Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Hardt v. Heidweyer
152 U.S. 547
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1894-04-02
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- noting that “the rule of causation implies some other sequence than that of time”
- “Post hoc, propter hoc, is not, however, sufficient, and the rule of causation implies some other sequence than that of time.”
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Hardt v. Heidweyer. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 64 opinions
HARDT v. HEIDWEYER,152 U.S. 547(1894)
14 S.Ct. 671
HARDTv. HEIDWEYER.
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN
DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS.
No. 268.
Submitted March 13, 1894.
Decided April 2, 1894.
The facts as stated in this bill and its amendment are as follows: The plaintiffs were judgment creditors of the defendants Heidweyer Stieglitz, a firm doing business in Chicago from July, 1875, to October 15, 1884. As early as January 1, 1884, the latter were hopelessly insolvent, their liabilities exceeding even their nominal assets, as they well knew. By the assistance of friends, however, they were enabled to keep up the appearance of doing business until October. Early in September they ascertained and determined definitely that they must fail, make a general disposition of their property among their creditors, and go out of business. At that time their indebtedness amounted to about $240,000, their assets to about $150,000, of which $125,000 was the value of their merchandise, and $25,000 that of their bills receivable and open accounts. Among other creditors were the following parties to whom Heidweyer Stieglitz claimed was due at the time the sums set opposite to their names:Page 549
"National Bank of Illinois ............ $12,000 00 Siegmund Florsheim ................... 2,628 00 Julius Heimann ....................... 5,000 00 Julius Heimann, administrator ........ 5,000 00 Florsheim Brothers ................... 5,000 00 Philip Florsheim ..................... 9,000 00 Simon Florsheim ...................... 5,000 00 Herman Hahlo ......................... 2,500 00 Hahlo, Stieglitz Co. ............... 2,086 56"
In fact, the true amount due to such parties was much less than the sums so named. In addition to this, the defendant Siegmund Florsheim was liable, as they pretended, as endorser on their commercial paper for the sum of $22,925.
It was their duty — so the bill avers — in view of their financial condition, under the policy of the assignment law of Illinois, to make in due form a general assignment to some person of all their property for the benefit of their creditors, and without any preferences; but instead of doing this they consulted with counsel as to the best means to prefer the creditors above named. On September 16, by the advice of such counsel, they executed certain judgment notes, payable on demand to the parties, and for amounts as follows:
"National Bank of Illinois ............ $12,000 00 Siegmund Florsheim ................... 41,553 50 Florsheim Brothers ................... 5,000 00 Philip Florsheim ..................... 9,000 00"
On the note in favor of Siegmund Florsheim, $16,000 was subsequently credited as paid. On October 13 they executed further judgment notes, payable on demand, as follows:
"Julius Heimann, two notes, each ..... $5,000 00 Simon Florsheim ..................... 5,000 00 H. Hahlo Co. ...................... 2,500 00 Hahlo, Stieglitz Co. .............. 2,086 56"
On October 15 the counsel above referred to, acting for bothPage 550the creditors and the debtors, caused judgments to be entered upon said notes in the Superior Court of Cook County, Illinois, in favor of the creditors for the amounts of principal and interest and attorneys' fees, the attorneys' fees amounting in all the cases to the sum of $3564.04. Immediately after the entry of such judgments executions were issued thereon to the sheriff of Cook County, who levied upon the stock of merchandise of said firm of Heidweyer Stieglitz, being all the tangible property of which they were possessed, and of the value of $125,000. Of this merchandise about $8500 was replevied from the sheriff before the sale, and the remainder sold at great sacrifice, producing only $65,537.38, which sum was applied upon the executions, leaving a small balance due upon most of them. The only property of value which the said Heidweyer Stieglitz, on October 15, possessed other than the stock of merchandise, were certain bills receivable, of the value of about $18,000, and certain accounts receivable, of the value of about $6000. It is charged "that as a part of the same scheme of preference said Heidweyer Stieglitz assigned and delivered said bills and accounts receivable to the defendant Simon Florsheim in trust to collect the same for the benefit of said judgment creditors as to the amounts