Dodge v. Woolsey

Mr. Justice WAYNE

delivered the opinion of the court.

It must often happen, under such a government as that of the United States, that constitutional'questions will be brought to this court for" decision, demanding extended investigation and its most careful judgment.

This is one of that kind; but fortunately it involves no new principles, nor any assertion of judicial action which has not been repeatedly declared to be within the constitutional and legislative jurisdiction of the courts of, the United States, and by way of -appeal or by writ of error, as the case ¿nay be, within that of the supreme court.

It is a suit in chancery, which was "brought by John M. Woolsey, in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Ohio, seeking to enjoin the collection of a tax assessed by the. State of Ohio on the Commercial Branch Bank óf Cleveland, á branch of the State Bank of Ohio. He makes George C. Dodge, • the tax collector, the directors’ of the bank, and the bank itself, defendants.

■Woolsey avers that he is a citizen of the State of Connecticut, that he is the owner of thirty shares in the Branch Bank of Cleveland, that Dodge and the other defendants are all - citizens of. the State of Ohio, and that' the Commercial Bank of Cleveland, is a corporation, and Ivas made such, as a branch of the State Bank of Ohio, by an act of the general assembly of that State, passed the 24th of February, 1845, entitled “ An act to ■ incorporate the State Bank of Ohio and other banking companies.” He alleges that the Commercial Bank' has in all things complied with the requirements ¡of its charter, and that, by the *337 60th section of the act, it is declared that each banking company-organized under it and complying with its provisions, shall, semi-annually, on the 1st of May and .1st.of November of. each, year, those being the.days for declaring dividends, set off to the Státe of Ohio six per cent, 'on the profits, deducting therefrom the expenses and ascertained losses of the company, for six months next preceding each dividend day; arid that the sums so set off shall be in lieu of all taxes to which said company, or the stockholders thereof, on account of stock owned- therein, would otherwise be subject; and that the cashier of such company shall, within teri days thereafter, inform the auditor of the State of Ohio of the amount set off, and shall pay the same to the treasurer of the State on the order of the auditor.

It is averred that the Bank of Cleveland had at all times complied with the requirements of the act. That, in the year 1853, it set off to the State six per cerit. on the two semi-annual dividends which had been made in that -year, on the first day of May and the first day of November, which amounted in the ággregate to the sum of $3,206jf0. That the same had been notified to the auditor, and that the bank had always been ready to pay the same when demanded. The complainant then avers, that three years before bringing his suit, having full confidence that the State of Ohio would observe good faith towards the bank, in respect, to its franchises and .privileges conferred upon it by the act of incorporation, arid that it would adhere with fidelity to the rule of taxation provided for in the charter,, he had purchased thirty shares of the capital stock of the bank, and that he was then- the owner of the same. He further states, after he had made such purchases, that bn the 17th of June, 1851,-a draft of a new cohstitution had -been submitted to the electors of the State for .their acceptance-or rejection, which, if accepted by a majority of the electors who should vote, was to take effect as the constitution of the State, on the 1st of September, 1851. It is admitted that it was accepted, that it became and now is the constitution of the State of Ohio. It is provided in sections two and three of the 12th article' of that constitution, that laws shall be passed, taxing by an uniform rule, all moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stock, joint-stock, companies, or otherwise; and that the general assembly shall provide by law for taxing the notes and bills discounted or pur¡ chased, money loaned, and .all other property, effects,- or due? whatever, without deduction, of all-bariks now existing, or hereafter ^created, and of all b.arikers, so that :all property employed in banking shall always bear a burden of taxation equal to that imposed on the property of individuals.. And in. the 4th section of the 13th article of the constitution of 1851, it is further de *338 dared, that the property .of corporations now existing, or hereafter created, shall be subject to taxation, as the property of individuals.

It appears also by the bill, that the general assembly of the State of Ohio passed an act on ’the 13th of April, 1852, for the assessment and taxation of all property in the State; and for levying taxes on the same according to its true valué in money, in which it is declared to be the duty of the president and cashier of every bank, or banking company, “ that shall have been, or may hereafter be, incorporated by the laws of the State, •and having the right to issue bills for circulation as money, to make. and return, under oath, to the auditor of the county in which such banks may be, in the month of- May, annually, a written statement containing, first, the average amount of notes and bills discounted or purchased, which amount shall include all the loans or discounts, whether originally made, or renewed during the year, or at anytime previous; whether made on bills of exchange, notes, bonds, mortgages, or other evidence of indebtedness, at their actual cost value in money; whether due previous to, during, or after the period aforesaid, and on which said banking company has, at any time, recovered or received, or is entitled to receive, any profit of other consideration whatever, either in the shape of interest, discount, exchange, or otherwise ; and secondly, the average amount of all other moneys, effects, or dues of every description, belonging to such bank, ór banking company, loaned, invested, or otherwise used or employed, with a view to profit, or -upon which such bank, or banking.company receives, or is entitled to receive, interest.

The act then makes it the duty of the auditors, in the counties in which a bank or banking companies may be, to receive ffom them returns of notes and bills discounted, and all other moneys and effects or dues, as provided for in the 19th section of the áct, to enter the same for taxation upon the grand duplicate of the property of the. county, and upon the city duplicate for city taxes, in cases where the city tax is not returned upon the grand duplicate, but is collected by city officers;- which amounts so returned and entered shall be taxed for the same purposes and to the same extent that personal property is, or may be taxed, •in the place where such bank or banking company is situated. ,It is then averred that the president and cashier of the Commercial Bank of Cleveland, fearing.the penalty imposed by the act for a refusal or neglect to make a return according to the act, did, in the month of May, in the year 1852, make a return; protesting against the right of the State to assess a tax Upon the bank, other than that which was provided for, in the charter of its incorporation of the 24th February, 1845. But it appears *339 that the return so coerced from .the president and directors of. the bank had been -assessed by the auditor, for the tax of 1852, at $10,1975¶0, exceeding by $7-,526/0| the amount of tax for 'which the bank was liablé under its charter, which George C. Dodge, as collector of taxes, seized and collected by* distress on its moneys. It is also shown by the bill, that there has been another entry of taxatiori against the bank for the year 1853, of $14,771$5, exceeding the sum to which it is liable under its charter by $11,665,¶0 for that year.

It is against the collection of. this tax that John M. Woolsey, as a stockholder in the bank, has brought this suit, claiming an exemption from it as a stockholder, upon the ground that the act of the general assembly of the State of Ohio, and the tax assessed under it upon the bank, are in violation-of the 10th section of the 1st article of the constitution of the United States, which declares that no State shall pass any law impairing the obligation, of contracts. And he seeks the aid of the circuit court to enjoin Dodge, the defendant, from collecting the same from,the bank, as collector of taxes, as he had threatened to do by distress, and as he had done for the assessed tax for the year .1852.

