Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Chambers v. Nasco, Inc.

111 S. Ct. 2123

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1991-08-02
Topic: general

holding that district courts retain the "inherent power” to impose sanctions, including attorney’s fees, where a litigant has engaged in bad-faith conduct | recognizing that a district court has inherent powers to sanction a party by awarding the other side attorney, fees and related expenses | recognizing that district courts have the inherent power to “fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process” | holding that federal courts have the inherent power to impose sanctions for bad-faith conduct and other abuses of the judicial process | holding that federal district courts have inherent powers to manage their own proceedings including the assessment of sanctions for parties’ bad faith conduct | holding that a court can impose attorney fees against a party if it finds that fraud has been practiced upon the court | concluding that federal courts are not forbidden from sanctioning bad-faith conduct under their inherent power simply because the conduct could also be sanctioned under a statute or the Rules | holding that federal courts have the inherent power to require “submission to their lawful mandates” | recognizing that the Court held in Roadway Express that a finding of bad faith is a prerequisite to invocation of the court’s inherent power to sanction | holding that federal courts have the inherent power to “fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process.” | holding that federal courts have inherent power to impose sanctions on attorneys for bad-faith conduct | ruling that federal courts' inherent power to manage their own proceedings authorized the imposition of attorney's fees and related expenses as a sanction | ruling that federal courts’ inherent power to manage their own proceedings authorized the imposition of attorney's fees and related expenses as a sanction | recognizing that a court “may act sua sponte to dismiss a suit for failure to prosecute” | holding that statutory schemes and court rules 23 (Second Am. Compl. Intervention, ECF No. 250.) 24 (Sanctions Mot. 2. | recognizing that a court “may act sua sponte to dismiss a suit for failure to prosecute” | ruling that federal courts' inherent power to manage their own proceedings authorized the imposition of attorney's fees and related expenses as a sanction | ruling that federal courts' inherent power to manage their own proceedings authorized the imposition of attorney's fees and related expenses as a sanction | recognizing that a court “may act sua 24 sponte to dismiss a suit for failure to prosecute” | holding that federal courts have the inherent power to “fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process” | holding that federal courts have the inherent power to sanction litigants for bad faith conduct which amount to an abuse of the litigation process | holding that district court acted within its discretion when it approximated attorney fees at $1 million | holding that federal courts have the inherent power to sanction “a full range of litigation abuses” | holding that among a court’s inherent powers is “the ability to fashion an appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process” | ruling that federal 2 courts' inherent power to manage their own proceedings authorized the imposition of attorney's fees and related expenses as a sanction | recognizing that a court “may act sua 17 sponte to dismiss a suit for failure to prosecute” | ruling that federal courts' inherent power to manage their own proceedings authorized the imposition of attorney's fees and related expenses as a sanction | recognizing that “invocation of [sanctions under] the inherent power would require a finding of bad faith” | holding that a federal district court has an inherent power to assess attorney fees as a sanction for bad faith conduct | holding that the court’s inherent power to sanction bad-faith conduct “extends to a full range of litigation abuses,” including “delaying or d

Citator

Cited by: 2797 opinions

CHAMBERS v. NASCO, INC.,501 U.S. 32(1991)

111 S.Ct. 2123

CHAMBERSv. NASCO, INC.

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 90-256

Argued February 27, 1991

Decided June 6, 1991

Petitioner Chambers, the sole shareholder and director of a company that operated a television station in Louisiana, agreed to sell the station's facilities and broadcast license to respondent NASCO, Inc. Chambers soon changed his mind and, both before and after NASCO filed this diversity action for specific performance in the District Court, engaged in a series of actions within and without that court and in proceedings before the Federal Communications Commission, the Court of Appeals, and this Court, which were designed to frustrate the sale's consummation. On remand following the Court of Appeals' affirmance of judgment on the merits for NASCO, the District Court, on NASCO's motion and following full briefing and a hearing, imposed sanctions against Chambers in the form of attorney's fees and expenses totaling almost $1 million, representing the entire amount of NASCO's litigation costs paid to its attorneys. The court noted that the alleged sanctionable conduct was that Chambers had (1) attempted to deprive the court of jurisdiction by acts of fraud, nearly all of which were performed outside the confines of the court, (2) filed false and frivolous pleadings, and (3) "attempted, by other tactics of delay, oppression, harassment and massive expense to reduce [NASCO] to exhausted compliance." The court deemed Federal Rule of Civil Procedure11— which provides for the imposition of attorney's fees as a sanction for the improper filing of papers with a court — insufficient to support the sanction against Chambers, since the Rule does not reach conduct in the foregoing first and third categories, and since it would have been impossible to assess sanctions at the time the papers in the second category were filed, because their falsity did not become apparent until after the trial on the merits. The court likewise declined to impose sanctions under28 U.S.C. § 1927, both because the statute's authorization of an attorney's fees sanction applies only to attorneys who unreasonably and vexatiously multiply proceedings, and therefore would not reach Chambers, and because the statute was not broad enough to reach "acts which degrade the judicial system." The court therefore relied on its inherent power in imposing sanctions. In affirming, the Court of Appeals,inter alia, rejected Chambers' argument that a federal court sitting in diversity must look to state law, notPage 33the court's inherent power, to assess attorney's fees as a sanction for bad-faith conduct in litigation.Held:The District Court properly invoked its inherent power in assessing as a sanction for Chambers' bad-faith conduct the attorney's fees and related expenses paid by NASCO. Pp. 42-58.

(a) Federal courts have the inherent power to manage their own proceedings and to control the conduct of those who appear before them. In invoking the inherent power to punish conduct which abuses the judicial process, a court must exercise discretion in fashioning an appropriate sanction, which may range from dismissal of a lawsuit to an assessment of attorney's fees. Although the "American Rule" prohibits the shifting of attorney's fees in most cases, seeAlyeska PipelineService Co. v.Wilderness Society,421 U.S. 240,259, an exception allows federal courts to exercise their inherent power to assess such fees as a sanction when a party has acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons,id., at 258-259, 260, as when the party practices a fraud upon the court,Universal Oil Products Co. v.Root Refining Co.,328 U.S. 575,580, or delays or disrupts the litigation or hampers a court order's enforcement,Huttov.Finney,437 U.S. 678,689, n. 14. Pp. 43-46.

(b) There is nothing in § 1927, Rule 11, or other Federal Rules of Civil Procedure authorizing attorney's fees as a sanction, or in this Court's decisions interpreting those other sanctioning mechanisms, that warrants a conclusion that, taken alone or together, the other mechanisms displace courts' inherent power to impose attorney's fees as a sanction for bad-faith conduct. Although a court ordinarily should rely on such rules when there is bad-faith conduct in the course of litigation that could be adequately sanctioned under the rules, the court may safely rely on its inherent power if, in its informed discretion, neither the statutes nor the rules are up to the task. The District Court did not abuse its discretion in resorting to the inherent power in the circumstances of this case. Although some of Chambers' conduct might have been reached through the other sanctioning mechanisms, all of that conduct was sanctionable. Requiring the court to apply the other mechanisms to discrete occurrences before invoking the inherent power to address remaining instances of sanctionable conduct would serve only to foster extensive and needless satellite litigation, which is contrary to the aim of the rules themselves. Nor did the court's reliance on the inherent power thwart the mandatory terms of Rules 11 and 26(g). Those Rules merely require that "an appropriate sanction" be imposed, without specifyingwhichsanction is required.Bank of Nova Scotiav.United States,487 U.S. 250, distinguished. Pp. 46-51.