remaining unpaid on their aforesaid judgments, and for the benefit of himself as to a claim of thirteen hundred dollars due to him by said Norbert Stieglitz individually, the surplus, if any, to be returned to said Heidweyer Stieglitz; so that, out of said accounts and bills receivable so assigned and out of said replevied goods subsequently surrendered or paid for, said defendant's judgment creditors as aforesaid have received the amounts of their judgments and interest and said attorneys' fees in full. Said defendant, Simon Florsheim, has received payment in full of his claim against the defendant Norbert Stieglitz, as aforesaid, and the entire scheme originally devised by and between said Heidweyer Stieglitz and said judgment creditors has been successfully accomplished, and all the property of said defendants, Heidweyer Stieglitz, has been appropriated to prefer said creditors to the exclusion of all others." And that all these "judgment notes,Page 551judgments entered thereon, executions issued, levies and sales thereunder, transfers, assignments, and other dispositions of all their property, . . . are in effect but one instrument and one transaction, and, taken together, constitute a general assignment for the benefit of creditors," and "were all entered into and consummated in pursuance of a conspiracy between the parties thereto to defraud the other creditors of said Heidweyer Stieglitz."
It is further charged "that while it is true that all the transactions aforesaid constitute an assignment for the benefit of creditors, yet said assignment is fraudulent and void as to creditors, in this, that said judgment notes were purposely given for sums greater than was due the payees thereof respectively at the time they were so given; that the sum provided in said judgment notes for attorneys' fees, being thirty-five hundred and sixty-four 4/100 dollars, and which was included in said judgments confessed and thereafter collected thereon, was so inserted in said instruments with actual intent to hinder, delay, and defraud the creditors of said Heidweyer Stieglitz, and actually has defrauded them, whereby said notes, judgments, and everything that was done under them became wholly fraudulent and void as to the creditors of said Heidweyer Stieglitz, and in that all of said transactions constituting such assignment were conceived and executed from beginning to end with the sole and only purpose of defrauding the law and defrauding all the creditors not intended to be protected thereby, including your orators."
The amendment was intended to cover the objection of laches, and its allegations in respect thereto are as follows:
"And your orators further represent that at the time of the several transactions hereinbefore mentioned they were and ever since have been residents of the city of New York, and that the judgment creditors aforesaid, who were defendants to this bill, were and now are residents of the city of Chicago; that immediately after the entry of the judgments aforesaid, your orators caused an investigation to be made as to the genuineness of the indebtedness represented by said judgments and the good faith of the judgment creditors in having themPage 552entered and enforced in the manner set forth herein; that it was upon such investigation given out, represented, and stated to your orators by each of said judgment creditors, defendants herein, that their said judgments were for full value and were entered aggressively by them for the sole purpose of realizing the moneys due them respectively, and that they did so without the knowledge, privity, or procurement of the debtors themselves, and said debtors then stated that they had still a large amount of property remaining in their hands in the form of book accounts and bills receivable, applicable to the payment of their other debts, and that they proposed to convert the same and apply the proceeds thereof to such payment as soon as possible.
"Relying upon which statements and believing the same to be true, your orators refrained for a considerable time to take legal measures to collect the large indebtedness due them in the belief also that the transactions as to said judgments werebonafideand having no knowledge or information of any fact tending to show that they constituted, constructively, an assignment for the equal benefit of all creditors.
"A long time afterwards and within, to wit, less than one month from the time of bringing this suit, your orators for the first time learned not only that said judgments covered and took all the tangible property of said Heidweyer Stieglitz, but that the entry thereof was procured by them for the express purpose of preferring said judgment creditors, and that at the same time they transferred all their remaining property to a trustee for the benefit of creditors, as heretofore in this bill alleged, thereby creating an assignment, as herein alleged."