■- The complainant gives a further aspect to his suit which it is also -proper to notice. It is, if the'taxes are permitted to be assessed and collected from the bank, under the act of the 13th of April, 1852, it will virtually destroy and annul the contract between the State and the bank, in respect to the tax which the State imposed upon it by the charter of its incorporation, in lieu of all other taxes upon the bank or the stockholders thereof, on account of stock owned therein; that his stock will be thereby lessened in value, his dividends diminished; and' that the tax is so onerous upon the bank, that it will compel a suspension and. final cessation of its business. He- finally declares that as a stockholder, on his' own behalf, he had requested the directors of the bank to take measures, by suit or otherwise, to assert the franchises -of the bank against the collection of what he believes to be an unconstitutional tax, and that they had refused to do so.- .

To this bill the defendant, G-eorge C. Dodget filed a» answer. The other defendants did1 pqt answer. He admits the material allegations of the bill, except the allegation-that the tax law of April 13,1852, is unconstitutional; says that the act is in conformity with the constitution of Ohio,'which .took effect September 1,1851, and- that it is' in harmony with the constitution of -the United States. He denies that any application- was piaffe by Woolsey to the directors óf the bank, to take measures, by suit- or otherwise, to prevent the collection 'of the tax, and *340 insists that this averment was inserted merely for the purpose of giving color to a proceeding, in chancery. That the complainant would not have sustained an •irreoarable injury even if he had, as treasurer, proceeded to distrain for the tax; for.that the bank would have had • a remedy at law against him for all damages which might have been sustained in consequence of such distress, as he is worth, at a reasonable estimate, eighty thousand dollars after the payment of all his debts. And he insists that the complainant had not exhibited such a case as entitled him to the interposition of a court of equity. To this answer a 'general replication was filed. But it was agreed by the counsel in the cause, that the complainant had, by his attorney, addressed a letter to the Commercial Bank of Cleveland, to institute proper proceedings to prevent the collection of the tax by '.Dodge, in the same manner as had been done by the attorney of- a stockholder in the Cana! Bank of Cleveland, for a tax assessed upon it under the same act, and that the action of the board of the Commercial Bank, in answer to Woolsey’s application, was the same as had been given by the directors of the Canal Bank. That resolution was in these words:. “ Resolved, that we fully concur in the views expressed in.said letter as to the illegality of the tax therein named, and believe it to be in no way binding upon the bank; but, in consideration of the many obstacles in the way of testing the law in the courts of the State, we cannot consent to take the action which we are called upon to take, but must leave the said Kleman to pursue such measures as he may deem bést in the premises.” .

Upon the foregoing pleadings and admission, the circuit court rendered a final decree for the complainant, perpetually enjoining the treasurer against the collection of the tax, under the act of the 13th February, 1852, and subjecting the defendant, Dodge, to the payment of the costs of the suit. From that decision the defendant, Dodge, has appealed to this court.

His counsel have relied upon the following points, to sustain the appeal':—

1. The complainant does not show himself to be entitled to relief in a court of chancery, because the charter of the' bank .provides, that its affairs shall be managed by a board of directors, and that they are not-amenable to the stockholders for an' error of judgment merely.. And that in order to make them so, it .should have been averred that they were in collusion with the tax collector in their refusal to take legal steps to test the validity of the tax.

2. It was urged that this suit had been improperly brought in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Ohio, because it is. a contrivañce to create a jurisdiction!, where none *341 fairly exists, by substituting an individual stockholder in place of the Commercial Bank as complainant, and making the directors defendants; the stockholder being made complainant, because he is a citizen of the State of Connecticut, and the directors being made defendants to give countenance to his suit.

3d. It was said, if the foregoing points were not available to defeat the action, that it might be contended that the defendant was in the discharge of his official duty when interrupted by the mandate of "the circuit court, and that the tax had been properly assessed by a law of the State, in conformity with its constitution, of the 1st September, 1851.

We will consider the points in their order. The first comprehends two propositions, namely; that courts of equity have no jurisdiction over corporations, as such, at the suit of a stockholder for violations of charters, and none for the errors of judgment of those who manage their business ordinarily.-

There has been a conflict' of judicial authority in both. Still, it has been found necessary, for prevention of injuries for which common-law courts were inadequate; to entertain in equity such a jurisdiction in the progressive development of the powers and effects of private corporations upon all the business and interests of society. __ . '

It is now no longer doubted, either in England or the United States, that courts of equity, in both, have a jurisdiction over corporations, at the instance of one or more of their members; to apply preventive remedies by injunction, to restrain those who administer them from doing acts which would amount to a violation of charters, or to prevent any misapplication of their capitals or profits, which might result in lessening, the dividends of stockholders, or the value of their shares, as either may . be protected by the franchises of a corporation, if the acts intended to be done create what is in the law denominated a breach of trust. And the jurisdiction extends to inquire into,' and to .enjoin, as the case may require that to be done, any proceedings by individuals, in whatever character they may profess to act, if the subject of complaint is an imputed violation of a corporate franchise, or the denial of a right growing out of it, for which there is not an adequate remedy at law. 2 Russ. & Mylne Ch. R., Cunliffe v. Manchester and Bolton Canal Company, 480, n.; Ware v. Grand Junction Water Company, 2 Russ. & Mylne, 470; Bagshaw v. Eastern Counties Railway Company, 7 Hare Ch. R. 114; Angell & Ames, 4th ed. 424, and the other cases there cited.

It was ruled in the case of Cunliffe v. The Manchester and Bolton Canal Company, 2 Russ. & Mylne Ch. R. 481, that where the legal remedy against a corporation is inadequate, a *342 court of equity will interfere, and that there were cases in which a bill in equity will lie against a corporation by one of its members. “ It is a breach of trust towards a shareholder in a joint-stock incorporated company, established for certain definite purposes prescribed by its character, if the funds’or credit of the company are, without his consent, diverted from such purpose, though .the misapplication be sanctioned by the votes- of a majority; and, therefore, he may file a bill in equity against the company in his own behalf, to restrain the company by injunction from any such diversion or misapplication. In the case of Ware v. Grand Junction Water Company, 2 Russell & Mylne, a bill filed by a member of the company against it, Lord Brougham said: It is -said this is^an'attempt on the part of the company to do acts which -they are not empowered to do by the acts of parliament,” meaning the charter of the company; “ so- far I restrain them by injunction.” “ Indeed, an investment in the stock of a corporation must, by ¿very one, be considered a wild • speculation, if it exposed the owners of the stock to all sorts of risk in support.of plausible projects not set forth and authorized by the act of incorporation, and which may possibly lead to ex-. traordinary losses. The same jurisdiction was invoked and applied in the case of Bagshaw v. The Eastern Counties Railway Company; so, also, in Coleman v. The same company, 10 Beavan’s Ch. Reports, 1. It appeared in that case that the directors of the company, for the purpose of increasing their traffic, proposed to guarantee certain profits, and to secure the capital of an intended steam-packet company, which was to act in eonnéction with the railway. It was held,' such a transaction was 'not within the scope of their powers, and they were restrained by injunction. And in the second place, that in such a case one of the shareholders in the railway company was entitled to sue in. behalf of himself and all the other shareholders, .except the directors, who were defendants, although some of the shareholders had taken shares in the steam-packet company. It was contended in this case that the corporation' might pledge, without limit, the funds of the company for the encouragement of other transactions, however various and extensive, provided the object of that liability was to increase the traffic upon the railway, and thereby increase the traffic to the shareholders. - But the master of (the rolls, Lord ■ Langdale, said, “ there was no' -authority for any thing of that kind.” ,

