.Carrollv.United States,267 U.S. 132. We think the testimony which we have summarized is ample to establish the lawfulness of the present search. To show probable cause it is not necessary that the arresting officer should have had before himPage 701legal evidence of the suspected illegal act.Dumbrav.UnitedStates,268 U.S. 435,441;Carrollv.United States, supra. It is enough if the apparent facts which have come to his attention are sufficient, in the circumstances, to lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe that liquor is illegally possessed in the automobile to be searched. SeeDumbrav.United States, supra; Staceyv.Emery97 U.S. 642,645.

Here the information, reasonably believed by the officer to be reliable, that Husty, known to him to have been engaged in the illegal traffic, possessed liquor in an automobile of particular description and location; the subsequent discovery of the automobile at the point indicated, in the control of Husty; and the prompt attempt of his two companions to escape when hailed by the officers, were reasonable grounds for his belief that liquor illegally possessed would be found in the car. The search was not unreasonable because, as petitioners argue, sufficient time elapsed between the receipt by the officer of the information and the search of the car to have enabled him to procure a search warrant. He could not know when Husty would come to the car or how soon it would be removed. In such circumstances we do not think the officers should be required to speculate upon the chances of successfully carrying out the search, after the delay and withdrawal from the scene of one or more officers which would have been necessary to procure a warrant. The search was, therefore, on probable cause, and not unreasonable; and the motion to suppress the evidence was rightly denied.Carrollv.United States, supra.

In the course of the hearing on the motion, questions by petitioners seeking to establish the name and identity of the officer's informant, were excluded. Petitioners ask review of these rulings on the evidence, but we do not consider them, since they were not assigned as error on the appealPage 702to the Court of Appeals, and it does not appear that they were presented or passed upon there.Duignanv.United States,274 U.S. 195,200.

2. The indictment is in the form authorized by § 32 of the National Prohibition Act. It charges the transportation of intoxicating liquor as a first offense by both petitioners, and possession as a first offense by Laurel, and as a third offense by Husty, at a named time, and at a place within the jurisdiction of the court. Failure to state more specifically the amount of the liquor, and the time and place of the offenses charged, does not affect the validity of the indictment. It was at most ground for a bill of particulars if timely application had been made. SeeDurlandv.United States,161 U.S. 306,315.

It is urged that the indictment is defective, because it fails to state whether the offenses charged were felonies or misdemeanors, and whether the petitioners were charged with casual or slight violations, or habitual sales of intoxicating liquor, or attempts to commercialize violations of the law, which, petitioners argue, were made new or aggravated offenses by the Jones Act.

But the Jones Act created no new crime. It increased the penalties for "illegal manufacture, sale, transportation, importation or exportation," as defined by § 1, Title II of the National Prohibition Act, to a fine not exceeding $10,000, or imprisonment not exceeding five years, or both, and added as a proviso, "that it is the intent of Congress that the court, in imposing sentence hereunder, should discriminate between casual or slight violations and habitual sales of intoxicating liquor, or attempts to commercialize violations of the law." As the Act added no new criminal offense to those enumerated and defined in the National Prohibition Act, it added nothing to the material allegations required to be set out in indictments for those offenses. The proviso is only aPage 703guide to the discretion of the court in imposing the increased sentences for those offenses for which an increased penalty is authorized by the Act. SeeRossv.United States,37 F.2d 557; certiorari denied,281 U.S. 767.McElvoguev.United States,40 F.2d 889; certiorari denied,post.

3. The sentence imposed on each of the petitioners exceeded the maximum penalty for illegal possession under § 29 of the National Prohibition Act, which is, for a first offense, $500 fine, and for a third offense, "not less than $500" fine and not more than two years' imprisonment. As illegal possession is not one of the offenses enumerated in the Jones Act for which increased penalties are provided, and as the sentences imposed exceed any authorized by § 29 of the National Prohibition Act, the court below was in error in holding that they were supported by convictions on the second count, that for possession.

Since the convictions were upheld under the first count, sentences under the Jones Act were authorized, transportation being one of the offenses enumerated in that Act. But the possession alleged in the second count was not in itself necessarily an aggravation of the transportation charge which would warrant heavy sentences under the Jones Act as to either petitioner, and could not be as to Laurel, who, so far as the evidence shows, was a first offender both as to the transportation and possession. While the District Court may have had before it facts other than those appearing of record which it was entitled to consider in imposing sentence under the Jones Act, we think, in view of the confusion which has arisen with respect to the propriety of the sentences under the possession count, that the District Court should be afforded an opportunity in its discretion to resentence the petitioners in the view of the applicable statutes, as stated.Page 704

The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded to the District Court for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.Reversed.