The relief sought for was as follows: "That the several judgment notes, judgments confessed theron, executions, levies, and sales thereunder, transfer of bills and accounts receivable, and all other transactions had and done by and between said Heidweyer Stieglitz and said preferred creditors and hereinbefore referred to be adjudged to constitute a voluntary assignment for the benefit of the creditors of said Heidweyer Stieglitz with preferences; that the preferences be declared void; that said preferred creditors be held chargeable and bePage 553charged and decreed to account jointly and severally as assignees and trustees for all the property which has come to their hands or possession or to the hands or possession of any of them by virtue of any of the transactions related herein; that said assignees and trustee be removed and a receiver appointed, to whom they shall be decreed to account for the same at its true market value and not for the amount they may have realized out of it; that the fund so to be realized, if it shall appear to the court that said assignment is not altogether void, shall be distributed ratably among your orators and all the creditors of said debtors under the direction of the court, excluding from the distribution, however, and postponing the creditors guilty of the frauds aforesaid until all others are fully paid; but if it shall appear to the court, by reason of the frauds alleged, that said assignment is altogether fraudulent and void as to creditors, then that said fund be paid in satisfaction of the judgment or your orators and of all other creditors who may be entitled, and that the complainants may have such other and further relief as may be just."
I. None of the objections raised by the special demurrers warranted the dismissal of the bill.a. Appellants were not guilty of laches.Kilbournv.Sunderland,130 U.S. 505;Meaderv.Norton, 11 Wall. 442;Michoudv.Girod, 4 How. 503;Sheldonv.Keokuk PacketCo., 8 F. 769;Le Gendrev.Byrnes,44 N.J. Eq. 372;Radcliffv.Rowley, 2 Barb. Ch. 23;Watermanv.SpragueMfg. Co.,55 Conn. 554.b. The Circuit Court had jurisdiction.Gorrellv.Dickson, 26 F. 454;Putnamv.New Albany, 4 Bissell, 365;Ogilviev.Knox Insurance Co., 22 How. 380; 2 Black, 539;Buckv.Colbath, 3 Wall. 334;Shieldsv.Thomas, 18 How. 253;Barberv.Barber, 21 How. 582.c. There was no defect of parties.Ogilviev.Knox Ins.Co.,Page 55422 How. 380;Hornv.Lockhart, 17 Wall. 570;Hotel Co. v.Wade,97 U.S. 13.
II. The bill was improperly dismissed under the general clause of the demurrer.a. The bill shows fraud sufficient to invoke and compel equitable relief.Pickettv.Pipkin,64 Ala. 520;Thomasv.Beck,39 Conn. 241;Prestonv.Spaulding,120 Ill. 208;Farwellv.Nilsson,133 Ill. 45;Hulsev.Mershon,125 Ill. 52.b. The several instruments and transactions described in the bill constitute in effect a general assignment with preferences, which is consequently void, as being in contravention of the Illinois statute relating to voluntary assignments.Whitev.Cotzhausen,129 U.S. 329,337,338,341,342.
III. The construction of that statute by the Supreme Court of Illinois, inFarwellv.Nilsson, supra, is not conclusive, because that case is distinguishable from the suit at bar.Farwellv.Cohen,138 Ill. 216;Weberv.Mick,131 Ill. 520;Hanchettv.Waterbury,115 Ill. 220;Prestonv.Spaulding,120 Ill. 208;Home Natl. Bankv.Sanchez,131 Ill. 330;Hanford Oil Co. v.First Natl.Bank,126 Ill. 584;Hide and Leather Natl. Bankv.Rehm,126 Ill. 461;Hanfordv.Prouty,133 Ill. 339.
IV. The construction now placed upon that statute by the Supreme Court of Illinois is not the established law of that State.Farwellv.Nilsson,133 Ill. 45;Bucherv.Cheshire Railroad,125 U.S. 555;Scipiov.Wright,101 U.S. 665;Louisville Nashville Railroadv.Palmes,109 U.S. 244;Prestonv.Spaulding,120 Ill. 208;Hide and LeatherNational Bankv.Rehm,126 Ill. 461;Gelpckev.Cityof Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175;Peasev.Peck, 18 How. 595;Farwellv.Cohen,138 Ill. 216.