But. further, it is not only illegal for a corporation to apply its capital to object’s not contemplated.by its charter, but also to apply its profits. • And therefore a shareholder may maintain a .bill in equity against the directors and-compel 'the company to refund .-any of the profits thus improperly applied. It is an im *343 proper application for a railway company to invest the profits of. the company, in the purchase of shares in another company. The dividend (says Lord Langdale, in Solamons v. Laing, 14 Jurist for December, 1850,) which belongs to the shareholders, and is divisible among them, may be applied severally as their own property; but the company itself or the directors, or any number of shareholders, at a meeting or otherwise, have no right to dispose of his shares of the general dividends, which belong to the particular shareholder, in any manner contrary to the will, or without the consent or authority of, that particular shareholder.

We do not mean to say that the jurisdiction in equity over corporations at the suit of a shareholder has not been' contested. The cases cited in this argument show it to have been otherwise ; but when the case of Hodges v. The New England Screw Company et al. was cited against it — (we may say the best argued and judicially considered case which' we know upon the point, both upon the original hearing and rehearing of that cause,) — the counsel could not have been aware of the fact that, upon the rehearing of it, the learned court, which had decided that courts of equity have no jurisdiction over corporations as such at the suit of a stockholder for violations of charter, reviewed and recalled that conclusion. The language of the’ court is: “We have thought it our duty to review in this general form this new and unsettled jurisdiction, and to say, in view of the novelty and importance of the subject, and the additional light which has been thrown upon it since the trial, we consider the jurisdiction of this court over corporations for breaches of charter, at the suit of- shareholders, and how far it shall be extended, and subject tp what limits, is still an open question in this court. 1 Rhode Island Reports, 312 — rehearing .of the case September term, 1853.”

The result of the cases is well stated in Angell & Ames, paragraphs 391, 393. “ In cases where the legal remedy against a corporation is inadequate, a court of equity wifi interfere, is well settled, and there are cases in which a bill in equity will lie against a corporation by one of its members.” “ Though the re-suit of the authorities clearly is, that in a corporation, when acting within the scope -of and in obedience to the provisions of its constitution, the will of the majority, duly expressed at ,a legally constituted meeting, must govern; yet beyond the limits of the act of incorporation, the will of the majority cannot make an act valid; and the'powers of a-court of equity may be put in motion at the instance of a single shareholder, if he can show that the corporation are employing their statutory powers for the accomplishment of purposes not within the scope of their institution. Yet it is to be observed, that there' is an important *344 distinction between this class of cases and those in which there "is ho breach .of trust, but only error and misapprehension, or simple negligence on the part of the directors.” *

We have then the rulé and its limitation. It is contended that this case is within the limitation; or that the directors of the Commercial Bank of Cleveland, in their action in respect to the tax assessed upon it, under the act of April 18,1852, and in their refusal to take proper measures for testing its validity, have committed an “ error of judgment merely.”

It is obvious, from the rule, that the circumstances of each case must determine the jurisdiction of a court of equity to give the relief sought. That the pleadings must be relied upon- to collect what they are, to ascertain in what character, and to what end a shareholder invokes the interposition of a court of equity, on account of the mismanagement of a board of directors. Whether such acts are out of or beyond the limits.of the act of incorporation, either of commission contrary, thereto, or of negligence in not doing what it may be their chartered duty to do.

•. This brings .us to the inquiry, as to what the directors have done in this cáse, and what they refused to do upon the application of their co-corporator, John M. Woolsey. . After a full statement of his case, comprehending all of his rights and theirs also, alleging in his bill that his object was to test the validity of a tax upon the ground that it was unconstitutional, because it impaired the obligation' of a contract made by the State of Ohio *345 with the Commercial Bank of Cleveland, and the stockholders thereof; he represents in his own behalf, as a stockholder, that he had applied to the directors, requesting them to take measures, by suit or otherwise, to prevent the collection of the tax by the treasurer, and that .they refused to do so, accompanying, however, their refusal with the declaration that they fully concurred with Woolsey in his views as to the illegality, of the tax; that they believed it in no way binding upon the banlc, but that, in consideration of the manv obstacles in the way of resisting the collection of the tax in the courts of the State, they could not consent to take legal measures for testing it. Besides this ■refusal, the papers in the ease disclose the fact that,the directors had previously made two protests against the constitutionality of the tax, because it was repugnant to the constitution of the United States, and to that of Ohio also, both concluding with a resolution that they would not, as then advised, pay the tax, unless compelled by law to do so, and that they were determined to rely upon the constitutional and legal rights of the bank under its charter. Now, in our view, the refusal upon the part of the directors, by their own showing, partakes more of disregard of duty, than of an error of judgment. It was a non-performance of a confessed official obligation, amounting to what the law considers a breach of trust, though it may not involve intentional moral delinquency. It was a mistake, it is true, of what their duty required from them, according to their own sense of it, but, being a duty by their own confession, their refusal was an act outside of the obligation which the charter imposed upon them to protect what they conscientiously believed to be the franchises of the bank. A sense of duty and conduct contrary to it, is not “ an error of judgment merely,” and cannot be so called in any case. It amounted to an illegal application of the profits due to the stockholders of the bank, into which a court of equity will inquire to prevent its being made.

. Thinking, as we do, that the action of the board of directors was not “ an error of judgment .merely ” but a breach of duty, it is our opinion that they were properly made parties to the bill, and that the jurisdiction of a court of equity reaches such a case to give such a remedy as its circumstances may require. This conclusion makes it unnecessary for us to notice further the point made by the counsel that the suit should have been brought in the name of the corporation, in support of which they cited the case of the Bank of the United States v. Osborn. The obvious difference between this case and that is, that the Bank of the United States brought a bill in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Ohio, to resist a tax assessed under an act of that State, and executed by its auditor, and' here the *346 directors of the Commercial Bank of Cleveland, by refusing to dp what they, had declared it to be their duty to do, have forced oné of its corporators, in self-defence, .to sue. If the directors had doné so-in a state court of Ohio, and put their case upon tide uncoñ.ditutionality of the tax act, because it impaired the obligation of .a contract, and had the decision been against such claim, tiie judgment of the state,court' could have been reexamined, in that' particular, in the • supreme court of ,the United States, under the same authority or jurisdiction by which it reversed the judgment of the supreme court of Ohio, in the case of thé Piqua Branch of the State Bank of Ohio v. Jacob Knoop, treasurer of Miami county, 16 How. 369.