Page 34

(c) There is no merit to Chambers' assertion that a federal court sitting in diversity cannot use its inherent power to assess attorney's fees as a sanction unless the applicable state law recognizes the "bad-faith" exception to the general American Rule against fee shifting. Although footnote 31 inAlyeskatied a diversity court's inherent power to award fees to the existence of a state law giving a right thereto, that limitation applies only to fee-shifting rules that embody a substantive policy, such as a statute which permits a prevailing party in certain classes of litigation to recover fees. Here the District Court did not attempt to sanction Chambers for breach of contract, but rather imposed sanctions for the fraud he perpetrated on the court and the bad faith he displayed toward both NASCO and the court throughout the litigation. The inherent power to tax fees for such conduct cannot be made subservient to any state policy without transgressing the boundaries set out inErie R. Co. v.Tompkins,304 U.S. 64,Guaranty Trust Co. v.York,326 U.S. 99, andHannav.Plumer,380 U.S. 460, for fee-shifting here is not a matter of substantive remedy, but is a matter of vindicating judicial authority. Thus, although Louisiana law prohibits punitive damages for a bad-faith breach of contract, this substantive state policy is not implicated. Pp. 51-55.

(d) Based on the circumstances of this case, the District Court acted within its discretion in assessing as a sanction for Chambers' bad-faith conduct the entire amount of NASCO's attorney's fees. Chambers' arguments to the contrary are without merit. First, although the sanction was not assessed until the conclusion of the litigation, the court's reliance on its inherent power did not represent an end run around Rule 11's notice requirements, since Chambers received repeated timely warnings both from NASCO and the court that his conduct was sanctionable. Second, the fact that the entire amount of fees was awarded does not mean that the court failed to tailor the sanction to the particular wrong, in light of the frequency and severity of Chambers' abuses of the judicial system and the resulting need to ensure that such abuses were not repeated. Third, the court did not abuse its discretion by failing to require NASCO to mitigate its expenses, since Chambers himself made a swift conclusion to the litigation by means of summary judgment impossible by continuing to assert that material factual disputes existed. Fourth, the court did not err in imposing sanctions for conduct before other tribunals, since, as long as Chambers received an appropriate hearing, he may be sanctioned for abuses of process beyond the courtroom. Finally, the claim that the award is not "personalized" as to Chambers' responsibility for the challenged conduct is flatly contradictedPage 35by the court's detailed factual findings concerning Chambers' involvement in the sequence of events at issue. Pp. 55-58.

894 F.2d 696, affirmed.

WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which MARSHALL, BLACKMUN, STEVENS, and O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. SCALIA, J., filed a dissenting opinion,post, p. 58. KENNEDY, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which REHNQUIST, C.J., and SOUTER, J., joined,post, p. 60.

Mack E. Barhamargued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs wereRobert E. ArceneauxandRussellT. Tritico.Joel I. Kleinargued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief wereChristopher D. Cerf, David A. Bono, AubreyB. Harwell, Jr., Jon D. Ross, John B. Scofield, andDavid L. Hoskins.

JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

This case requires us to explore the scope of the inherent power of a federal court to sanction a litigant for bad-faith conduct. Specifically, we are asked to determine whether the District Court, sitting in diversity, properly invoked its inherent power in assessing as a sanction for a party's bad-faith conduct attorney's fees and related expenses paid by the party's opponent to its attorneys. We hold that the District Court acted within its discretion, and we therefore affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.

This case began as a simple action for specific performance of a contract, but it did not remain so.¹Petitioner G. Russell Chambers was the sole shareholder and director of Calcasieu Television and Radio, Inc. (CTR), which operated television station KPLC-TV in Lake Charles, Louisiana. On August 9, 1983, Chambers, acting both in his individual capacity and on behalf of CTR, entered into a purchase agreementPage 36to sell the station's facilities and broadcast license to respondent NASCO, Inc., for a purchase price of $18 million. The agreement was not recorded in the parishes in which the two properties housing the station's facilities were located. Consummation of the agreement was subject to the approval of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC); both parties were obligated to file the necessary documents with the FCC no later than September 23, 1983. By late August, however, Chambers had changed his mind and tried to talk NASCO out of consummating the sale. NASCO refused. On September 23, Chambers, through counsel, informed NASCO that he would not file the necessary papers with the F.C.C.

NASCO decided to take legal action. On Friday, October 14, 1983, NASCO's counsel informed counsel for Chambers and CTR that NASCO would file suit the following Monday in the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana, seeking specific performance of the agreement, as well as a temporary restraining order (TRO) to prevent the alienation or encumbrance of the properties at issue. NASCO provided this notice in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure65and Rule 11 of the District Court's Local Rules (now Rule 10), both of which are designed to give a defendant in a TRO application notice of the hearing and an opportunity to be heard.

The reaction of Chambers and his attorney, A.J. Gray III, was later described by the District Court as having "emasculated and frustrated the purposes of these rules and the powers of [the District] Court by utilizing this notice to prevent NASCO's access to the remedy of specific performance."NASCO, Inc. v.Calcasieu Television Radio, Inc.,623 F. Supp. 1372,1383(1985). On Sunday, October 16, 1983, the pair acted to place the properties at issue beyond the reach of the District Court by means of the Louisiana Public Records Doctrine. Because the purchase agreement had never been recorded, they determined that, if the propertiesPage 37were sold to a third party, and if the deeds were recorded before the issuance of a TRO, the District Court would lack jurisdiction over the properties.

To this end, Chambers and Gray created a trust, with Chambers' sister as trustee and Chambers' three adult children as beneficiaries. The pair then directed the president of CTR, who later became Chambers' wife, to execute warranty deeds conveying the two tracts at issue to the trust for a recited consideration of $1.4 million. Early Monday morning, the deeds were recorded. The trustee, as purchaser, had not signed the deeds; none of the consideration had been paid; and CTR remained in possession of the properties. Later that morning, NASCO's counsel appeared in the District Court to file the complaint and seek the TRO. With NASCO's counsel present, the District Judge telephoned Gray. Despite the judge's queries concerning the possibility that CTR was negotiating to sell the properties to a third person, Gray made no mention of the recordation of the deeds earlier that morning.NASCO,Inc. v.Calcasieu Television Radio, Inc.,124 F.R.D. 120,126, n. 8 (1989). That afternoon, Chambers met with his sister and had her sign the trust documents and a $1.4 million note to CTR. The next morning, Gray informed the District Court by letter of the recordation of the deeds the day before, and admitted that he had intentionally withheld the information from the court.

Within the next few days, Chambers' attorneys prepared a leaseback agreement from the trustee to CTR, so that CTR could remain in possession of the properties and continue to operate the station. The following week, the District Court granted a preliminary injunction against Chambers and CTR and entered a second TRO to prevent the trustee from alienating or encumbering the properties. At that hearing, the District Judge warned that Gray's and Chambers' conduct had been unethical.Page 38

Despite this early warning, Chambers, often acting through his attorneys, continued to abuse the judicial process. In November, 1983, in defiance of the preliminary injunction, he refused to allow NASCO to inspect CTR's corporate records. The ensuing civil contempt proceedings resulted in the assessment of a $25,000 fine against Chambers personally.NASCO, Inc. v.Calcasieu Television Radio,Inc.,583 F. Supp. 115(1984). Two subsequent appeals from the contempt order were dismissed for lack of a final judgment. SeeNASCO,Inc. v.Calcasieu Television Radio, Inc., No. 84-9037 (CA5, May 29, 1984);NASCO, Inc. v.Calcasieu Television Radio, Inc.,752 F.2d 157(CA5 1985).

Undeterred, Chambers proceeded with "a series of meritless motions and pleadings and delaying actions."124 F.R.D., at 127. These actions triggered further warnings from the court. At one point, actingsuasponte, the District Judge called a status conference to find out why bankers were being deposed. When informed by Chambers' counsel that the purpose was to learn whether NASCO could afford to pay for the station, the court canceled the depositions consistent with its authority under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure26(g).

At the status conference nine days before the April, 1985, trial date,²the District Judge again warned counsel that further misconduct would not be tolerated.³Finally, on the eve of trial, Chambers and CTR stipulated that the purchase agreement was enforceable and that Chambers had breached the agreement on September 23, 1983, byPage 39failing to file the necessary papers with the F.C.C. At trial, the only defense presented by Chambers was the Public Records Doctrine.