Even if this court feel bound to adopt the general construction by the Illinois Supreme Court of the Illinois statute applied to instruments of assignment, they are under no obligation to accept the inference that the Illinois court draws as to whether the particular instruments before this court are or are not such "instruments of assignment."Schroederv.Walsh,Page 555120 Ill. 403;Farwellv.Nilsson,133 Ill. 45;Panav.Bowler,107 U.S. 529;Swiftv.Tyson, 16 Pet. 1;Myrickv.Michigan Central Railroad,107 U.S. 102.
V. If there may be an obligation on the part of this court to follow the construction by a state court of a statute of that State in an action at law, there is no such obligation in a suit in equity.Bucherv.Cheshire Railroad,125 U.S. 555;Leffingwellv.Warren, 2 Black, 599;Lutherv.Borden, 7 How. 1;Johnstonv.Western Union Telegraph Co., 33 F. 362;United Statesv.Reid, 12 How. 361;Nevesv.Scott, 13 How. 268.
VI. Construction of state statutes by state courts may not be invoked in the United States courts to determine rights that have arisen before the state court's decision.East Alabama Railwayv.Doe,114 U.S. 340;Farwellv.Cohen,138 Ill. 216;Buncome County Commissionersv.Tommey,115 U.S. 122;Rollinsv.Lake County, 34 F. 845;Andersonv.Santa Anna,116 U.S. 356;Bollesv.Brimfield,120 U.S. 759;Barnumv.Okolana,148 U.S. 393;Knox Countyv.NinthNational Bank,147 U.S. 91;Clarkv.Bever,139 U.S. 96;Union Trust Companyv.Trumbull,137 Ill. 146.
VII. Weight of authority, as well as principle, is in favor of this court's adopting its own construction of a state statute, notwithstanding a contrary construction by the highest court of that State. This the court has done:
(a) Where there has been no decision by a Federal court before that of the state court;Butzv.Muscatine, 8 Wall. 575;Pine Grovev.Talcott, 19 Wall. 666;Panav.Bowler,107 U.S. 529;Lanev.Vick, 3 How. 464. (b) Where there has been a decision by one of the United States Circuit Courts before that by the state court.Burgessv.Seligman,107 U.S. 20,33. (c) Where there has been a decision by this court before that of the state court.Rowanv.Runnels, 5 How. 134;Peasev.Peck, 18 How. 595;Carroll Countyv.Smith,111 U.S. 556.
As citizens of foreign States appellants are entitled to the independent judgment of the United States Supreme Court.Page 556Watsonv.Tarpley, 18 How. 517;Burgessv.Seligman,107 U.S. 20;Peasev.Peck, 18 How. 595;New Orleans Water WorksCo. v.Southern Brewing Co., 36 F. 833;CarrollCountyv.Smith,111 U.S. 556.Mr. Curtis H. Remyfor appellees.
On the other hand, it is contended that the Supreme Court of the State has since that decision reached a different conclusion, and in support thereof reference is made to the opinion inYoungv.Clapp,147 Ill. 176,184, where this languagePage 557is found: "The thirteenth section of the assignment act does not prohibit preferences generally, but only preferences which are contained in written deeds of assignment voluntarily executed for the benefit of creditors. The language of the section is, that `every provision in any assignment hereafter made in this State for the payment of one debt or liability in preference to another shall be void.' A preference, given by a debtor after he has made up his mind to execute a general assignment for the benefit of his creditors, has been held to be void upon the theory that such a preference must be regarded as a part of the assignment. There is no such thing as a constructive assignment contemplated by the assignment act. That act does not take away the common law right of a debtor to prefer one or more of his creditors. A preference may be given by the execution of a judgment note resulting in the entry thereon of a judgment." See alsoSchroederv.Walsh,120 Ill. 403,412;Weberv.Mick,131 Ill. 520,533;National Bankv.North Wisconsin Lumber Co., 41 Illinois App. 383; andAmerican Cutlery Co. v.Joseph, 44 Illinois App. 194;Rossv.Walker, decided November 27, 1893, by the Appellate Court of Illinois, and reported in 26 Chicago Legal News, 133.