But it was said in the argument, that this suit had been improperly brought in the circuit court of the United States, be.cause it was a contrivance by Woolsey, or between him and the directors of the bank, to give that court jurisdiction, on account .of their;residence and citizenship being in different States. That the subject-matter of the suit was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the state courts, and that, if the jurisdiction in the -courts of the United States was sustained, it would make inoperative.to a great extent the 7th amendment of the constitution of 'the United States and the 16th section of the Judiciary Net of 1789, this last being a declaratory act, settling the law, as to cases of equity jurisdiction, in the nature of a proviso, Iimitatiori, or" exception to its exercise. And further, that it would máke the judiciary 'of the United States paramount to that of the individual States, and the legislative and executive departments of the federal government paramount to the same departments of the individual States.

’ • We first remark as to the imputation of contrivance, that it is the assertion of a fact which does 'not appear in the case, one which the defendants should have proved if they meant to rely upon it to'abate or defeat the complainant’s suit, and that, not having done so, as théy might have attempted to do, we cannot presume its existence. Mr. Woolsey’s right, as a citizen of ..the State of Connecticut, to sue citizens- of the State of Ohio in-, the courts of the United States, for that State, cannot be questioned. The papers in the case also show, that the directors and himself .occupy antagonist grounds in respect, to the controversy which their refusal to sue -foiced him to take in defence of his rights as a' shareholder in. the bank. - Nor can the counsel for the defendant assume the existence, of such a fact in the argument of .their case in this court, in the absence of any attempt on their' part to prove it in the circuit court.

'. We remark, as to the subject-matter of the suit being w-ithin the exclusive jurisdiction of the state, courts, that the .courts of *347 the United States and the courts of the States have concurrent jurisdiction in all cases between citizens of different States, whatever may. be the matter in controversy, if it be one for-judicial cognizance. Such is the constitution of the United States, and the legislation to congress (l In pursuance thereof.” And when it was urged that the jurisdiction'of the case . belonged exclusively to the state courts of Ohio, under the 7th article of the amendments to the constitution, and the 16th section of the judiciary act of 1789 was invoked to sustain the position, it seems it was forgotten that this court and other courts of the United States had repeatedly decided that the equity jurisdiction of the courts of the. United States is independent of the local law of any State, and is the same in nature and extent as the equity jurisdiction of< England, from which it is derived, and that it is no objection to this, jurisdiction, that there is a remedy under the local law. Gordon v. Hobart, 2 Sumner, C. C. Rep. 401.

It Was also said by both of the counsel for the defendant, and argued with some zeal, that if the court sustained the jurisdiction in-this case, it would be difficult to determine whether any thing, and how much of state sovereignty may hereafter exist. We shall give, to this "observation our particular consideration, regretting that it should be necessary, but not doubting that-such a jurisdiction exists at. the "suit of a shareholder, and that' the appellate jurisdiction of this court may be exercised in the matter, not only without taking'away any of the rights of the States, but, by doing so, giving additional securities for their preservation, to the great benefit of the people of the United. States. If it,does.not exist ^nd was not exercised, we should indeed have a' very imperfect national government, .altogether unworthy of the wisdom and foresight of those who framed-'it; incompetent, too, to secure for the future those advantages hitherto sécured by it to the people of the United State's, and which were in their contemplation, when, by their conventions in the several States, the constitution was ratified..

Impelled then by a sense of- duty to the constitution, and thé administration of so much lof it as has been assigned to the judiciary, we proceed With the discussion.

' The departments of the gdvernment are legislative, executive, and judicial. They are coordinate in degree to the extent of the powers delegated to each of them. Each, in the exercise of its powers, is independent of the other, but all, rightfully done by either; is binding upon the others.- The constitution is supreme over all of them, because the people who ratified it have made" it so--; consequently, any thing which may be done unauthorized by it is unlawful. But it is not only over the departments of *348 the government that the constitution is supreme.. It is so, to the extent of its delegated powers, over all who made themselves parties to it; States as well as persons, within those concessions of sovereign powers yielded by the people of the States, when they accepted the constitution in their conventions. Nor does its supremacy end there. It is supreme over the people of the United States, aggregately and in their separate sovereignties, because they have excluded themselves from any direct or immediate agency in making amendments to it, and have directed that amendments should be made representatively for them, by the congress of the United States, when two thirds of both houses shall propose them; or where the legislatures of two thirds of the several States shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the constitution, when ratified by the • legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conven- . tions in three fourths of them, as one or the other mode of rati- ■ fication may be proposed by congress. The same article declares that no amendment, which might be made prior to the year 1808, ■.should, in any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article, and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its équal suffrage in the senate. ’The ,first being a temporary disability to amend, and the other two permahent and unalterable exceptions to the power of amendment.

Now, whether such a supremacy of the constitution, with its limitations in' the" particulars just méntioned, and with the further restrietitin laid by the people upon -themselves, and for themselves, as to the modes of amendment, be right or wrong politically, no one can deny that the constitution is supreme, as has been stated, and that the statement is in exact conformity with it.

Further, the' constitution is not only supreme in the sense we have said it was, for the people in the ratification of it have chosen to add that “ this constitution and the la'ws of the. United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made; or which shall be' made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the -land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.” ; And, in that connection, to make' its supremacy more complete, impressive, and practical, that there should fie no escape from its operation, and that its binding force upon the States qnd the members of congress should be unmistakable, it ■is declared.that “the senators and representatives, before mentioned, and. the .members of the state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of *349 the several States, shall be bound by an oath or affirmation to support this constitution.

Having stated, not by way of argument or inference, but in the words of' the constitution, the particulars in. which it is declared to be supreme, we proceed to show that it contains an interpreter, or has given directions for determining what is its meaning and operation, what “laws are made in pursuance thereof,” and to fix the meaning of treaties which had been made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, when either the constitution, the laws of congress, or a treaty, are brought judicially in question, in which a- State, or a citizen of the United States, or a foreigner, shall claim rights before the courts of the United States, or in the courts of the States, either under the constitution or the laws of the United ■ States, or from a treaty.

All legislative powers in the constitution are vested in a congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. Then stating of whom the house shall be composed, how they shall be chosen by the people of the several States, the qualification of electors, the age of representatives, the time of their citizenship, and their inhabitancy iri the State in which they shall be’ chosen ; how representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned, how the senate shall be composed, with sundry other provisions relating to the house and the senate, the powers of congress are enumerated affirmatively. The 9th section then declares what the congress shall not have power to do, and it is followed by the 10th, consisting of three paragraphs, all of them prohibitions upon the States from doing the particulars expressed in them.

Our first suggestion now is, as all the legislative powers are concessions of sovereignty from the people of the States, and the prohibitions upon them in the 10th section are likewise so, both raise an obligation upon the States not to legislate upon either; each, however, conferring rights, according to what may be the constitutional legislation of congress upon the first; and the second giving rights of equal force, without legisl: fcion in respect to such of them as execute themselves, on account of their being 'prohibitions of what the States shall not do. For .instance, no .legislation by congress is wanted to make more binding upon the States what they have bound themselves in absolute terms not to do. As where it is said “ no State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation,' grant letters of marque and reprisal', coin money, emit bills of credit, make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.”

