Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Great Northern Railway Co. v. Merchants Elevator Co.
Great N. Ry. Co. v. Merchs. Elevator Co., 42 S. Ct. 477 (1922)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1922-05-29
- Topic
- general
invoking primary jurisdiction because “the inquiry is essentially one of fact and of discretion in technical matters” | notwithstanding ICC’s exclusive jurisdiction to determine rates, “the attainment of uniformity does not require that in every case where the construction of a tariff is in dispute, there shall be a preliminary resort to the Commission.” | "Whenever a rate rule or practice is attacked as unreasonable or unjustly discriminatory, there must be preliminary resort to the commission" | "Whenever a rate rule or practice is attacked as unreasonable or unjustly discriminatory, there must be preliminary resort to the commission” | “Whenever a rate, rule, or practice is attacked as unreasonable ..., there must be preliminary resort to the Commission.” | “Whenever a rate, rule or practice is attacked as unreasonable or as unjustly discriminatory, there must be preliminary resort to the Commission.” | "Every question of the construction of a tariff is deemed a question of law... ." | “Whenever a rate, rule or practice is attacked as unreasonable ... there must be preliminary resort to the Commission.” | reaffirmed in Western Pacific R.R., 352 U.S. at 69, 77 S.Ct. at 167 | “what construction shall be given to a railroad tariff presents ordinarily a question of law which does not differ in character from those presented when the construction of any other document is in dispute.” | describing the doctrine as "preliminary resort to the Commission” | “To determine what rate, rule or practice shall be deemed reasonable for the future is a legislative or administrative function. To determine whether a shipper has in the past been wronged by the exaction of an unreasonable or discriminatoiy rate is ajudicial function.” | preliminary resort to the ICC in cases testing the reasonableness of carrier practices “is required because the enquiry is essentially one of fact and of discretion in technical matters; and uniformity can be secured only if its determination is left to the Commission.” | “To determine what rate, rule or practice shall be deemed reasonable for the future is a legislative or administrative function. To determine whether a shipper has in the past been wronged by the exaction of an unreasonable or discriminatory rate is a judicial function.”
Citator
- Cited by
- 323 opinions
GT. NO. RY.v. MERCHANTS ELEV. CO.,259 U.S. 285(1922)
42 S.Ct. 477
GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY ET AL.v. MERCHANTS ELEVATOR COMPANY.
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA.
No. 202.
Argued April 18, 1922.
Decided May 29, 1922.
CERTIORARI to a judgment of the Supreme Court of Minnesota
affirming a judgment for the plaintiff in a suit by the present
respondent to recover overcharges from the petitioner Railway
Company.
The decision below, in holding that a disputed question of construction of an interstate tariff is within the jurisdiction of a court and does not require resort in the first instance to the Interstate Commerce Commission, not only directly contravenes the decision of this court inTexas Pacific Ry. Co. v.American Tie Timber Co.,234 U.S. 138, but is in contravention of, or inconsistent with, the following decisions of this court:Texas Pacific Ry. Co. v.Abilene Cotton OilCo.,204 U.S. 426;Baltimore Ohio R.R. Co. v.Pitcairn CoalCo.,215 U.S. 481;Interstate Commerce Commissionv.Chicago,Rock Island Pacific Ry. Co.,218 U.S. 88;Robinsonv.Baltimore Ohio R.R. Co.,222 U.S. 506;Interstate CommerceCommissionv.Union Pacific R.R. Co.,222 U.S. 541;Interstate Commerce Commissionv.Louisville Nashville R.R.Co.,227 U.S. 88;United Statesv.Pacific Arctic Ry.Nav. Co.,228 U.S. 87;Mitchell Coal Co. v.Pennsylvania R.R.Co.,230 U.S. 247;Morrisdale Coal Co. v.Pennsylvania R.R.Co.,230 U.S. 304;Boston Maine R.R. v.Hooker,233 U.S. 97;Phillips Co. v.Grand Trunk Western Ry. Co.,236 U.S. 662;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.Clark Coal Co.,238 U.S. 456;Loomisv.Lehigh Valley R.R. Co.,240 U.S. 43;LouisvilleNashville R.R. Co. v.Ohio Valley Tie Co.,242 U.S. 288;Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v.Solum,247 U.S. 477;DirectorGeneralv.Viscose Co.,254 U.S. 498; andMinnesota RateCases,230 U.S. 352.Page 287
