Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan

68 S. Ct. 374

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1948-02-02
Topic
general

recognizing that “deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” (citing Delgadillo v. Carmichael, 332 U.S. 388 (1947)) | holding that “we will not assume that Congress meant to trench on [the immigrant’s] freedom beyond that which is required by the narrowest of several possible meanings of the words used” (emphasis added) | stating that “deportation is a drastic measure, at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” | noting that “[w]e resolve the doubts in favor of that construction [generous to the alien] because deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” | explaining that “ ‘deportation is a drastic measure and- at times the equivalent of banishment or exile_ It is the forfeiture for misconduct of a residence in this country. Such a forfeiture is a penalty”’ | explaining that " 'deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile.... It is the forfeiture for misconduct of a residence in this country. Such a forfeiture is a penalty' " | recognizing that deportation is the equivalent of banishment | recognizing that deportation is the equivalent of banishment | applying the rule of lenity “because deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment o[r] exile” | applying the rule of lenity "because deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment o[r] exile" | rejecting, on habeas, executive branch’s interpretation of multiple criminal conviction deportation provision | rejecting government’s definition of provision authorizing deportation for multiple criminal convictions | rejecting, on habeas, executive branch's interpretation of multiple criminal conviction deportation provision | construing narrowly a statute providing for the deportation of convicted aliens because "deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile. It is the forfeiture for misconduct of a residence in this country. Such a forfeiture is a penalty." | construing narrowly a statute providing for the deportation of convicted aliens because "deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile. It is the forfeiture for misconduct of a residence in this country. Such a forfeiture is a penalty.” | “We resolve the doubts in favor of [the alien] because deportation is a drastic measure . . . .” | “We resolve the doubts in favor of [the alien] because deportation is a drastic measure . . . .” | “[DJeportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile .... ” | deportation is "a penalty" and "a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile" | deportation is “a penalty” and “a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” | “[D]eportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” | “[D]eportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” | "We resolve the doubts in favor of [the alien] because deportation is a drastic measure,...” | “We resolve the doubts in favor of [the alien] because deportation is a drastic measure....” | "We resolve the doubts in favor of [the alien] because deportation is a drastic measure . . . ." | deportation is “a penalty” and “a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” | “We resolve doubts in favor of that construction because deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” | “[DJeportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile.” | "[D]eportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile." | “We resolve the doubts in favor of that construction because deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment of exile.” | “deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile” | “[D]eportation is a drastic me

Citator

Cited by
175 opinions
FONG HAW TANv. PHELAN,333 U.S. 6(1948)
68 S.Ct. 374
FONG HAW TANv. PHELAN, ACTING DISTRICT DIRECTOR, IMMIGRATION AND
NATURALIZATION SERVICE.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.
No. 370.
Argued January 8-9, 1948.
Decided February 2, 1948.
1. Section 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917, as amended, which provides that an alien who is "sentenced more than once" to imprisonment for a term of one year or more because of conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude committed after entry shall be deported, does not apply to an alien who, in a single trial, has been convicted on two different counts of a single indictment for murdering two different persons and sentenced to life imprisonment. Pp. 7-10. 2. This provision of the statute authorizes deportation only where an alien, having committed a crime involving moral turpitude and having been convicted and sentenced, once again commits a crime of that nature and is convicted and sentenced for it. P. 9. 3. Because deportation is a drastic penalty equivalent to banishment or exile, this section should be given the narrowest of several possible meanings of the words used. P. 10.162 F.2d 663, reversed.
A District Court denied an alien's petition for a writ of
habeas corpus challenging the legality of his detention
Page 7
pending deportation. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed.
162 F.2d 663. This Court granted certiorari.332 U.S. 814.
Reversed, p. 10.
Lambert O'Donnellargued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief wasWilliam J. Chow.Beatrice Rosenbergargued the cause for respondent. With her on the brief wereSolicitor General Perlman, Assistant AttorneyGeneral Quinn, W. Marvin SmithandRobert S. Erdahl.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.
An alien who is "sentenced more than once" to imprisonment for a term of one year or more because of conviction in this country of a crime involving moral turpitude committed after his entry shall, with exceptions not material here, be deported. Section 19(a)1of the ImmigrationPage 8Act of February 5, 1917,39 Stat. 889, as amended54 Stat. 671, 8 U.S.C. § 155 (a). It appears that petitioner, a native of China, was convicted of murder under each of two counts of an indictment, one count charging the murder of one Lai Quan, the other charging the murder on or about the same date of one Ong Kim.2The jury fixed the punishment for each murder at life imprisonment. He was thereupon sentenced to prison for the period of his natural life by one judgment, construed by the Circuit Court of Appeals to impose that sentence on him for each of the convictions. Sometime thereafter a warrant for his deportation to China issued. Later he was paroled, released from prison, and taken into the custody of the Immigration Service. He then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus challenging the legality of his detention. The District Court denied the petition on the authority ofNishimotov.Nagle,44 F.2d 304. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed.162 F.2d 663. The case is here on a petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted because of the contrariety of views among the circuits concerning the meaning of the statutory words, "sentenced more than once."