*350 Our next suggestion is, that the grants of legislative powers, and the negation of the exercise of other powers by the States, some of them' being declarations that they would not legislate upon those matters which had been exclusively given up for the legislation of congress, do not imply that the States would be wilfully disregardful of the obligations solemnly placed upon them by their people; but that there might be interferences from their legislation in some of those particulars, either with the constitution, or between their enactments and those of congress. But this apprehension (not without cause) was founded upon the legislation of some of the States during the continuance of the. articles of confederation, affecting the rights and interests of persons in their contracts, from which they could get no relief, unless it was granted by the same State legislatures which passed the acts. This suggested the necessity, or rather made it obvious, that our national union would be incomplete and altogether insufficient for .the great ends contemplated, unless a constitutional arbiter was provided to give certainty and uniformity, in all of the States, to the interpretation of the constitution and the legislation of congress; with powers also to declare judicially what acts of the legislatures of the States might be in conflict- with either. Had this not been done, there would •have been no mutuality of constitutional obligation between the States, either in respect to the constitution or the laws of congress, and each of them would have determined for itself the operation of both, either by legislation or judicial action. In either way, exempting itself and its citizens from engagements which it had not made by itself, but in common with other States ■ of the union, equally sovereign ; by which they bound their sovereignties to each other,-"that neither of them should assume to settle a principle or interest for itself, in a matter which was the common interest -of all of them. Such is certainly the common- sense view of the people, when any number of them enter into a contract for their mutual benefit, in the same proportions of interest. In such a case, neither should assume the right to bind his compeers by his judgment, as to the stipulations of their contract. If one of them did so, any other of them might call in the aid of the law to settle their differences, and its judgment would terminate the controversy. It must not be said that the illustration is inappropriate, because individuals have no other mode to settle their disputes, and that States and nations; from their equal sovereignty, have no tribunal to terminate authoritatively their differences, each háving the right to judge and do so for itself.

But ours is not such a government. The States, or rather the people' forming it, though sovereign as to the powers not delegated *351 to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to' the States, are not independent of each other, in respect to the powers ceded in the constitution.

Their union, by the constitution, was made by each of them conceding portions of their equal sovereignties for all of them, . and it acts upon the States conjunctively and separately, and in the same manner upon their citizens, aggregately in some things, and in others individually, in many of their relations of business, and also upon their , civil conduct, so far as their obedience to the laws of congress is concerned.

In such a union,' the States are bound by all of those prin-?' ciples of justice which bind individuals to their contracts. They are bound by their mutual acquiescence in the powers of the constitution, that neither of them should be the judge, or should-' be allowed to be the final'judge of the powers of the constitution, or of the interpretation of the-laws of congress. This is not so, because their sovereignty is impaired; but the exercise of it is diminished in quantity, because they have, in certain respects, put restraints upon that exercise, in virtue of .voluntary engagements. (Vattel, Ch. 1, section 10.)

We will now give two illustrations — one from the constitution, and the other from one of the cases decided in this court, upon a tax act of the State of Ohio — to show that the framers of the. constitution, and the conventions which ratified it, were fully aware of the necessity for and meant to make a department of it, to which was to be confided th.e final decision judicially of the powers of that. instrument, the conformity of laws with it, which either congress or the legislatures of the States may enact, and to review the judgments of the state courts, in which a right; is decided against, which has been claimed.in virtue of the constitution or the laws of congress. - .-

The third clause of the 2d section of the 1st article of the constitution is, “ that -representatives and direct taxes .shall be ap- -. portioned among the several States, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians' not taxed, three fifths of all other persons.” We will suppose that congress shall again impose a direct tax, and that a citizen liable to assessment should dispute its application to a kind of his property;* allegihg-it nottó be a direct tax, in the sense of that provision? of the constitution ; and that he should apply to a state, court for relief from an execution which had been levied upon his property for its collection, máking the United States collector of the tax/a party to his suit; and that the court should enjoin him'from further proceedings to collect the tax. It is plain, if such a judgment was final, *352 and could not be reviewed by any other court, or by the supreme court' of the United States, in virtue of its appellate jurisdiction, 'as that has been given by the act of congress, the result would be, that the citizens of the State in which the judgment was given, would be exempted from the payment of a tax which had been intended by congress to be apportioned upon the property of all of the citizens of the United States, in conformity with the constitution. This would practically defeat the rule of apportionment if it was acquiesced in by the government of the United States, and the constitutional collection of the tax could not be made in any State according to the act. "We do not mean that the officers of the United States could not collect the tax in those States in which no such judgment had been given; but if the judgment could not be reviewed, that the constitutional rule for the imposition • of direct taxes could not be executed by any legislation of congress which a State legislature or a state court might not say was unconstitutional. We should not then have a more perfect union than we had under the articles of confederation. Each State then paid the requisition of congress, when it pleased to do so. Had it been continued, the union would be more feeble for all national purposes than it had been. Then the States only disregarded their obligations to suit their convenience. Had it not been, corrected, as it has been done in the constitution, we have-no reason to believe that there would not be like results, or that the courts of the States would not be resorted to, to determine the constitutionality of taxes laid by congress. This was certainly not meant by the framers of the constitution, nor can its disallowance be brought under the 10th article of its amendments, which declares, “that the powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”

The .illustration given, and its results, have been drawn from the constitution of the United States, also from what might be. the action of the state legislatures and state courts, which could not be prevented unless the supreme court of the United States had the power to review the action of the state courts upon a matter exclusively of national interest, made so by the legislation of -congress.

Hitherto, no such case as we have supposed has happened, but a reference to the case of Hylton v. The United States, 3 Dallas, 171, in which an attempt was made to test the constitutionality of a tax assessed by the United States, will show that a case of the kind is not unlikely to occur, when congress shall impose a tax apportioning representation and direct taxation; or, under the general declaration in the 8th section of the 1st article of the *353 constitution, that “ congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, but that all duties shall be uniform throughout the United States.” Let it .be understood, too, that the power is not only to impose duties and taxes, but to collect them, and from the power to collect must necessarily be inferred the disability of the legislatures of the States, or of the courts of the States, in any way to interfere with its execution, as that may be directed by congress. If the courts of the States, or their legislatures, could finally determine against the constitutionality of a tax laid by congress, there would' be no certainty or uniformity of taxation upon the citizens of the United States, or of the apportionment of representation and direct taxation according to the constitution.

Other illustrations of the propriety and necessity for a judicial, tribunal of the United States to settle such questions finally, might be made from other clauses of the constitution. We-will, however, cite but one of them in addition to such as have been already mentioned. It is the power of congress to regulate commerce, and we refer to the case of Brown v. The State of Maryland, as an instance of the attempt of that State to lay a ta;x upon imports, which this court pronounced to be unconstitutional.