In the interlude between the trial and the entry of judgment, during which the District Court prepared its opinion, Chambers sought to render the purchase agreement meaningless by seeking permission from the FCC to build a new transmission tower for the station and to relocate the transmission facilities to that site, which was not covered by the agreement. Only after NASCO sought contempt sanctions did Chambers withdraw the application.

The District Court entered judgment on the merits in NASCO's favor, finding that the transfer of the properties to the trust was a simulated sale and that the deeds purporting to convey the property were "null, void, and of no effect."623 F. Supp., at 1385. Chambers' motions, filed in the District Court, the Court of Appeals, and this Court, to stay the judgment pending appeal were denied. Undeterred, Chambers convinced CTR officials to file formal oppositions to NASCO's pending application for FCC approval of the transfer of the station's license, in contravention of both the District Court's injunctive orders and its judgment on the merits. NASCO then sought contempt sanctions for a third time, and the oppositions were withdrawn.

When Chambers refused to prepare to close the sale, NASCO again sought the court's help. A hearing was set for July 16, 1986, to determine whether certain equipment was to be included in the sale. At the beginning of the hearing, the court informed Chambers' new attorney, Edwin A. McCabe,⁴that further sanctionable conduct would not be tolerated. When the hearing was recessed for several days, Chambers, without notice to the court or NASCO, removed from service at the station all of the equipment at issue, forcing the District Court to order that the equipment be returned to service.Page 40

Immediately following oral argument on Chambers' appeal from the District Court's judgment on the merits, the Court of Appeals, ruling from the bench, found the appeal frivolous. The court imposed appellate sanctions in the form of attorney's fees and double costs, pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure38, and remanded the case to the District Court with orders to fix the amount of appellate sanctions and to determine whether further sanctions should be imposed for the manner in which the litigation had been conducted.NASCO, Inc. v.Calcasieu Television Radio, Inc.,797 F.2d 975(CA5 1986)(percuriam)(unpublished order).

On remand, NASCO moved for sanctions, invoking the District Court's inherent power, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.11, and28 U.S.C. § 1927. After full briefing and a hearing, see124 F.R.D., at 141, n. 11, the District Court determined that sanctions were appropriate "for the manner in which this proceeding was conducted in the district court from October 14, 1983, the time that plaintiff gave notice of its intention to file suit, to this date."Id., at 123. At the end of an extensive opinion recounting what it deemed to have been sanctionable conduct during this period, the court imposed sanctions against Chambers in the form of attorney's fees and expenses totaling $996,644.65, which represented the entire amount of NASCO's litigation costs paid to its attorneys.⁵Page 41In so doing, the court rejected Chambers' argument that he had merely followed the advice of counsel, labeling him "the strategist,"id., at 132, behind a scheme devised "first, to deprive this Court of jurisdiction and, second, to devise a plan of obstruction, delay, harassment, and expense sufficient to reduce NASCO to a condition of exhausted compliance,"id., at 136.

In imposing the sanctions, the District Court first considered Federal Rule of Civil Procedure11. It noted that the alleged sanctionable conduct was that Chambers and the other defendants had "(1) attempted to deprive this Court of jurisdiction by acts of fraud, nearly all of which were performed outside the confines of this Court, (2) filed false and frivolous pleadings, and (3) attempted, by other tactics of delay, oppression, harassment and massive expense to reduce plaintiff to exhausted compliance."124 F. R. D., at 138. The court recognized that the conduct in the first and third categories could not be reached by Rule 11, which governs only papers filed with a court. As for the second category, the court explained that the falsity of the pleadings at issue did not become apparent until after the trial on the merits, so that it would have been impossible to assess sanctions at the time the papers were filed.Id., at 138-139. Consequently, the District Court deemed Rule 11 "insufficient" for its purposes.Id., at 139. The court likewise declined to impose sanctions under § 1927,⁶both because the statute applies only to attorneys, and therefore would not reach Chambers, and because the statute was not broad enough to reach "actsPage 42which degrade the judicial system," including "attempts to deprive the Court of jurisdiction, fraud, misleading and lying to he Court."Ibid. The court therefore relied on its inherent power in imposing sanctions, stressing that "[t]he wielding of that inherent power is particularly appropriate when the offending parties have practiced a fraud upon the court."Ibid.

The Court of Appeals affirmed.NASCO, Inc. v.Calcasieu TelevisionRadio, Inc.,894 F.2d 696(CA5 1990). The court rejected Chambers' argument that a federal court sitting in diversity must look to state law, not the court's inherent power, to assess attorney's fees as a sanction for bad-faith conduct in litigation. The court further found that neither28 U.S.C. § 1927nor Federal Rule of Civil Procedure11limits a court's inherent authority to sanction bad-faith conduct "when the party's conduct is not within the reach of the rule or the statute."⁷894 F.2d, at 702-703. Although observing that the inherent power "is not a broad reservoir of power, ready at an imperial hand, but a limited source; an implied power squeezed from the need to make the court function,"id., at 702, the court also concluded that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in awarding to NASCO the fees and litigation costs paid to its attorneys. Because of the importance of these issues, we granted certiorari,498 U.S. 807(1990).

Chambers maintains that28 U.S.C. § 1927and the various sanctioning provisions in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure⁸Page 43reflect a legislative intent to displace the inherent power. At least, he argues that they obviate or foreclose resort to the inherent power in this case. We agree with the Court of Appeals that neither proposition is persuasive.

It has long been understood that "[c]ertain implied powers must necessarily result to our Courts of justice from the nature of their institution," powers "which cannot be dispensed with in a Court, because they are necessary to the exercise of all others."UnitedStatesv.Hudson, 7 Cranch 32, 34 (1812); see alsoRoadway Express,Inc. v.Piper,447 U.S. 752,764(1980) (citingHudson). For this reason, "Courts of justice are universally acknowledged to be vested, by their very creation, with power to impose silence, respect, and decorum, in their presence, and submission to their lawful mandates."Andersonv.Dunn, 6 Wheat. 204, 227 (1821); see alsoEx parte Robinson, 19 Wall. 505, 510 (1874). These powers are "governed not by rule or statute, but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases."Linkv.Wabash R. Co.,370 U.S. 626,630-631(1962).

Prior cases have outlined the scope of the inherent power of the federal courts. For example, the Court has held that a federal court has the power to control admission to its bar and to discipline attorneys who appear before it. SeeEx parte Burr, 9 Wheat. 529, 531 (1824). While this power "ought to be exercised with great caution," it is nevertheless "incidental to all Courts."Ibid.Page 44

In addition, it is firmly established that "[t]he power to punish for contempts is inherent in all courts."Robinson, supra, at 510. This power reaches both conduct before the court and that beyond the court's confines, for "[t]he underlying concern that gave rise to the contempt power was not . . . merely the disruption of court proceedings. Rather, it was disobedience to the orders of the Judiciary, regardless of whether such disobedience interfered with the conduct of trial."Youngv.United States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils S.A.,481 U.S. 787,798(1987) (citations omitted).

Of particular relevance here, the inherent power also allows a federal court to vacate its own judgment upon proof that a fraud has been perpetrated upon the court. SeeHazel-Atlas Glass Co. v.Hartford-Empire Co.,322 U.S. 238(1944);Universal Oil Products Co. v.Root Refining Co.,328 U.S. 575,580(1946). This "historic power of equity to set aside fraudulently begotten judgments,"Hazel-Atlas,322 U.S., at 245, is necessary to the integrity of the courts, for "tampering with the administration of justice in [this] manner . . . involves far more than an injury to a single litigant. It is a wrong against the institutions set up to protect and safeguard the public."Id., at 246. Moreover, a court has the power to conduct an independent investigation in order to determine whether it has been the victim of fraud.Universal Oil, supra, at 580.

There are other facets to a federal court's inherent power. The court may bar from the courtroom a criminal defendant who disrupts a trial.Illinoisv.Allen,397 U.S. 337(1970). It may dismiss an action on grounds offorum non conveniens, Gulf Oil Corp. v.Gilbert,330 U.S. 501,507-508(1947); and it may actsua sponteto dismiss a suit for failure to prosecute,Link, supra, at 630-631.