The Ninth Circuit view is that a conviction and sentence for more than one offense, whether at the same or different times and whether carrying concurrent or consecutive sentences, satisfy the statute. That was the position taken inNishimotov.Nagle,supra, and followed below. The Second Circuit holds that an alien who is given consecutive sentences is sentenced more than once, while an alien who is given concurrent sentences is not, even though the crimes are distinct.Johnsonv.UnitedStates,28 F.2d 810;United States ex rel. Mignozziv.Day,51 F.2d 1019. The Fourth Circuit takes the position that the statute is satisfied whether or not thePage 9sentences imposed run concurrently or consecutively provided that the two crimes which are committed and for which separate sentences are imposed arise out of separate transactions.Tassariv.Schmucker,53 F.2d 570. The Fifth Circuit takes the view that an alien is "sentenced once when, after a conviction or plea of guilty, he is called before the bar and receives judgment, whether for one or several crimes, with one or several terms of imprisonment. He is sentenced more than once when that happens again."Wallisv.Tecchio,65 F.2d 250,252. That view is an adaptation of the position taken earlier by a District Court in the same circuit that Congress by this provision aimed to deport "repeaters,"viz. "persons who commit a crime and are sentenced, and then commit another and are sentenced again."Opolichv.Fluckey,47 F.2d 950.

The latter is the reading we give the statute. There is a trace of that purpose found in its legislative history. Congressman Sabath who proposed the provision as an amendment said it was aimed at the alien "who is a criminal at heart, a man who is guilty of a second offense involving moral turpitude and for the second time is convicted."53 Cong. Rec. 5167. Congressman Burnett, who was in charge of the bill on the floor of the House, gave the same emphasis when he said that the amendment proposed "that those who committed a second crime involving moral turpitude showed then a criminal heart and a criminal tendency, and they should then be deported."Id., p. 5168. The Committee Report in the Senate put the matter into sharper focus when it stated that the provision was "intended to reach the alien who after entry shows himself to be a criminal of the confirmed type." S. Rep. No. 352, 64th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 15. Perhaps the plainest "confirmed type" of criminal is the repeater. We give expression to that view by reading this provision of the statute to authorize deportation onlyPage 10where an alien having committed a crime involving moral turpitude and having been convicted and sentenced, once again commits a crime of that nature and is convicted and sentenced for it.

We resolve the doubts in favor of that construction because deportation is a drastic measure and at times the equivalent of banishment or exile,Delgadillov.Carmichael,332 U.S. 388. It is the forfeiture for misconduct of a residence in this country. Such a forfeiture is a penalty. To construe this statutory provision less generously to the alien might find support in logic. But since the stakes are considerable for the individual, we will not assume that Congress meant to trench on his freedom beyond that which is required by the narrowest of several possible meanings of the words used.Reversed.
  1. Page 7 Section 19(a) so far as material here provides:

    ". . . except as hereinafter provided, any alien who is hereafter sentenced to imprisonment for a term of one year or more because of conviction in this country of a crime involving moral turpitude, committed within five years after the entry of the alien to the United States, or who is hereafter sentenced more than once to such a term of imprisonment because of conviction in this country of any crime involving moral turpitude, committed at any time after entry . . . shall, upon the warrant of the Attorney General, be taken into custody and deported. . . . The provision of this section respecting the deportation of aliens convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude shall not apply to one who has been pardoned, nor shall such deportation be made or directed if the court, or judge thereof, sentencing such alien for such crime shall, at the time of imposing judgment or passing sentence or within thirty days thereafter, due notice having first been given to representatives of the State, make a recommendation to the Attorney General that such alien shall not be deported in pursuance of this Act; nor shall any alien convicted as aforesaid be deported until after the termination of his imprisonment. . . ." ↩
  2. Page 8 Whether the two murders resulted from one act or from two does not appear. ↩