We will now give other illustrations, in which the rights of property are involved, to show the cautious wisdom of that provision of the constitution which secures to the citizens of the different States a right to sue in the courts of the United States, and to claim either in them, or in the courts of the States, the protection either of the constitution or of the laws of congress.

The legislature of Ohio passed an act in 1803, incorporating the' proprietors of the half-million of acres of land south of Lake Erie called the “Sufferers’ Land.” This act required.the appointment of directors, who were authorized to extinguish the Indian .title, to súrvey the land into townships, or otherwise make partition among the owners; and,-among other things provided, “that, to defray all necessary expenses of the company in purchasing and extinguishing the Indian claim of title to the land, surveying, locating, and making partition, and all other necessary expenses of said company, power is hereby vested in the said directors, ánd their successors in office, to levy a tax or taxes on said land, and enforce the collection thereof.” It was also provided that the directors should have power and authority to do whatever it shall appear to them to be necessary and proper to be done for the well-ordering and interest of the proprietors, not contrary to the laws of the State. Subsequently, the legislature of Ohio imposed a tax upon these lands as a part of the revenue to be raised for the State.- The directors assessed a tax upon *354 the share of each proprietor, to pay the tax to the State. A s.ale of a part of the land was made for that purpose, and the question subsequently raised in the circuit court of the United States for the district of Ohio, in a suit at the instance of the heirs of' one of the proprietors whqse land had been sold, was, whether the sale conveyed a title to the land to the purchaser. It was determined by this court, that it did not, because the directors had not power to make an assessment upon the lands to pay the state tax, and that the tax, as laid by the State, had been done in violation of the corporate powers given to the directors. In this case the plaintiffs sought protection against the tax laid by Ohio, and acquiesced in by the directors of the corporation, because that tax was contrary to the contract which the State had made with the corporation for the benefit of the proprietors of the land. The State, without being a party to the record, was interested in the question. It was a suit between citizens of different States, brought by the plaintiffs in the United States circuit court for Ohio ; and the 'motive for seeking that tribunal was, that his rights might be tried in one not subject either to State or local influences. It placed both parties upon an' equality, in fact and in appearances ; and whatever might have been the result, neither could complain of the disinterestedness of the court which adjudged their rights. Beatty v. The Lessee of Knowles, 4 Peters, 152.

The foundation of the right of citizens of different States to sue each other in the courts of the United States, is not an unworthy-jealousy of the impartiality of the state tribunals. It has a higher aim and purpose. It is to make the people think and' feel, though residing in different States of the Union, that their relations to each other were protected by the strictest justice, administered in courts independent of all local control or connection with the subject-matter of the controversy between the parties to a suit.

Men unite in civil society, expecting to enjoy peaceably what belongs to them, and that they may regain it by the law when wrongfully withheld. That can only be accomplished by good laws, with suitable provisions for the establishment of courts of justice, and for the enforcement of their decisions. The right to establish them flows from the same source which deférmines the extent of the legislative and executive powers of government. Experience has shown that the object.cannot be attained without a supreme tribunal, as one of the departments of the government, with defined powers in its organic structure, and the mode for exercising them to be provided legislatively. This has been done in the constitution of the United States. Its framers were well aware of their responsibilities to secure justice to the people; *355 and well knew, as the object of all trials in courts was to deter-' mine the suits between citizens, that it could-riot be done satisfactorily to them, unless they had the privilege to appeal. from the first tribunal which had jurisdiction of a suit to another which should have authority to pronounce definitively upon its merits. (Vattel, 9th chapter, on justice and polity.) Without such a court the citizens of each State could not have enjoyed all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States, as they were intended to be sectored by the second section of the 4th ¡article of the constitution. Nor would the judicial .power have been extended in fact to “ all cases in law and equity arising under the constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or which shall be made under their, authority, to all cases affecting ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies tp which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; to those between citizens of different States, or between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a' State and the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens or subjects.” Article 3d, section 1st. ' ,

Without the supreme court, as it has been constitutionally and legislatively constituted, neither the cpnstitution nor the laws of congress passed in pursuance of it, nor treaties, -would be in practice or in fact the supreme law of the land, and the injunction that the judges in every State should be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary, notwithstanding, would be useléss, if the judges of state courts, in any one. of the States, could finally determine what was the meaning and operation of the constitution and laws of congress, or the extent of the obligation of treaties.

But let it be remembered, that the appellate jurisdiction of the supreme court, as it is, is one of perfect equality between the States and the United States. It acts upon the constitution and laws of both, in the same way, to the same extent, for the same purposes, and with • the same final result. Neither the dignity nor the .independence of either are lessened by its organization or action.

The same electors choose the members of the house of representatives who choose the members of the most popular branch of the state legislatures. The senators of the United States are chosen by the legislatures of the States. The senate and house of representatives of the United States exercise their legislative powers independently of each other, their concurrence being necessary to pass laws. The States are represented' in the one, the people in the other and in both. But as it >vas thought that *356 they and the state legislatures might pass laws conflicting with the letter or the spirit of the constitution under which they legislated, it became necessary to make a judicial department for the United States, with a jurisdiction best suited to preserve harmony between the States, severally and collectively, with the national government, and which would give the people of all of the States that confidence and security under it anticipated by them when they announced, “that we, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, .establish justice and domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, and promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain this constitution for the United States.” Without a judicial department, just such as it is, neither the powers of the constitution nor the purposes for which they were given could have been attained.

We do not know a case more appropriate to show the necessity for such a jurisdiction than that before us.

A citizen of the United States, residing in Connecticut, having a large pecuniary interest in a bank in Ohio, with a board of directors opposed, in fact, to the Only course which could be taken to test the constitutional validity of a law of that State bearing upon the franchises of their corporation, is told by the directors, that though they fully concur with him in believing the tax law of Ohio unconstitutional and in no way binding upon the bank, they will not institute legal proceedings to prevent the collection of the tax, “in consideration of the many 'obstacles in the way of resisting the tax in the state courts.” Without partaking, ourselves, in their uncertainty of relief in the courts of Ohio, it must be admitted their declaration was calculated to diminish this suitor’s confidence in such a result, and to induce him to resort to the only other tribunal which there was to take cognizance of his cause. Besides, it was not his interest alone which would be affected by the result. Hundreds, citizens of the State of Ohio and citizens of other States, are concerned in the question. Millions of money in that State, and millions upon millions of banking capital in the other States, are to be affected by its judicial decision; all depending upon the assertion, in opposition to the claim of the complainant, that a new constitution of a State supersedes every legislative enactment touching its own internal policy, and bearing upon the-interest of persons, which may have been the subject of legislation under a preceding constitution. In the words of the counsel for the defendant, that all such legislation must give way" when found to contravene the will of the sovereign péople, subsequently expressed in a new state constitution. The assertion may be met and confuted, without further argument, by what *357 was said by Mr. Madison, in the 43d number of The Federalist, upon the 6th article of the constitution, which is: “All debts and engagements entered into -before the adoption of this constitution. shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution as under the confederation.” His remark is, “ This can only be considered- as a declaratory proposition, and may have been inserted, among other reasons, for the satisfaction of foreign creditors, vfho cannot be strangers to the pretended doctrine, that a change in ’the political form of civil society has the magical effect of dissolving its moral obligations.”

