Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Dillingham v. United States
46 L. Ed. 2d 205
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1975-12-01
- Topic
- general
holding that a speedy-trial right attaches upon a finding of probable cause regarding the instant charges | holding that “invocation of the speedy trial provision . . . need not await indictment, information, or other formal charge” | noting that the right to a speedy trial is triggered by formal indictment or arrest | noting that the right to a speedy trial is triggered by formal indictment or arrest | noting that the clock starts for speedy-trial purposes with “either a formal indictment or information or else the actual restraints imposed by arrest and holding to answer a criminal charge” | clarifying United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971) | measuring delay for Sixth Amendment claim from time of arrest and noting that “[i]nvoeation of the speedy trial provision ... need not await indictment, information, or other formal charge” | measuring delay for Sixth Amendment claim from time of arrest and noting that “[i]nvocation of the speedy trial provision . . . need not await indictment, information, or other formal charge” | Sixth Amendment activated when a criminal prosecution has begun and extends to those who have been accused | Sixth Amendment activated when a criminal prosecution has begun and extends to those who have been accused | wherein the Court held that the arrest, if prior to the indictment, constitutes the initiation of prosecution | the period between arrest and indictment must be considered in evaluating a Speedy Trial Clause claim | Sixth Amendment right to speedy trial attached at time of arrest even though defendant was not indicted until 22 months after arrest | speedy trial rights were triggered preindictment when defendant had been arrested pursuant to a warrant and released | a defendant becomes “accused” of a crime when arrested preindictment, thus triggering his or her speedy trial rights | speedy trial clock begins to run when defendant becomes accused by arrest or formal charge | “invocation of the speedy trial provision . . . need not await indictment, information or other formal charge” | arrest constitutes a condition initiating running of speedy trial right | arrest constitutes a condition initiating running of speedy trial right | “[I]t is either a formal indictment or information or else the actual restraints imposed by arrest and holding to answer a criminal charge that engage the particular protections of the speedy trial provision of the Sixth Amendment.”
Citator
- Cited by
- 151 opinions
An interval of 22 months elapsed between petitioner’s arrest and indictment, and a further period of 12 months between his indictment and trial, upon charges of automobile theft in violation of 18 U. S. C. §§ 371, 2312, and 2313. The District Court for the Northern District of Georgia denied petitioner’s motions — made immediately after arraignment and posttrial — to dismiss the indictment on the ground that petitioner had been denied a speedy trial in violation of the Sixth Amendment. The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed, holding that under United States v. Marion, 404 U. S. 307 (1971), the 22-month “pre-indictment delay ... is not to be counted for the purposes of a Sixth Amendment motion absent a showing of actual prejudice.” 502 F. 2d 1233, 1235 (1974). This reading of Marion was incorrect. Marion presented the question whether in assessing a denial of speedy trial claim, there was to be counted a delay between the end of the criminal scheme charged and the indictment of a suspect not arrested or otherwise charged previous to the indictment. The Court held: “On its face, the protection of the [Sixth] Amendment is activated only when a criminal prosecution has begun and extends only to those persons *65 who have been ‘accused’ in the course of that prosecution. These provisions would seem to afford no protection to those not yet accused, nor would they seem to require the Government to discover, investigate, and accuse any person within any particular period of time.” 404 U. S., at 313. In contrast, the Government constituted petitioner an “accused” when it arrested him and thereby commenced its prosecution of him. Marion made this clear, id., at 320-321, where the Court stated:
“To legally arrest and detain, the Government must assert probable cause to believe the arrestee has committed a crime. Arrest is a public act that may seriously interfere with the defendant’s liberty, whether he is free on bail or not, and that may disrupt his employment, drain his financial resources, curtail his associations, subject him to public obloquy, ánd create anxiety in him, his family and his friends. These considerations were substantial underpinnings for the decision in Klopfer v. North Carolina, [386 U. S. 213 (1967)]; see also Smith v. Hooey, 393 U. S. 374, 377-378 (1969). So viewed, it is readily understandable that it is either a formal indictment or information or else the actual restraints imposed by arrest and holding to answer a criminal charge that engage the particular protections of the speedy trial provision of the Sixth Amendment.
“Invocation of the speedy trial provision thus need not await indictment, information, or other formal charge.”
See also Barker v. Wingo, 407 U. S. 514, 519-520, 532-533 (1972). *
*66 Petitioner’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis and the petition for certiorari are granted. The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
So ordered.
The Chief Justice dissents.The Memorandum for the United States in Opposition, p. 4, states that “Marion appears to leave little doubt . . . that [the *66 Court] believed that the policies that inform the right to a speedy trial reach beyond the indictment stage of criminal proceedings and that the right consequently attaches either at the point at which a person is arrested and held to answer on .a criminal charge or when he is formally charged by indictment or information, whichever occurs earlier Accord, United States v. Macino, 486 F. 2d 750 (CA7 1973); United States v. Cabral, 475 F. 2d 715 (CA1 1973); Edmaiston v. Neil, 452 F. 2d 494 (CA6 1971).