It is insisted that this construction of the statute should be accepted by this court as controlling, and the case ofUnionBank of Chicagov.Kansas City Bank,136 U.S. 223,235, is cited, in which this court said:
"The question of the construction and effect of a statute of a State, regulating assignments for the benefit of creditors, is a question upon which the decisions of the highest court of the State, establishing a rule of property, are of controlling authority in the courts of the United States."
But we deem it unnecessary to enter into any consideration of this question, or to determine whether there is any substantial difference between the views of the Supreme Court of Illinois and those of this court, or whether in case such difference be found to exist it becomes the duty of this court to defer to the opinions expressed by that, for there are questions nearer to the surface and controlling. Even if it be concededPage 558that there is not disclosed by this bill that which is equivalent to a voluntary assignment within the scope of the statute, and that in the absence of restrictive statutes a failing debtor has the right to prefer certain creditors, even to the entire exclusion of others, —Jewellv.Knight,123 U.S. 426,434, and cases cited;Smithv.Craft,123 U.S. 436, — yet such debtor cannot, under pretence of preferring certain creditors, pay to them sums largely in excess of their demands, and thus prevent his other creditors from receiving any payment. Here the charge distinctly is, that while Heidweyer Stieglitz claimed to owe the preferred creditors certain sums for which they gave judgment notes, and which judgment notes were afterwards satisfied in full, yet the amounts in fact due to such creditors were much less than those so named and paid; and that is a wrong of which the creditors who receive no payment can justly complain. It is unnecessary, therefore, to inquire whether the transaction between Heidweyer Stieglitz and these creditors was within the inhibition of the statute or not.
While this is so, we are constrained to hold that the plaintiffs have not shown due promptness in asserting their rights. It is said by counsel for defendants that it was the decision inWhitev.Cotzhausenwhich enabled the plaintiffs to perceive that they had been defrauded, and our attention is called to the fact that the opinion in that case was announced January 28, 1889, and this suit was commenced April 23, 1889.Post hoc, propter hoc, is not, however, sufficient, and the rule of causation implies some other sequence than that of time. Nevertheless, the plaintiffs waited nearly five years before commencing any proceedings to charge the preferred creditors, and no satisfactory excuse for the delay is shown. It is well settled that a party who seeks to avoid the consequences of an apparently unreasonable delay in the assertion of his rights on the ground of ignorance must allege and prove, not merely the fact of ignorance, but also when and how knowledge was obtained, in order that the court may determine whether reasonable effort was made by him to ascertain the facts. Thus, inStearnsv.Page, 1 Story, 204, 215, 217, Mr. Justice Story observed:Page 559
"General allegations, that there has been fraud, or mistake, or concealment, or misrepresentation, are too loose for purposes of this sort. The charges must be reasonable, definite, and certain as to time, and occasion, and subject-matter. And especially must there be distinct averments of the time when the fraud, mistake, concealment, or misrepresentation was discovered, and how discovered, and what the discovery is; so that the court may clearly see, whether, by the exercise of ordinary diligence, the discovery might not have been before made. For, if by such diligence the discovery might have been before made, the bill has no foundation on which it can stand in equity, on account of the laches. . . . But the bill does not state what particular discoveries have been obtained, or when they were obtained, or by what inquiries, or in what manner, or at what time."
On appeal this decision was affirmed,Stearnsv.Page, 7 How. 819, 829, and in delivering the opinion of this court Mr. Justice Grier laid down the rule in this language: "And especially must there be distinct averments as to the time when the fraud, mistake, concealment, or misrepresentation was discovered, and what the discovery is, so that the court may clearly see whether, by the exercise of ordinary diligence, the discovery might not have been before made."