And here we will cite another passage from the writings of that great statesman, and venerated man by every citizen of the United States who knows how much his political wisdom contributed to the establishment of our American popular institutions. He says, in the 22d number of The Federalist: “A circumstance which shows the defects of the confederation remains to be mentioned — the want of a judiciary power.' Laws are a dead letter without courts to expound and define their true meaning and operation. The treaties of the United-States, to have any force at all, must be considered as a part of the law of the land. Their true import, as regards individuals, must, like all other laws, be ascertained by judicial'determinations. To produce uniformity in these determinations, they ought to be submitted to a supreme tribunal; and this tribunal ought to be instituted under the same authorities which form the treaties themselves. These ingredients are both indispensable. If there is in each State a court of final jurisdiction, there may be as many different final determinations on the same point as there are courts. There are endless diversities in the opinions of men. We often see not only different courts, but the judges of the same court, differing from each other; To avoid the confusion which would unavoidably result from the' contradictory decisions of a number of independent judicatures, all nations have found it necessary to establish one tribunal paramount to the rest, possessing a general superintendence, and authorized to settle and declare in the last résort a uniform rule of civil justice. This is the more necessary where the frame of the government is so compounded that the laws of the whole are in danger of being contravened by the laws of the parts. In this case, if the particular tribunals are invested with a right of ultimate decision, besides the contradictions to be expected from difference of opinion, there will be much to fear from the bias of local views and prejudices, and from the' interference of local institutions. As often as such an interference should'happen, there would be reason to apprehend that the provisions of the particular laws might be preferred to those of the general laws, *358 from the deference which men in office naturally look up to that authority to which they owe their official existence.”

Hitherto we have shown from the constitution itself that the framers of it meant to provide a jurisdiction for its final interpre- , tation, and for the laws passed by Congress, to give them an equal operation in all of the States.

But there are considerations out of the constitution which contribute to show it, which we will briefly mention. Without such a judicial tribunal there are no means provided by which the conflicting legislation of the States with the constitution and the laws of congress may be terminated, so as to give to either a national operation in each of the States. In such an event no means have been provided for an amicable accommodation ; none for- a compromise; none for mediation; none for arbitration; none for a congress of the States as a mode of conciliation. The consequence of which would be a permanent diversity of the operation of the constitution in the States, as well in matters exclusively of public concern as in those which secure individual rights. Fortunately it is not so. A supreme tribunal has been provided, which has hitherto, by. its decisions, settled all differences which have arisen between the authorities of the States and those of the United States. The legislation under which its appellate power is exercised has been of sixty-seven years’ duration, without any countenanced attempt to repeal it. It is rather late to question it; and in continuing to exercise it, this court complies with the decisions of its predecessors, believing, after the fullest examination, that its appellate jurisdiction is given in conformity with the constitution.

The last position taken by the counsel for the defendant, now the appellant here, is, that George C. Dodge was in the discharge of his official duty as treasurer of Cuyahoga county, in the State of Ohio, when interrupted by the mandate of the circuit court; that the tax in his hands for collection against the bank was regularly assessed under a valid law of the State, passed April 18,1852, in conformity with the requisitions of tile constitution, adopted June 17,1851,. which took effect 1st September, 1851.

It was admitted, in the argument of it, that the only difference between this case and that of the Piqua Branch of the State of Ohio v. Jacob Knoop, 16 Howard, 369, is, that the latter was a claim for a táx under a law of Ohio, of March 21,1851, under the former constitution of Ohio, of 1802; and that the tax now claimed is assessed under the act of April 18,1852, under the new constitution of Ohio. • '

Both acts, in effect, are the same in their operation upon the charter of the bank, as that was passed by the general assembly *359 of Ohio, in the year 1845. Each of them is intended to collect, by way of tax, a larger sum than the bank was liable to pay, under the charter of 1845. This is admitted. It is not denied, the record shows that the tax assessed for the year 1853 exceeds the sum to which it was liable, under its charter, $11,565,¶§. The tax assessed is $14,771-/^. The .tax which it would have paid, under the act of 1845, would have been $3,206j“¡¡.

The fact raises the question whether the tax now claimed has not been assessed in violation of the 10th section of the 1st article of the constitution, which declares that no State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts.

The law of 1845 was' an agreement with the bank, quasi ex contractu — and also an agreement separately with the shareholders, quasi ex contractu — that neither the bank as such, nor ’ the shareholders as such, should be liable to any other tax larger than that which was to be levied under the 60th section of the act of 1845.

That 60th section is, “ that each banking company under the act, on accepting thereof and complying with its provisions, shall semiannually, on the days designated for declaring dividends, set off to the State six per cent, on the profits, deducting therefrom the expenses and ascertained losses of the company, for the six months next preceding, which sum or amount so set off shall be in lieu of all taxes to which the company, or the stockholders therein, would otherwise be subject. The sum so set off to be paid to the treasurer, on the order of the auditor of the State.” The act under which the tax of 1853 has been assessed is: “ That the president and cashier of evjery bank and banking company that shall have been, or may hereafter be, incorporated by the laws of this State, and having the right to issue bills of circulation as money, shall make and return, under oath, to the auditor of the county.in which such bank or banking company may be situated, in the month of May annually, a written statement containing, first, the average amount of notes and bills discounted or purchased, which amount shall include all the loans or discounts, whether originally made or renewed during the year aforesaid, or at any previous time, whether made on bills of exchange, notes, bonds, or mortgages, or any other evidence of indebtedness, at their actual cost value in money, whether due previous to, during, or after the period aforesaid, and on which such banking company has at any time reserved or received, or is entitled to receive, any profit or other consideration whatever; and, secondly, the average amount • of all other moneys, effects, or dues of every description belonging to the bank or banking company, loaned, invested, or otherwise used with a view to profit, or upon which the bank, &c., receives, or is entitled to receive, interest.”