Because of their very potency, inherent powers must be exercised with restraint and discretion. SeeRoadway Express, supra, at 764. A primary aspect of that discretion is the ability to fashion anPage 45appropriate sanction for conduct which abuses the judicial process. As we recognized inRoadway Express, outright dismissal of a lawsuit, which we had upheld inLink, is a particularly severe sanction, yet is within the court's discretion.447 U.S., at 765. Consequently, the "less severe sanction" of an assessment of attorney's fees is undoubtedly within a court's inherent power as well.Ibid. See alsoHuttov.Finney,437 U.S. 678,689, n. 14 (1978).

Indeed, "[t]here are ample grounds for recognizing . . . that in narrowly defined circumstances, federal courts have inherent power to assess attorney's fees against counsel,"Roadway Express, supra, at 765, even though the so-called "American Rule" prohibits fee-shifting in most cases. SeeAlyeska Pipeline Service Co. v.Wilderness Society,421 U.S. 240,259(1975). As we explained inAlyeska, these exceptions fall into three categories.⁹The first, known as the "common fund exception," derives not from a court's power to control litigants, but from its historic equity jurisdiction, seeSpraguev.Ticonic NationalBank,307 U.S. 161,164(1939), and allows a court to award attorney's fees to a party whose litigation efforts directly benefit others.Alyeska,421 U.S., at 257-258. Second, a court may assess attorney's fees as a sanction for the "`willful disobedience of a court order.'"Id., at 258 (quotingFleischmann Distilling Corp. v.Maier Brewing Co.,386 U.S. 714,718(1967)). Thus, a court's discretion to determine "[t]he degree of punishment for contempt" permits the court to impose as part of the fine attorney's fees representing the entire cost of the litigation.Toledo Scale Co. v.Computing Scale Co.,261 U.S. 399,428(1923).

Third, and most relevant here, a court may assess attorney's fees when a party has "`acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or forPage 46oppressive reasons.'"Alyeska, supra, at 258-259 (quotingF.D.Rich Co. v.United States ex rel. Industrial Lumber Co.,417 U.S. 116,129(1974)). See alsoHallv.Cole,412 U.S. 1,5(1973);Newmanv.Piggie Park Enterprises, Inc.,390 U.S. 400,402, n. 4 (1968)(per curiam). In this regard, if a court finds "that fraud has been practiced upon it, or that the very temple of justice has been defiled," it may assess attorney's fees against the responsible party,Universal Oil, supra, at 580, as it may when a party "shows bad faith by delaying or disrupting the litigation or by hampering enforcement of a court order,"¹⁰Hutto,437 U.S., at 689, n. 14. The imposition of sanctions in this instance transcends a court's equitable power concerning relations between the parties and reaches a court's inherent power to police itself, thus serving the dual purpose of "vindicat[ing] judicial authority without resort to the more drastic sanctions available for contempt of court and mak[ing] the prevailing party whole for expenses caused by his opponent's obstinacy."Ibid.

We discern no basis for holding that the sanctioning scheme of the statute and the rules displaces the inherent power to impose sanctions for the bad-faith conduct described above. These other mechanisms, taken alone or together, are not substitutes for the inherent power, for that power is both broader and narrower than other means of imposing sanctions. First, whereas each of the other mechanisms reaches only certain individuals or conduct, the inherent power extends to a full range of litigation abuses. At the very least, the inherent power must continue to exist to fill in the interstices. Even JUSTICEPage 47KENNEDY'S dissent so concedes. Seepost, at 64. Second, while the narrow exceptions to the American Rule effectively limit a court's inherent power to impose attorney's fees as a sanction to cases in which a litigant has engaged in bad-faith conduct or willful disobedience of a court's orders, many of the other mechanisms permit a court to impose attorney's fees as a sanction for conduct which merely fails to meet a reasonableness standard. Rule 11, for example, imposes an objective standard of reasonable inquiry which does not mandate a finding of bad faith.¹¹SeeBusiness Guides, Inc. v.ChromaticCommunications Enterprises, Inc.,498 U.S. 533,548-549(1991).

It is true that the exercise of the inherent power of lower federal courts can be limited by statute and rule, for "[t]hese courts were created by act of Congress."Robinson, 19 Wall., at 511. Nevertheless, "we do not lightly assume that Congress has intended to depart from established principles" such as the scope of a court's inherent power.Weinbergerv.Romero-Barcelo,456 U.S. 305,313(1982); see alsoLink,370 U.S., at 631-632. InAlyeska, we determined that "Congress ha[d] not repudiated the judicially fashioned exceptions" to the American Rule, which were founded in the inherent power of the courts.421 U.S., at 260. Nothing since then has changed that assessment,¹²and wePage 48have thus reaffirmed the scope and the existence of the exceptions since the most recent amendments to § 1927 and Rule 11, the other sanctioning mechanisms invoked by NASCO here. SeePennsylvaniav.Delaware Valley Citizen' Council for Clean Air,478 U.S. 546,561-562, and n. 6 (1986). As the Court of Appeals recognized,894 F.2d, at 702, the amendment to § 1927 allowing an assessment of fees against an attorney says nothing about a court's power to assess fees against a party. Likewise, the Advisory Committee Notes on the 1983 Amendment to Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. App., p. 575, declare that the Rule "build[s] upon and expand[s] the equitable doctrine permitting the court to award expenses, including attorney's fees, to a litigant whose opponent acts in bad faith in instituting or conducting litigation," citing as support this Court's decisions inRoadway ExpressandHall.¹³Thus, as the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has recognized, Rule 11 "does not repeal or modify existing authority of federal courts to deal with abuses . . . under the court'sPage 49inherent power."Zaldivarv.Los Angeles,780 F.2d 823,830(1986).

The Court's prior cases have indicated that the inherent power of a court can be invoked even if procedural rules exist which sanction the same conduct. InLink, it was recognized that a federal district court has the inherent power to dismiss a casesua spontefor failure to prosecute, even though the language of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure41(b) appeared to require a motion from a party:

"The authority of a court to dismisssua spontefor lack of prosecution has generally been considered an `inherent power,' governed not by rule or statute, but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases. That it has long gone unquestioned is apparent not only from the many state court decisions sustaining such dismissals, but even from language in this Court's opinion inRedfieldv.Ystalyfera Iron Co.,110 U.S. 174,176[(1884)]. It also has the sanction of wide usage among the District Courts. It would require a much clearer expression of purpose than Rule 41(b) provides for us to assume that it was intended to abrogate so well-acknowledged a proposition."370 U.S., at 630-632(footnotes omitted).

InRoadway Express, a party failed to comply with discovery orders and a court order concerning the schedule for filing briefs.447 U.S., at 755. After determining that § 1927, as it then existed, would not allow for the assessment of attorney's fees, we remanded the case for a consideration of sanctions underbothFederal Rule of Civil Procedure37andthe court's inherent power, while recognizing that invocation of the inherent power would require a finding of bad faith.¹⁴Id., at 767.Page 50

There is, therefore, nothing in the other sanctioning mechanisms or prior cases interpreting them that warrants a conclusion that federal court may not, as a matter of law, resort to its inherent power to impose attorney's fees as a sanction for bad-faith conduct. This is plainly the case where the conduct at issue is not covered by one of the other sanctioning provisions. But neither is a federal court forbidden to sanction bad-faith conduct by means of the inherent power simply because that conduct could also be sanctioned under the statute or the rules. A court must, of course, exercise caution in invoking its inherent power, and it must comply with the mandates of due process, both in determining that the requisite bad faith exists and in assessing fees, seeRoadway Express, supra, at 767. Furthermore, when there is bad-faith conduct in the course of litigation that could be adequately sanctioned under the rules, the court ordinarily should rely on the rules, rather than the inherent power. But if, in the informed discretion of the court, neither the statute nor the rules are up to the task, the court may safely rely on its inherent power.