Nor can the decision of the court below be justified under the decisions of this court in which, under the peculiar circumstances of the respective cases, this court has sustained the jurisdiction of a court over questions arising under the Interstate Commerce Act of a character which this court has generally recognized to be primarily within the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission.Wightv.United States,167 U.S. 512;Southern Ry. Co. v.Tift,206 U.S. 428;Interstate Commerce Commissionv.Illinois Central R.R. Co.,215 U.S. 452;Louisville Nashville R.R. Co. v.Cook BrewingCo.,223 U.S. 70;Galveston, H. S.A. Ry. Co. v.Wallace,223 U.S. 481;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.International CoalCo.,230 U.S. 184;Florida East Coast Ry. Co. v.UnitedStates,234 U.S. 167;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.Puritan CoalCo.,237 U.S. 121;Eastern Ry. Co. v.Littlefield,237 U.S. 140;Illinois Central R.R. Co. v.Mulberry Hill Coal Co.,238 U.S. 275;Philadelphia Reading Ry. Co. v.United States,240 U.S. 334;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.Jacoby Co.,242 U.S. 89;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.Sonman Coal Co.,242 U.S. 120;Swift Co. v.Hocking Valley Ry. Co.,243 U.S. 281;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.Kittanning Iron Co.,253 U.S. 319;St. Louis, Iron Mountain Southern Ry. Co. v.Hasty Sons,255 U.S. 252;Central R.R. Co. v.United States,257 U.S. 247;Schaffv.Famechon Co.,258 U.S. 76.
The only two decisions of state or subordinate federal courts which have followed and applied the decision in theAmerican TieTimber Case, supra, are:Cheneyv.Boston Maine R.R.,227 Mass. 336; andPoorv.Western Union Telegraph Co.,196 Mo. App. 557.
The following decisions of state and subordinate federal courts with reference to the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission and of the courts, respectively, over questions arising under the Interstate Commerce Act, were either rendered before the decision inPage 288theAmerican Tie Timber Case, or are distinguishable from that case:Hitev.Central R.R. of N.J., 171 F. 370;National Pole Co. v.C. N.W. Ry. Co., 211 F. 65;GimbleBros., Inc. v.Barrett, 215 F. 1004;Chicago, BurlingtonQuincy Ry. Co. v.Feintuch, 191 F. 482;KansasCity Southern Ry. Co. v.Tonn,102 Ark. 20;Hardawayv.Southern Ry. Co.,90 S.C. 475;Western Atlantic R.R. Co. v.White Provision Co.,142 Ga. 246;Southern Pacific Co. v.Frye Bruhn, Inc.,82 Wn. 9;St. Louis, San FranciscoTexas Ry. Co. v.Roff Oil Co.,61 Tex. Civ. App. 190;Laing-Harris Coal Co. v.St. Louis San Francisco R.R. Co., 15 I.C.C. 37.Mr. Harold G. Simpsonfor respondent.
"Diversion or reconsignment to points outside switching limits before placement: If a car is diverted, reconsigned or reforwarded on orders placed with the local freight agent or other designated officer after arrival of car at original destination, but before placement for unloading, . . . a charge of $5.00 per car will be made if car is diverted, reconsigned or reforwarded to a point outside of switching limits of original destination."
The shipper contended that the case was within the exception known as Exception (a), as amended by Supplement One, which provided that rules (including Rule 10) shall not apply to:
"(a) Grain, seed (field), seed (grass), hay or straw, carloads, held in cars on track for inspection and disposition orders incident thereto at billed destination or at point intermediate thereto."