*360 The two acts have been put in connection, that the difference between the modes of taxation may be more obvious; and it will be readily seen, that the second is not intended to tax the profits of the bank, but its entire business, capital, circulation, credits, and debts due to it, being professed to be intended to equalize the tax to be paid by the bank with that required to be paid upon personal property. A careful examination of the two apts and of the tabular returns annexed to this opinion, will prove that such equality of taxation has not been attained. It will show that the bank is taxed more than three times the number of mills upon the dollars that, is assessed upon personal property, whatever may be comprehended under that denomination by the - act of the 13th April, 1852. But if it did not, it could make no difference in our conclusion.' For the tax to be paid by the bank under the act of 24th February, 1824, is a legislative contract, equally operative upon the State and upon the bank, and the stockholders of the bank, until the expiration of its charter, which will be in 1866. No critical examination of the words, “ that on the days designated for declaring dividends, to wit, on the first Monday in May and November of each year, the bank shall set, off to the said State of Ohio six per cent, on the profits, dedücting therefrom the expenses and ascertained losses of said company for six months next preceding each dividend day, and that the sums' or amounts so set off shall be in lieu of all taxes to which said company or the stockholders thereof on account of stock owned therein would otherwise be subject,” could make them more exact in meaning than they are. The words “ would otherwise be subject,” relate to the legislative power to tax, ,and is a relinquishment of it, binding upon that legislature which' passed the act, and upon succeeding legislatures as a contract not to tax the bank during its continuance with more than six per cent, upon its semiannual profits. A change of constitution cannot release a State from contracts made under a • constitution which permits them to be made. The inquiry is, is the contract permitted by the existing constitution ? If so, and that cannot be denied in this case, the sovereignty which ratified it in 1802 was the same sovereignty - which made the constitution of 1851, neither having more power than the other to impair a contract made by the state legislature with individuals. The moral obligations never' die. If broken by states and nations, though the terms of reproach are not the same with which wc are accustomed to designate the faithlessness of individuals, the violation of justice Í3 not the less.

This case is coincident with that of the Piqua Branch of the State Bank of Ohio v. Knoop, 16 How. 369, -decided by this *361 court in the year 1853. It rules this in every particular; and to the opinion then given we have nothing to add, nor any thing to take away. We affirm the decree of the circuit court, and direct a mandate accordingly.

Mr. Justice CATRON, Mr. Justice DANIEL, and Mr. Justice CAMPBELL dissented.

(No. 1.)

Statement of the Commercial Branch Bank, Cleveland, made to the Auditor of Cuyahoga county, May 25, 1853.

1st. The average amount of notes and bills discounted and purchased by the Commercial Branch Bank of Cleveland, including all loans or discounts whether made or renewed during the year, from May 1st, 1852, to May 1st, 1853, inclusive, is................................... $582,735

2d. The average amount of all other moneys, effects, or dues of every description belonging to said Commercial Branch Bank, loaned, invested or otherwise used or employed with a view to profit, or upon which said bank received, or was entitled to receive, interest during the above period, was.......................................... 88,714

Total.............................. $671,449

W. A. OTIS, President.

F. P. Handy, Cashier.

State of Ohio, Cuyahoga county, ss.

Cleveland, May 25, 1853.

Personally appeared William A. Otis, President, and Freeman P. Handy, Cashier of the Commercial Branch Bank of Cleveland, and made oath that the aforesaid statement is true and correct, according to their best knowledge and belief.

Before me, witness my hand. JOHN T. NEWTON, Notary Public.

The.following resolutions have been adopted by the directors of this bank:—

Resolved, That in the opipion of the directors of the Commercial Branch Bank of Cleveland, that the act for the assessment and taxation of all property in this State, and for levying taxes thereon according to its true value in money, passed April 13, 1852, so far as it imposes a tax on this bank or banking company, or the listing or valuing of its property different from that required by its charter, without the consent of the corporators, is unconstitutional and void, and is also repugnant to the constitution of the State of Ohio — which declares that all laws shall be passed taxing by uniform rule all investments in stock or otherwise, and that property employed in banking shall bear a burden of taxation equal to that imposed on the property of individuals; and, again — that the property of corporations now existing or hereafter created, shall be forever subject to taxation the same as the property of individuals, and therefore creates no legal liability against this bank, and that this bank will not, as at present advised, pay such additional tax unless compelled by law, and hereby enters its protest against its imposition and collection.

Resolved, That the cashier attach a copy of these resolutions, signed by the president and cashier of this bank, to the return of this bank, made under said law. Also file a Copy so attested with the treasurer of thiis county, and transmit a like copy to the *362 auditor of state, as an evidence of the dissent of this bank from all the provisions of said law, and its determination to rely upon the constitution and legal rights of this bank under its charter. P. P. HANDY, Cashier.

W. A. Otis, President.

Commercial Branch Bank, Cleveland, May 25; 1853.

Auditor’s Office, Cuyahoga County,

Cleveland, February 22, 1856.

I hereby certify, that the foregoing is a true copy of the statement of the Commercial Branch Bank, made to the Auditor of Cuyahoga county, May 25, 1853.

WILLIAM PULLER, County Auditor.

(No; 2.)

Auditor’s Office, Cuyahoga County,

Cleveland, February, 22, 1856.

I hereby certify, that th.ere was entered upon the tax duplicate of this county, for the year 1853, for taxation, in the name of the Commercial Branch Bank of Cleveland, the sum of six hundred seventy-one thousand four hundred and forty-nine dollars, in accordance with the statement of said bank, made to the auditor of said county, May 25, 1853.

And that the amount of taxes assessed thereon in said year, for State, county, city, and road purposes, is fourteen thousand seven hundred and seventy-one dollars eighty-seven cents and seven mills, ($14;771 87 7,) as follows.

WILLIAM PULLER, County Auditor.

Owners’ Names. Personal prop.’y. Value — dolls. Total taxes on duplicate. State, county, and city taxes. Road Tax.

Dolls. Cts. Ms. Dolls. Cts. Ms. Dolls. Cts. Ms.

Commercial Branch Bank........... 671,449 14,771 87 7 14,234 71 8 637 15 9

So it has been repeatedly decided, that a private corporation may be sued at law by one of its own members. The text upon this subject is so well expressed, with authorities to support it, that we will extract the paragraph 390 from Angelí & Ames pntire: ■ A private corporation may be sued, by one of its own members. This point came directly before the court, in the State of South Carolina in an action of assumpsit against the Catawba Company. The plea in abatement was, that the plaintiff himself was a member of that company, and therefore could maintain no action against it in his individual capacity. The court, after hearing argument, overruled the plea as containing principles, subversive of justice; and they moreover said, that the point had been settled by two former cases, wherein certain officers were allowed to maintain actions for their salaries due by the company. 'In this respect, the cases of incorporated companies are'entirely dissimilar from those of ordinary copartnerships, or unincorporated joint-stock companies. In .the former, the individual members of the company are entirely distinct from the artificial body endowed with corporate powers. A member, of a corporation who is a creditor, has the same right as any other creditor to secure the payment of his dema-.ds, by attachment or by levy upon the .property of the corporation, although he may be personally liable by statute to satisfy other judgments against the corporation. An action was maintained against a corporation on a bond securing a certain sum to the plaintiff, a member of the corporation, the member being deemed by the court a stranger. Pierce & Partridge, 3 Met. Mass. 44; so of notes and bonds, accounts and rights to dividends. Hill v. Manchester and Salford Waterworks, 5 Adol. & Ellis, 866; Dunston v. Imperial Glass Company, 3 B. & Adol. 125; Geer v. School District, 6 Vermont, 187; Methodist Episcopal Society, 18 Ib. 405; Rogers v. Danby Universalist Society, 19 Ib. 187.