Like the Court of Appeals, we find no abuse of discretion in resorting to the inherent power in the circumstances of this case. It is true that the District Court could have employed Rule 11 to sanction Chambers for filing "false and frivolous pleadings,"124 F.R.D., at 138, and that some of the other conduct might have been reached through other rules. Much of the bad-faith conduct by Chambers, however, wasPage 51beyond the reach of the rules, his entire course of conduct throughout the lawsuit evidenced bad faith and an attempt to perpetrate a fraud on the court, and the conduct sanctionable under the rules was intertwined within conduct that only the inherent power could address. In circumstances such as these in which all of a litigant's conduct is deemed sanctionable, requiring a court first to apply rules and statutes containing sanctioning provisions to discrete occurrences before invoking inherent power to address remaining instances of sanctionable conduct would serve only to foster extensive and needless satellite litigation, which is contrary to the aim of the rules themselves. See,e.g., Advisory Committee Notes on the 1983 Amendment to Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. App., pp. 575-576.

We likewise do not find that the District Court's reliance on the inherent power thwarted the purposes of the other sanctioning mechanisms. Although JUSTICE KENNEDY'S dissent makes much of the fact that Rule 11 and Rule 26(g) "are cast in mandatory terms,"post, at 66, the mandate of these provisions extends only towhethera court must impose sanctions, not towhichsanction it must impose. Indeed, the language of both rules requires only that a court impose "an appropriate sanction." Thus, this case is distinguishable fromBank of Nova Scotiav.United States,487 U.S. 250(1988), in which this Court held that a district court could not rely on its supervisory power as a means of circumventing the clear mandate of a procedural rule.Id., at 254-255.

III

Chambers asserts that even if federal courts can use their inherent power to assess attorney's fees as a sanction in some cases, they are not free to do so when they sit in diversity, unless the applicable state law recognizes the "bad-faith" exception to the general rule against fee-shifting. He relies on footnote 31 inAlyeska, in which we stated with regard to the exceptions to the American Rule that "[a] veryPage 52different situation is presented when a federal court sits in a diversity case. `[I]n an ordinary diversity case where the state law does not run counter to a valid federal statute or rule of court, and usually it will not, state law denying the right to attorney's fees or giving a right thereto, which reflects a substantial policy of the state, should be followed.' 6 J. Moore, Federal Practice ¶ 54.77[2], pp. 1712-1713 (2d ed. 1974) (footnotes omitted)."421 U.S., at 259, n. 31.

We agree with NASCO that Chambers has misinterpreted footnote 31. The limitation on a court's inherent power described there applies only to fee-shifting rules that embody a substantive policy, such as a statute which permits a prevailing party in certain classes of litigation to recover fees. That was precisely the issue inSioux Countyv.National Surety Co.,276 U.S. 238(1928), the only case cited in footnote 31. There, a state statute mandated that, in actions to enforce an insurance policy, the court was to award the plaintiff a reasonable attorney's fee. Seeid., at 242, and n. 2. In enforcing the statute, the Court treated the provision as part of a statutory liability which created a substantive right.Id., at 241-242. Indeed,Alyeskaitself concerned the substantive nature of the public policy choices involved in deciding whether vindication of the rights afforded by a particular statute is important enough to warrant the award of fees. See421 U.S., at 260-263.

Only when there is a conflict between state and federal substantive law are the concerns ofErie R. Co. v.Tompkins,304 U.S. 64(1938), at issue. As we explained inHannav.Plumer,380 U.S. 460(1965), the "outcome determinative" test ofErieandGuaranty Trust Co. v.York,326 U.S. 99(1945), "cannot be read without reference to the twin aims of theErierule: discouragement of forum-shopping and avoidance of inequitable administration of the laws."380 U.S., at 468. Despite Chambers' protestations to the contrary, neither of these twin aims is implicated by the assessment of attorney's fees as a sanction for bad-faith conductPage 53before the court which involved disobedience of the court's orders and the attempt to defraud the court itself. In our recent decision inBusiness Guides, Inc. v.Chromatic Communications Enterprises, Inc.,498 U.S., at 553, we stated, "Rule 11 sanctions do not constitute the kind of fee-shifting at issue inAlyeska, [because they] are not tied to the outcome of litigation; the relevant inquiry is whether a specific filing was, if not successful, at least well-founded." Likewise, the imposition of sanctions under the bad-faith exception depends not on which party wins the lawsuit, but on how the parties conduct themselves during the litigation. Consequently, there is no risk that the exception will lead to forum-shopping. Nor is it inequitable to apply the exception to citizens and noncitizens alike, when the party, by controlling his or her conduct in litigation, has the power to determine whether sanctions will be assessed. As the Court of Appeals expressed it: "Erieguarantees a litigant that, if he takes his state law cause of action to federal court, and abides by the rules of that court, the result in his case will be the same as if he had brought it in state court. It does not allow him to waste the court's time and resources with cantankerous conduct, even in the unlikely event a state court would allow him to do so."894 F.2d, at 706.

As Chambers has recognized, see Brief for Petitioner 15, in the case of the bad-faith exception to the American Rule, "the underlying rationale of `fee-shifting' is, of course, punitive."Hall,412 U.S., at 4-5. Cf.Pavelic LeFlorev.Marvel Entertainment Group,493 U.S. 120,126(1989). "[T]he award of attorney's fees for bad faith serve[s] the same purpose as a remedial fine imposed for civil contempt," because "[i]t vindicate[s] the District Court's authority over a recalcitrant litigant."Hutto,437 U.S., at 691. "That the award ha[s] a compensatory effect does not, in any event, distinguish it from a fine for civil contempt, which also compensates a private party forPage 54the consequences of a contemnor's disobedience."¹⁵Id., at 691, n. 17.

Chambers argues that, because the primary purpose of the sanction is punitive, assessing attorney's fees violates the State's prohibition on punitive damages. Under Louisiana law, there can be no punitive damages for breach of contract, even when a party has acted in bad faith in breaching the agreement.Lancasterv.Petroleum Corp. ofDelaware,491 So.2d 768,779(La.App. 1986). Cf. La. Civ. Code Ann., Art.1995(West 1987). Indeed, "as a general rule, attorney's fees are not allowed a successful litigant in Louisiana except where authorized by statute or by contract."Rutherfordv.Impson,366 So.2d 944,947(La.App. 1978). It is clear, though, that this general rule focuses on the award of attorney's fees because of a party's success on the underlying claim. Thus, inFrank L. Beier Radio, Inc. v.Black GoldMarine, Inc.,449 So.2d 1014(La. 1984), the state court considered the scope of a statute which permitted an award of attorney's fees in a suit seeking to collect on an open account.Id., at 1015. This substantive state policy is not implicated here, where sanctions were imposed for conduct during the litigation.

Here the District Court did not attempt to sanction petitioner for breach of contract,¹⁶but rather imposed sanctions for the fraud he perpetrated on the court and the bad faith he displayed toward both his adversary and the court throughout the course of the litigation.¹⁷Page 55See124 F.R.D., at 123,143. We agree with the Court of Appeals that "[w]e do not see how the district court's inherent power to tax fees for that conduct can be made subservient to any state policy without transgressing the boundaries set out inErie, Guaranty Trust Co., andHanna,"for "[f]ee-shifting here is not a matter of substantive remedy, but of vindicating judicial authority."894 F.2d, at 705.

We review a court's imposition of sanctions under its inherent power for abuse of discretion.Link,370 U.S., at 633; see alsoCooter Gellv.Hartmarx Corp.,496 U.S. 384,399-405(1990) (Rule 11). Based on the circumstances of this case, we find that the District Court acted within its discretion in assessing as a sanction for Chambers' bad-faith conduct the entire amount of NASCO's attorney's fees.

