Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Green v. Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway Co.
27 S. Ct. 595
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1907-04-29
- Topic
- general
finding no general jurisdiction when a corporate defendant's activities in the forum state were "in substance nothing more than that of solicitation" | analyzing personal jurisdiction separately, after concluding that venue was proper under 1888 Judiciary Act provision | finding no general jurisdiction when a corporate defendant’s activities in the forum state were “in substance nothing more than that of solicitation” | soliciting business alone in a state insufficient to establish that the corpora- tion was “doing business” there | soliciting business alone in a state insufficient to establish that the corporation was “doing business” there | soliciting business alone in a state insufficient to establish that the corpora- tion was “doing business” there | “sporadic business connections to Pennsylvania fall far short of the “continuous and systemic contacts” required to justify a court’s assertion of general jurisdiction.”
Citator
- Cited by
- 276 opinions
GREENv. CHICAGO, BURLINGTON QUINCY RY.,205 U.S. 530(1907)
27 S.Ct. 595
GREENv. CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND QUINCY RAILWAY COMPANY.
ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
PENNSYLVANIA.
No. 435.
Submitted April 8, 1907.
Decided April 29, 1907.
THE facts are stated in the opinion.
When a corporation, through its properly constituted agents, engages in business in a foreign jurisdiction, it may, irrespective of any consent, be found there for purposes of suit, and service upon its agents is service upon it, provided always that the agent is of such a representative character that service upon him may properly be considered service upon the corporation.Lafayette Ins. Co. v.French, 18 How. 404;Ex parteSchollenberger,96 U.S. 369;St. Clairv.Cox,106 U.S. 350;Barrow Steamship Co. v.Kane,170 U.S. 100.
The courts of England have reached the same conclusion and the doctrine thus established will probably be ultimately recognized as the true doctrine in all the courts, state as well as Federal.Page 531
As to what constitutes the doing of business by a foreign corporation, it is manifestly impossible for the courts to lay down any hard and fast rule. A single isolated transaction would not usually be sufficient, although the transaction might be of such magnitude, and involve so many acts as to be an exception to such a rule. A series of transactions in the State long continued usually amounts to the carrying on of business, but here again the acts might be of such a character, as, for example, the mere solicitation by traveling salesmen as not to come within the rule. Each case must be judged by its own circumstances. There are, however, certain elements which, if one or more of them exist, are usually considered to indicate the carrying on of a business, ase.g.:
The establishment of a permanent office to which all persons having business with the corporation may come.
The employment of an agent located within the State who is advertised as a general agent of the corporation for such business as it transacts in the State.
The continuous making within the State of contracts binding on the corporation.
Examining the facts of the present case as disclosed by the evidence and in the light of the principles above referred to, it is submitted that the defendant was subject to the jurisdiction of the United States Circuit Court in which it was sued.Mr. Francis Rawlefor defendant in error.
The jurisdiction of the Circuit Court in this case was founded solely upon the fact that the parties were citizens of different States. In such a case the suit may be brought in the district of the residence of either. Act of March 3, 1875, chap. 137, § 1, as corrected by act of August 13, 1888, chap. 866, § 1 (25 Stat. 434). But to obtain jurisdiction there must be service, and the service was upon the corporation in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Its validity depends upon whether the corporation was doing business in that district in such a manner and to such an extent as to warrant the inference that through its agents it was present there.
The eastern point of the defendant's line of railroad was at Chicago, whence its tracks extended westward. The business for which it was incorporated was the carriage of freight and passengers, and the construction, maintenance and operation of a railroad for that purpose. As incidental and collateral to that business it was proper, and, according to the business methods generally pursued, probably essential, that freight and passenger traffic should be solicited in other parts of the country than those through which the defendant's tracks ran. For the purpose of conducting this incidental business the defendant employed Mr. Heller, hired an office for him in Philadelphia, designated him as district freight and passenger agent, and in many ways advertised to the public these facts. The business of the agent was to solicit and procure passengersPage 533and freight to be transported over the defendant's line. For conducting this business several clerks and various travelling passenger and freight agents were employed, who reported to the agent and acted under his direction. He sold no tickets and received no payments for transportation of freight. When a prospective passenger desired a ticket, and applied to the agent for one, the agent took the applicant's money and procured from one of the railroads running west from Philadelphia a ticket for Chicago and a prepaid order, which gave to the applicant, upon his arrival at Chicago, the right to receive from the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad a ticket over that road. Occasionally he sold to railroad employes, who already had tickets over intermediate lines, orders for reduced rates over the defendant's lines. In some cases, for the convenience of shippers who had received bills of lading from the initial line for goods routed over the defendant's lines, he gave in exchange therefor bills of lading over the defendant's line. In these bills of lading it was recited that they should not be in force until the freight had been actually received by the defendant.
The question here is whether service upon the agent was sufficient, and one element of its sufficiency is whether the facts show that the defendant corporation was doing business within the district. It is obvious that the defendant was doing there a considerable business of a certain kind, although there was no carriage of freight or passengers. In support of his contention that the defendant was doing business within the district in such a sense that it was liable to service there, the plaintiff citesDenver c. Railroad Co. v.Roller, 100 F. 738, andTuchbandv.Chicago c. Railroad,115 N.Y. 437. The facts in those cases were similar to those in the present case. But in both cases the action was brought in the state courts, and the question was of the interpretation of a state statute and the jurisdiction of the state courts.
The business shown in this case was in substance nothing more than that of solicitation. Without undertaking toPage 534formulate any general rule defining what transactions will constitute "doing business" in the sense that liability to service is incurred, we think that this is not enough to bring the defendant within the district so that process can be served upon it. This view accords with several decisions in the lower Federal courts.Maxwellv.Atchison c. Railroad, 34 F. 286;Fairbank Co. v.Cincinnati c. Railroad, 54 F. 420;Union Associated Pressv.Times Star Co., 84 F. 419;Earlev.Chesapeake c. Railroad, 127 F. 235.
The judgment of the Circuit Court isAffirmed.Page 1