Whether the charge was payable depended solely upon a question of construction; that is, whether the body of the rule or the exception to its applied. On this question there was room for reasonable difference of opinion. The carrier, relying particularly uponTexas Pacific Ry. Co. v.American TieTimber Co.,234 U.S. 138, andLoomisv.Lehigh Valley R.R.Co.,240 U.S. 43, claimed seasonably that until the true construction of the tariff had been determined by the Interstate Commerce Commission, the trial court was without jurisdiction. That court overruled the objection; construed the exception to mean that cars of grain are exempted from Rule 10 if held on track at billed destination for inspection and for "disposition orders" incident to such inspection; held that the disposition order may be an order to make disposition by way of reconsignment to another destination and that forwarding to Anoka was such disposition; and entered judgment for the shipper. That judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the State on the authority ofReliance Elevator Co. v.Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Ry.Co.,139 Minn. 69Page 290. The case is here on writ of certiorari,255 U.S. 567. The tariff containing the rule under which the $5 charge was made was the only governing tariff. It had been duly filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission. The validity of the tariff, including the rule and exception, was admitted. And there was no dispute concerning the facts. The question argued before us is not whether the state courts erred in construing or applying the tariff, but whether any court had jurisdiction of the controversy, in view of the fact that the Interstate Commerce Commission had not passed upon the disputed question of construction.
The contention that courts are without jurisdiction of cases involving a disputed question of construction of an interstate tariff, unless there has been a preliminary resort to the Commission for its decision, rests, in the main, upon the following argument. The purpose of the Act to Regulate Commerce is to secure and preserve uniformity. Hence, the carrier is required to file tariffs establishing uniform rates and charges, and is prohibited from exacting or accepting any payment not set forth in the tariff. Uniformity is impossible, if the several courts, state or federal, are permitted, in case of disputed construction, to determine what the rate or charge is which the tariff prescribes. To ensure uniformity the true construction must, in case of dispute, be determined by the Commission.
This argument is unsound. It is true that uniformity is the paramount purpose of the Commerce Act. But it is not true that uniformity in construction of a tariff can be attained only through a preliminary resort to the Commission to settle the construction in dispute. Every question of the construction of a tariff is deemed a question of law; and where the question concerns an interstate tariff it is one of federal law. If the parties properly preserve their rights, a construction given by any court, whether it be federal or state, may ultimately be reviewed by this court either on writ of error or on writ of certiorari; andPage 291thereby uniformity in construction may be secured. Hence, the attainment of uniformity does not require that in every case where the construction of a tariff is in dispute, there shall be a preliminary resort to the Commission.
Whenever a rate, rule or practice is attacked as unreasonable or as unjustly discriminatory, there must be preliminary resort to the Commission. Sometimes this is required because the function being exercised is in its nature administrative in contradistinction to judicial. But ordinarily the determining factor is not the character of the function, but the character of the controverted question and the nature of the enquiry necessary for its solution. To determine what rate, rule or practice shall be deemed reasonable for the future is a legislative or administrative function. To determine whether a shipper has in the past been wronged by the exaction of an unreasonable or discriminatory rate is a judicial function. Preliminary resort to the Commission is required alike in the two classes of cases. It is required because the enquiry is essentially one of fact and of discretion in technical matters, and uniformity can be secured only if its determination is left to the Commission. Moreover, that determination is reached ordinarily upon voluminous and conflicting evidence, for the adequate appreciation of which acquaintance with many intricate facts of transportation is indispensable; and such acquaintance is commonly to be found only in a body of experts. But what construction shall be given to a railroad tariff presents ordinarily a question of law which does not differ in character from those presented when the construction of any other document is in disputed.