Relying on cases imposing sanctions under Rule 11,¹⁸Chambers proffers five criteria for imposing attorney's fees as a sanction under a court's inherent power, and argues that the District Court acted improperly with regard to each of them. First,Page 56he asserts that sanctions must be timely in order to have the desired deterrent affect, and that the post-judgment sanction imposed here fails to achieve that aim. As NASCO points out, however, we have made clear that, even under Rule 11, sanctions may be imposed years after a judgment on the merits.¹⁹Id., at 395-396. Interrupting the proceedings on the merits to conduct sanctions hearings may serve only to reward a party seeking delay. More importantly, while the sanction was not assessed until the conclusion of the litigation, Chambers received repeated timely warnings both from NASCO and the court that his conduct was sanctionable. Cf.Thomasv.Capital Security Services,Inc.,836 F.2d 866,879-881(CA5 1988) (en banc). Consequently, the District Court's reliance on the inherent power did not represent an end run around the notice requirements of Rule 11. The fact that Chambers obstinately refused to be deterred does not render the District Court's action an abuse of discretion.

Second, Chambers claims that the fact that the entire amount of fees was awarded means that the District Court failed to tailor the sanction to the particular wrong. As NASCO points out, however, the District Court concluded that full attorney's fees were warranted due to the frequency and severity of Chambers' abuses of the judicial system and the resulting need to ensure that such abuses were not repeated.²⁰Indeed, the court found Chambers' actionsPage 57were "part of [a] sordid scheme of deliberate misuse of the judicial process" designed "to defeat NASCO's claim by harassment, repeated and endless delay, mountainous expense and waste of financial resources."124 F.R.D., at 128. It was within the court's discretion to vindicate itself and compensate NASCO by requiring Chambers to pay for all attorney's fees. Cf.Toledo Scale,261 U.S., at 428.

Third, Chambers maintains that the District Court abused its discretion by failing to require NASCO to mitigate its expenses. He asserts that, had NASCO sought summary disposition of the case, the litigation could have been concluded much sooner. But, as NASCO notes, Chambers himself made a swift conclusion to the litigation by means of summary judgment impossible by continuing to assert that material factual disputes existed.

Fourth, Chambers challenges the District Court's imposition of sanctions for conduct before other tribunals, including the FCC, the Court of Appeals, and this Court, asserting that a court may sanction only conduct occurring in its presence. Our cases are to the contrary, however. As long as a party receives an appropriate hearing, as did Chambers, see124 F.R.D., at 141, n. 11, the party may be sanctioned for abuses of process occurring beyond the courtroom, such as disobeying the court's orders. SeeYoung,481 U.S., at 798;Toledo Scale, supra, at 426-428. Here, for example, Chambers' attempt to gain the FCC's permission to build a new transmission tower was in direct contravention of the District Court's orders to maintain the status quo pending the outcome of the litigation, and was therefore within the scope of the District Court's sanctioning power.

Finally, Chambers claims the award is not "personalized," because the District Court failed to conduct any inquiry into whether he was personally responsible for the challenged conduct. This assertion isPage 58flatly contradicted by the District Court's detailed factual findings concerning Chambers' involvement in the sequence of events at issue. Indeed, the court specifically held that "the extraordinary amount of costs and expenses expended in this proceeding were caused not by lack of diligence or any delays in the trial of this matter by NASCO, NASCO's counsel, or the Court, but solely by the relentless, repeated fraudulent and brazenly unethical efforts of Chambers" and the others.124 F.R.D., at 136. The Court of Appeals saw no reason to disturb this finding.894 F.2d, at 706. Neither do we.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit isAffirmed.

JUSTICE SCALIA, dissenting.

I agree with the Court that Article III courts, as an independent and coequal Branch of Government, derive from the Constitution itself, once they have been created and their jurisdiction established, the authority to do what courts have traditionally done in order to accomplish their assigned tasks. Some elements of that inherent authority are so essential to "[t]he judicial Power,"U.S. Const., Art. III, §1, that they are indefeasible, among which is a court's ability to enter orders protecting the integrity of its proceedings.

"Certain implied powers must necessarily result to our Courts of justice from the nature of their institution. . . . To fine for contempt — imprison for contumacy — inforce the observance of order, c. are powers which cannot be dispensed with in a Court, because they are necessary to the exercise of all others: and so far our Courts no doubt possess powers not immediately derived from statute. . . ."United Statesv.Hudson, 7 Cranch 32, 34 (1812).

I think some explanation might be useful regarding the "bad faith" limitation that the Court alludes to today, seeante, at 47. Since necessity does not depend upon a litigant's state ofPage 59mind, the inherent sanctioning power must extend to situations involving less than bad faith. For example, a court has the power to dismiss when counsel fails to appear for trial, even if this is a consequence of negligence, rather than bad faith.

"The authority of a court to dismisssua spontefor lack of prosecution has generally been considered an "inherent power," governed not by rule or statute, but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases."Linkv.Wabash R. Co.,370 U.S. 626,630-631(1962)

However, a "bad-faith" limitation upon the particular sanction of attorney's fees derives from our jurisprudence regarding the so-called American Rule, which provides that the prevailing party must bear his own attorney's fees, and cannot have them assessed against the loser. SeeAlyeskaPipeline Service Co. v.Wilderness Society,421 U.S. 240,247(1975). That rule, "deeply rooted in our history and in congressional policy,"id., at 271, prevents a court (without statutory authorization) from engaging in what might be termedsubstantivefee-shifting, that is, fee-shifting as part of the merits award. It does not in principle bar fee-shifting as a sanction for procedural abuse, seeid., at 258-259. We have held, however — in my view, as a means of preventing erosion or evasion of the American Rule — that even fee-shifting as a sanction can only be imposed for litigation conduct characterized by bad faith. SeeRoadway Express, Inc. v.Piper,447 U.S. 752,766(1980). But that in no way means that all sanctions imposed under the courts' inherent authority require a finding of bad faith. They do not. SeeRedfieldv.Ystalyfera Iron Co.,110 U.S. 174,176(1884) (dismissal appropriate for unexcused delay in prosecution); cf.Link, supra.

Just as Congress may to some degree specify the manner in which the inherent or constitutionally assigned powers of the President willPage 60be exercised, so long as the effectiveness of those powers is not impaired, cf.Myersv.United States,272 U.S. 52,128(1926), so also Congress may prescribe the means by which the courts may protect the integrity of their proceedings. A court must use the prescribed means unless for some reason they are inadequate. In the present case, they undoubtedly were. JUSTICE KENNEDY concedes that some of the impairments of the District Court's proceedings in the present case were not sanctionable under the Federal Rules. I have no doubt of a court's authority to go beyond the Rules in such circumstances. And I agree with the Court that an overall sanction resting at least in substantial portion upon the court's inherent power need not be broken down into its component parts, with the actions sustainable under the Rules separately computed. I do not read the Rules at issue here to require that, and it is unreasonable to import such needless complication by implication.

I disagree, however, with the Court's statement that a court's inherent power reaches conduct "beyond the court's confines" that does not "`interfer[e] with the conduct of trial,'"ante, at 44 (quotingYoungv.United States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils S.A.,481 U.S. 787,798(1987)). Seeid., at 819-822 (SCALIA, J., concurring in judgment);Bank of NovaScotiav.United States,487 U.S. 250,264(1988) (SCALIA, J., concurring). I emphatically agree with JUSTICE KENNEDY, therefore, that the District Court here had no power to impose any sanctions for petitioner's flagrant, bad-faith breach of contract; and I agree with him that it appears to have done so. For that reason, I dissent.

JUSTICE KENNEDY, with whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE and JUSTICE SOUTER join, dissenting.

Today's decision effects a vast expansion of the power of federal courts, unauthorized by rule or statute. I have no doubt petitioner engaged in sanctionable conduct that warrants severe correctivePage 61measures. But our outrage at his conduct should not obscure the boundaries of settled legal categories.