Similar declarations may be found in several subsequent cases;Badgerv.Badger, 2 Wall. 87, 95, in which is found this quotation:
"The party who makes such appeal should set forth in his bill specifically what were the impediments to an earlier prosecution of his claim; how he came to be so long ignorant of his rights, and the means used by the respondent to fraudulently keep him in ignorance; and how and when he first came to a knowledge of the matters alleged in his bill."Goddenv.Kimmell,99 U.S. 201,211;Woodv.Carpenter,101 U.S. 135,140, in which this court said:
"A general allegation of ignorance at one time and of knowledge at another is of no effect. If the plaintiff made any particular discovery, it should be stated when it was made, what it was, how it was made, and why it was notPage 560made sooner." See alsoLansdalev.Smith,106 U.S. 391,394;Hammondv.Hopkins,143 U.S. 224,251;Felixv.Patrick,145 U.S. 317,332;Fosterv.Mansfield, Coldwater c.Railroad,146 U.S. 88;Fisherv.Boody, 1 Curtis, 206;Carrv.Hilton, 1 Curtis, 390;Moorev.Greene, 2 Curtis, 202.
Tested by this rule, it is apparent that this bill must be held deficient in not showing how knowledge of the wrongs complained of was obtained by the plaintiffs. It is alleged that they were ignorant, and now have knowledge; and that they acquired such knowledge within a month prior to bringing the suit; but how they acquired it, and why they did not have the same means of ascertaining the facts before, is not disclosed.
What were the wrongs complained of? So far as the mere preference is concerned, that was obvious. If the attorneys' fees were improper,Youngv.Clapp, ubi supra; Hulsev.Mershon,125 Ill. 52, the fact that such attorneys' fees were specified in the notes and included in the judgments was a matter of record. That the stock of goods sold at sheriff's sale for less than its value does not, of itself, show wrong on the part of the parties thereto, plaintiffs or defendants. No act is shown tending to prevent a fair sale, and the result, that of realizing less than the value, is a common experience of such sales, and of itself proves nothing amiss. If these plaintiffs failed to attend such sales, they cannot complain of the result; and if they did attend, they should have seen to it that the property brought its value. At any rate, there is no pretence of a want of knowledge on the part of these plaintiffs. There remain, therefore, as the concealed wrongs, only these matters: First, that the judgment notes were in excess of the real demands; second, that Heidweyer Stieglitz transferred their bills and accounts receivable in trust to Florsheim, and that that trust included an individual debt of one of the partners. That the plaintiffs knew of the existence of these bills and accounts is shown, and their alleged ignorance is only of the fact of their transfer in trust.
Now, it is a matter of common experience that when therePage 561is so pronounced a failure on the part of a firm carrying such a large stock, there is made by the creditors a thorough examination of the situation. That such an examination, if made, would disclose any substantial difference between the true indebtedness to these preferred creditors and the amount of the notes given to them seems reasonably certain, and if no such examination was made, it indicated indifference on the part of the other creditors. If the plaintiffs relied on the mere statements of these defendants, why did they cease to rely upon such statements, and how did they become advised of their untruth? So, with reference to the bills and accounts receivable; knowing what they were, they could easily have ascertained whether they were collected, and if so, by whom. If collected by other than their debtors, that fact certainly should have provoked inquiry. If collected by the debtors, why were the moneys received not appropriated in payment of other than the preferred claims?
These are matters in respect to which the bill fails to enlighten us. Indeed, so far as disclosed, it would seem that when the debtors failing, and failing for so large a sum, appropriated all their tangible property to the payment of a few of their creditors, the others, including these plaintiffs, accepted the situation, and made no inquiry or challenge of the integrity of the transaction for nearly five years. Such indifference and inattention must be adjudged laches. Upon this ground alone, and without reference to any other questions discussed by counsel in the briefs, the decree of the Circuit Court isAffirmed.