When the words of a written instrument are used in their ordinary meaning, their construction presents a question solely of law. But words are used sometimes in a peculiar meaning. Then extrinsic evidence may be necessaryPage 292to determine the meaning of words appearing in the document. This is true where technical words or phrases not commonly understood are employed. Or extrinsic evidence may be necessary to establish a usage of trade or locality which attaches provisions not expressed in the language of the instrument. Where such a situation arises, and the peculiar meaning of words, or the existence of a usage, is proved by evidence, the function of construction is necessarily preceded by the determination of the matter of fact. Where the controversy over the writing arises in a case which is being tried before a jury, the decision of the question of fact is left to the jury, with instructions from the court as to how the document shall be construed, if the jury finds that the alleged peculiar meaning or usage is established.1But where the document to be construed is a tariff of an interstate carrier, and before it can be construed it is necessary to determine upon evidence the peculiar meaning of words or the existence of incidents alleged to be attached by usage to the transaction, the preliminary determination must be made by the Commission; and not until this determination has been made, can a court take jurisdiction of the controversy. If this were not so, that uniformity which it is the purpose of the Commerce Act to secure could not be attained. For the effect to be given the tariff might depend, not upon construction of the language — a question of law — but upon whether or not a particular judge or jury had found, as a fact, that the words of the documents were used in the peculiar sense attributed to them or that a particular usage existed.Page 293
It may happen that there is a dispute concerning the meaning of a tariff which does not involve, properly speaking, any question of construction. The dispute may be merely whether words in the tariff were used in their ordinary meaning, or in a peculiar meaning. This was the situation in theAmerican TieTimber Co. Case, supra. The legal issue was whether the carrier did or did not have in effect a rate covering oak ties. The only matter really in issue was whether the word "lumber" which was in the tariff, had been used in a peculiar sense. The trial judge charged the jury: "If you believe from the evidence that oak railway cross ties are lumber within the meaning and usage of the lumber and railroad business, then you are charged the defendant had in effect a rate applying on the ties offered for shipment." This question was obviously not one of construction; and there is not to be found in the opinion of this court, or in the proceedings in either of the lower courts, a suggestion that the case involved any disputed question of construction. The only real question in the case was one of fact; and upon this question of fact "the views of men engaged in the lumber and railroad business as developed in the testimony" were in "irreconcilable conflict," p. 146. As that question, unlike one of construction, could not be settled ultimately by this court, preliminary resort to the Commission was necessary to ensure uniformity. The situation inLoomisv.Lehigh Valley R.R. Co., supra, was similar. There the question to be decided did not require the consideration of voluminous conflicting evidence; but it involved the exercise of administrative judgment. The carrier had been requested by a shipper of grain, fruits and vegetables to supply cars for loading. In order to load ordinary box cars to the minimum capacity on which the freight rates are based and to the maximum to which the shipper is entitled, it is necessary that they should be equipped with grain doors or transverse bulkheads, so that they mayPage 294safely contain the load and enable unloading to be done without waste and inconvenience. Those sent lacked the inside doors and bulkheads. The carrier having refused to furnish these, the shipper was obliged to do so and sought reimbursement. The tariff was silent on the subject. The controverted question was not how the tariff should be construed, but what character of equipment should be deemed reasonable. To determine this enquiry the court held that preliminary resort to the Commission must be had, because "an adequate consideration of the . . . controversy would require acquaintance with many intricate facts of transportation and a consequent appreciation of the practical effect of any attempt to define services covered by a carrier's published tariffs, or character of equipment which it must provide, or allowances which it may make to shippers for instrumentalities supplied and services rendered."
In the case at bar the situation is entirely different from that presented in theAmerican Tie Timber Co. Case, or in theLoomis Case. Here no fact, evidential or ultimate, is in controversy; and there is no occasion for the exercise of administrative discretion. The task to be performed is to determine the meaning of words of the tariff which were used in their ordinary sense and to apply that meaning to the undisputed facts. That operation was solely one of construction; and preliminary resort to the Commission was, therefore, unnecessary. The petition for certiorari was asked for on the ground that the decision of the Supreme Court of Minnesota in this case was in conflict with the above decisions of this court and also that the decisions in several state courts and in the lower federal courts were in serious conflict on the question involved. In the brief and argument on the merits, it was also asserted that some recent decisions of this court are in conflict with the rule declared and applied in theAmerican Tie Timber Co. Case, supra, and theLoomisPage 295Case, supra. If in examining the cases referred to1there is borne in mind the distinction above discussed betweenPage 296controversies which involve only questions of law and those which involve issues essentially of fact or call for the exercise of administrative discretion, it will be found that the conflict described does not exist and that the decisions referred to are in harmony also with reason.Affirmed.