With all respect, I submit the Court commits two fundamental errors. First, it permits the exercise of inherent sanctioning powers without prior recourse to controlling rules and statutes, thereby abrogating to federal courts Congress' power to regulate fees and costs. Second, the Court upholds the wholesale shift of respondent's attorney's fees to petitioner, even though the District Court opinion reveals that petitioner was sanctioned at least in part for his so-called bad faith breach of contract. The extension of inherent authority to sanction a party's prelitigation conduct subverts the American Rule and turns theEriedoctrine upside down by punishing petitioner's primary conduct contrary to Louisiana law. Because I believe the proper exercise of inherent powers requires exhaustion of express sanctioning provisions and much greater caution in their application to redress prelitigation conduct, I dissent.

The Court's first error lies in its failure to require reliance, when possible, on the panoply of express sanctioning provisions provided by Congress.

The American Rule prohibits federal courts from awarding attorney's fees in the absence of a statute or contract providing for a fee award.Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v.Wilderness Society,421 U.S. 240,258-259(1975). The Rule recognizes that Congress defines the procedural and remedial powers of federal courts,Sibbachv.WilsonCo.,312 U.S. 1,9-10(1941);McIntirev.Wood, 7 Cranch 504, 505-506 (1813), and controls the costs, sanctions, and fines available there,Kaiser Aluminum Chemical Corp. v.Bonjorno,494 U.S. 827,835(1990) ("[T]he allocation of the costs accruing from litigation is a matter for the legislature, not the courts");Alyeska Pipeline Co., supra,Page 62at 262 ("[T]he circumstances under which attorney's fees are to be awarded and the range of discretion of the courts in making those awards are matters for Congress to determine").

By direct action and delegation, Congress has exercised this constitutional prerogative to provide district courts with a comprehensive arsenal of Federal Rules and statutes to protect themselves from abuse. A district court can punish contempt of its authority, including disobedience of its process, by fine or imprisonment,18 U.S.C. § 401; award costs, expenses, and attorney's fees against attorneys who multiply proceedings vexatiously,28 U.S.C. § 1927; sanction a party and/or the party's attorney for filing groundless pleadings, motions, or other papers, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.11; sanction a party and/or his attorney for failure to abide by a pretrial order, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.16(f); sanction a party and/or his attorney for baseless discovery requests or objections, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.26(g); award expenses caused by a failure to attend a deposition or to serve a subpoena on a party to be deposed, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.30(g); award expenses when a party fails to respond to discovery requests or fails to participate in the framing of a discovery plan, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.37(d) and (g); dismiss an action or claim of a party that fails to prosecute, to comply with the Federal Rules, or to obey an order of the court, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.41(b); punish any person who fails to obey a subpoena, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.45(f); award expenses and/or contempt damages when a party presents an affidavit in a summary judgment motion in bad faith or for the purpose of delay, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.56(g); and make rules governing local practice that are not inconsistent with the Federal Rules, Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.81. See also28 U.S.C. § 1912(power to award just damages and costs on affirmance); Fed. Rule App. Proc.38(power to award damages and costs for frivolous appeal).

The Court holds nonetheless that a federal court may ignore these provisions and exercise inherent power to sanction bad faith misconduct "even if procedural rules exist which sanction the same conduct."Page 63Ante, at 49. The Court describes the relation between express sanctioning provisions and inherent power to shift fees as a sanction for bad faith conduct in a number of ways. At one point, it states that where "neither the statute nor the rules are up to the task [i.e., cover all the sanctionable conduct], the court may safely rely on its inherent power."Ante, at 50. At another, it says that courts may place exclusive reliance on inherent authority whenever "conduct sanctionable under the rules was intertwined within conduct that only the inherent power could address."Ante, at 51. While the details of the Court's rule remain obscure, its general approach is clear: when express rules and statutes provided by Congress do not reach the entirety of a litigant's bad faith conduct, including conduct occurring before litigation commenced, a district court may disregard the requirements of otherwise applicable rules and statutes, and instead exercise inherent power to impose sanctions. The only limitation on this sanctioning authority appears to be a finding at some point of "bad faith," a standard the Court fails to define.

This explanation of the permitted sphere of inherent powers to shift fees as a sanction for bad faith litigation conduct is as illegitimate as it is unprecedented. The American Rule recognizes that the Legislature, not the Judiciary, possesses constitutional responsibility for defining sanctions and fees; the bad faith exception to the Rule allows courts to assess fees not provided for by Congress "in narrowly defined circumstances."Roadway Express, Inc. v.Piper,447 U.S. 752,765(1980). By allowing courts to ignore express Rules and statutes on point, however, the Court treats inherent powers as the norm and textual bases of authority as the exception. And although the Court recognizes that Congress, in theory, may channel inherent powers through passage of sanctioning rules, it relies onWeinberger v.Romero-Barcelo,456 U.S. 305(1982), a decision that has nothing to doPage 64with inherent authority, to create a powerful presumption against congressional control of judicial sanctions.Ante, at 47.

The Court has the presumption backwards. Inherent powers are the exception, not the rule, and their assertion requires special justification in each case. Like all applications of inherent power, the authority to sanction bad faith litigation practices can be exercised only when necessary to preserve the authority of the court. SeeRoadway Express, Inc. v.Piper, supra, at 764 (inherent powers "`are those which are necessary to the exercise of all others'");Youngv.United States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils,481 U.S. 787,819-820(1987) (SCALIA, J., concurring in judgment) (inherent powers only those "necessary to permit the courts to function").

The necessity limitation, which the Court brushes aside almost without mention,ante, at 43, prescribes the rule for the correct application of inherent powers. Although this case does not require articulation of a comprehensive definition of the term "necessary," at the very least, a court need not exercise inherent power if Congress has provided a mechanism to achieve the same end. Consistent with our unaltered admonition that inherent powers must be exercised "with great caution,"Ex parte Burr, 9 Wheat. 529, 531 (1824), the necessity predicate limits the exercise of inherent powers to those exceptional instances in which congressionally authorized powers fail to protect the processes of the court. Inherent powers can be exercised only when necessary, and there is no necessity if a rule or statute provides a basis for sanctions. It follows that a district court should rely on text-based authority derived from Congress, rather than inherent power in every case where the text-based authority applies.

Despite the Court's suggestion to the contrary,ante, at 48-49, our cases recognize that rules and statutes limit the exercise of inherent authority. InSociete Internationale pour ParticipationsIndustrielles et Commerciales, S.A. v.Rogers,Page 65357 U.S. 197(1958), we rejected the Court of Appeals' reliance on inherent powers to uphold a dismissal of a complaint for failure to comply with a production order. Noting that "[r]eliance upon . . . `inherent power' can only obscure analysis of the problem," we held that "whether a court has power to dismiss a complaint because of noncompliance with a production order depends exclusively upon Rule 37."Id., at 207. Similarly, in Bank ofNova Scotiav.United States,487 U.S. 250,254(1988), we held that a federal court could not invoke its inherent supervisory power to circumvent the harmless error inquiry prescribed by Fed. Rule Crim.Proc.52(a). AndEx parte Robinson, 19 Wall. 505 (1874), the very case the Court cites for the proposition that "`[t]he power to punish for contempt is inherent in all courts,'"ante, at 44, held that Congress had defined and limited this inherent power through enactment of the contempt statute. "The enactment is a limitation upon the manner in which the [contempt] power shall be exercised." 19 Wall., at 512.