- Page 292Goddardv.Foster, 17 Wall. 123, 142;Hutchisonv.Bowker, 5 M. W. 535, 542;Tubbsv.Mechanics' InsuranceCo.,131 Iowa 217;Aetna Indemnity Co. v.Waters,110 Md. 673;Tower Co. v.Southern Pacific Co.,184 Mass. 472. SeeOgdenv.Parsons, 23 How. 167, 170;Fullerv.MetropolitanLife Insurance Co.,70 Conn. 647,677; Thayer, Preliminary Treatise on Evidence, 203-207, 215, 259. ↩
- Page 295 In the following cases in which the jurisdiction of the court was sustained without preliminary resort to the Commission, the question involved was solely one of construction of a tariff, or otherwise a question of law, and not one of administrative discretion. (1)Louisville Nashville R.R. Co. v.CookBrewing Co.,223 U.S. 70,84;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.International Coal Co.,230 U.S. 184,196;Pennsylvania R.R.Co. v.Puritan Coal Co.,237 U.S. 121,134;Eastern Ry. Co. v.Littlefield,237 U.S. 140;Illinois Central R.R. Co. v.Mulberry Hill Coal Co.,238 U.S. 275;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.Sonman Coal Co.,242 U.S. 120;Pennsylvania R.R. Co. v.Kittanning Iron Steel Mfg. Co.,253 U.S. 319. See alsoSwiftCo. v.Hocking Valley Ry. Co.,243 U.S. 281;St. Louis,Iron Mountain Southern Ry. Co. v.Hasty Sons,255 U.S. 252,256. (2)Hitev.Central R.R. of N.J., 171 F. 370, 372;Gimble Bros., Inc. v.Barrett, 215 F. 1004; 218 F. 880; 226 F. 623;National Elevator Co. v.Chicago, MilwaukeeSt. Paul Ry. Co., 246 F. 588;Francesconi Co. v.Baltimore Ohio R.R. Co., 274 F. 687, 691. CompareEmpireRefineries, Inc. v.Guaranty Trust Co., 271 F. 668. (3)Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v.Tonn,102 Ark. 20,26;Western Atlantic R.R. Co. v.White Provision Co.,142 Ga. 246;Gustafsonv.Michigan Central R.R. Co.,296 Ill. 41;Wolverine Brass Worksv.Southern Pacific Co.,187 Mich. 393,396;Reliance Elevator Co. v.Chicago, Milwaukee St. PaulRy. Co.,139 Minn. 69;St. Louis, San Francisco Texas Ry.Co. v.Roff Oil Cotton Co.,61 Tex. Civ. App. 190,192;Southern Pacific Co. v.Frye Bruhn, Inc.,82 Wn. 9. CompareHardawayv.Southern Ry. Co.,90 S.C. 475. Seecontra Cheneyv.Boston Maine R.R.,227 Mass. 336. ComparePoorv.Western Union Telegraph Co.,196 Mo. App. 557,564.
In the following cases where the court refused to take jurisdiction because there had not been preliminary resort to the Commission, the question presented either was one of fact or called for the exercise of administrative discretion.TexasPacific Ry. Co. v.Abilene Cotton Oil Co.,204 U.S. 426;Baltimore Ohio R.R. Co. v.Pitcairn Coal Co.,215 U.S. 481;Mitchell Coal Co. v.Pennsylvania R.R. Co.,230 U.S. 247;Morrisdale Coal Co. v.Pennsylvania R.R. Co.,230 U.S. 304;Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v.Solum,247 U.S. 477,483;Director Generalv.Viscose Co.,254 U.S. 498. See alsoUnited Statesv.Pacific Arctic Ry. Nav. Co.,228 U.S. 87. ↩