The Court ignores these rulings, and relies instead on two decisions which "indicat[e] that the inherent power of a court can be invoked even if procedural rules exist which sanction the same conduct."Ante, at 49. The "indications" the Court discerns in these decisions do not withstand scrutiny. InRoadway Express, Inc. v.Piper, supra, we held that the costs recoverable under a prior version of28 U.S.C. § 1927for discovery abuse did not include attorney's fees. In the remand instruction, the Court mentioned that the District Court might consider awarding attorney's fees under either Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.37or its inherent authority to sanction bad-faith litigation practices.447 U.S., at 767-768. The decision did not discuss the relation between Rule 37 and the inherent power of federal courts, and certainly did not suggest that federal courts could rely on inherent powers to the exclusion of a federal rule on point.Page 66

The Court also misreadsLinkv.Wabash R. Co.,370 U.S. 626(1962).Linkheld that a Federal District Court possessed inherent power to dismiss a casesua spontefor failure to prosecute. The majority suggests that this holding contravened a prior version of Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.41(b), which the Court today states "appeared torequirea motion from a party,"ante, at 49 (emphasis added). Contrary to the Court's characterization, the holding inLinkturned on a determination that Rule 41(b) contained "permissivelanguage . . . which merely authorizes a motion by the defendant,"370 U.S., at 630(emphasis added).Linkreasoned that "[n]either the permissive language of the Rule . . . nor its policy" meant that the rule "abrogate[d]" the inherent power of federal courts to dismisssua sponte. The permissive language at issue inLinkdistinguishes it from the present context, because some sanctioning provisions, such as Rule 11 and Rule 26(g), are cast in mandatory terms.

In addition to dismissing some of our precedents and misreading others, the Court ignores the commands of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which support the conclusion that a court should rely on rules, and not inherent powers, whenever possible. Like the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are "as binding as any statute duly enacted by Congress, and federal courts have no more discretion to disregard the Rule[s'] mandate than they do to disregard constitutional or statutory provisions."Bank of Nova Scotiav.UnitedStates, supra, at 255. See also Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.1(Federal Rules "governthe procedure in the United States district courts inallsuits of a civil nature") (emphasis added). Two of the most prominent sanctioning provisions, Rules 11 and 26(g), mandate the imposition of sanctions when litigants violate the Rules' certification standards. See Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.11(court "shall impose . . . an appropriate sanction" for violation of certification standard); Fed. Rule Civ.Proc.26(g) (same); see alsoBusiness Guides, Inc. v.Page 67Chromatic Communications Enterprises, Inc.,498 U.S. 533,543(1991) (Rule 11 "requires that sanctions be imposed where a signature is present but fails to satisfy the certification standard").

The Rules themselves thus reject the contention that they may be discarded in a court's discretion. Disregard of applicable rules also circumvents the rulemaking procedures in28 U.S.C. § 2071et seq., which Congress designed to assure that procedural innovations like those announced today "shall be introduced only after mature consideration of informed opinion from all relevant quarters, with all the opportunities for comprehensive and integrated treatment which such consideration affords."Minerv.Atlass,363 U.S. 641,650(1960).

Upon a finding of bad faith, courts may now ignore any and all textual limitations on sanctioning power. By inviting district courts to rely on inherent authority as a substitute for attention to the careful distinctions contained in the rules and statutes, today's decision will render these sources of authority superfluous in many instances. A number of pernicious practical effects will follow.

The Federal Rules establish explicit standards for, and explicit checks against, the exercise of judicial authority. Rule 11 provides a useful illustration. It requires a district court to impose reasonable sanctions, including attorneys fees, when a party or attorney violates the certification standards that attach to the signing of certain legal papers. A district court must (rather than may) issue sanctions under Rule 11 when particular individuals (signers) file certain types (groundless, unwarranted, vexatious) of documents (pleadings, motions and papers). Rule 11's certification requirements apply to all signers of documents, including represented parties, seeBusiness Guides, Inc. v.Chromatic Communications Enterprises, Inc., supra, but law firms are not responsible for the signatures of their attorneys, seePavelicLeFlorev.Marvel Entertainment Group,493 U.S. 120,Page 68125-127 (1989), and the Rule does not apply to papers filed in fora other than district courts, seeCooter Gellv.Hartmarx Corp.,496 U.S. 384,405-409(1990). These definite standards give litigants notice of proscribed conduct and make possible meaningful review for misuse of discretion — review which focuses on the misapplication of legal standards. Seeid., at 402 (misuse of discretion standard does "not preclude the appellate court's correction of a district court's legal errors").

By contrast, courts apply inherent powers without specific definitional or procedural limits. True, if a district court wishes to shift attorney's fees as a sanction, it must make a finding of bad faith to circumvent the American Rule. But today's decision demonstrates how little guidance or limitation the undefined bad faith predicate provides. The Court states without elaboration that courts must "comply with the mandates of due process . . . in determining that the requisite bad faith exists,"ante, at 50, but the Court's bad faith standard, at least without adequate definition, thwarts the first requirement of due process, namely, that "[a]ll are entitled to be informed as to what the State commands or forbids."Lanzettav.NewJersey,306 U.S. 451,453(1939). This standardless exercise of judicial power may appear innocuous in this litigation between commercial actors. But the same unchecked power also can be applied to chill the advocacy of litigants attempting to vindicate all other important federal rights.

In addition, the scope of sanctionable conduct under the bad-faith rule appears unlimited. As the Court boasts, "whereas each of the other mechanisms [in Rules and statutes] reaches only certain individuals or conduct, the inherent power extends to a full range of litigation abuses."Ante, at 46. By allowing exclusive resort to inherent authority whenever "conduct sanctionable under the rules was intertwined within conduct that only the inherent power could address,"ante, at 51, the Court encourages all courts in the federal systemPage 69to find bad faith misconduct in order to eliminate the need to rely on specific textual provisions. This will ensure the uncertain development of the meaning and scope of these express sanctioning provisions by encouraging their disuse, and will defeat, at least in the area of sanctions, Congress' central goal in enacting the Federal Rules — "`uniformity in the federal courts.'"Hannav.Plumer,380 U.S. 460,472(1965). Finally, as Part IV of the Court's opinion demonstrates, the lack of any legal requirement other than the talismanic recitation of the phrase "bad faith" will foreclose meaningful review of sanctions based on inherent authority. SeeCooter Gellv.Hartmarx Corp.,supra, at 402.

Despite these deficiencies, the Court insists that concern about collateral litigation requires courts to place exclusive reliance on inherent authority in cases, like this one, which involve conduct sanctionable under both express provisions and inherent authority:

"In circumstances such as these, in which all of a litigant's conduct is deemed sanctionable, requiring a court first to apply Rules and statutes containing sanctioning provisions to discrete occurrences before invoking inherent power to address remaining instances of sanctionable conduct would serve only to foster extensive and needless satellite litigation, which is contrary to the aim of the rules themselves.Ante, at 51.

We are bound, however, by the Rules themselves, not their "aim," and the Rules require that they be applied, in accordance with their terms, to much of the conduct in this case. We should not let policy concerns about the litigation effects of following the Rules distort their clear commands.

Nothing in the foregoing discussion suggests that the fee-shifting and sanctioning provisions in the Federal Rules and Title 28 eliminate the nherent power to impose sanctions for certain conduct. Limitations on a power do not constitute its abrogation. Cases can arise in which a federal court must act to preservePage 70its authority in a manner not provided for by the Federal Rules or Title 28. But as the number and scope of rules and statutes governing litigation misconduct increase, the necessity to resort to inherent authority — a predicate to its proper application — lessens. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine a case in which a court can, as the District Court did here, rely on inherent authority as the exclusive basis for sanctions.

The District Court's own findings concerning abuse of its processes demonstrate that the sanctionable conduct in this case implicated a number of rules and statutes upon which it should have relied. Rule 11 is the principal provision on point. The District Court found that petitioner and his counsel filed a number of "frivolous pleadings" (including "baseless, affirmative defenses and counterclaims") that contained "deliberate untruths and fabrications."NASCO, Inc. v.Calcasieu Television Radio, Inc.,124 F.R.D. 120,127-128,135(WD La. 1989). Rule 11 sanctions extend to "the person who signed [a paper], a represented party, or both." The court thus had a nondefeasible duty to impose sanctions under Rule 11.

The Court concedes that Rule 11 applied to some of the conduct in this case,ante, at 50, and even hints that the Rule might have sufficed as a basis for all of the sanctions imposed,ante, at 42 n. 8. It fails to explain, however, why the District Court had the discretion to ignore Rule 11's mandatory language and not impose sanctions under the Rule against Chambers. Nor does the Court inform us why Chambers' attorneys were not sanctioned under Rule 11. Although the District Court referred to Chambers as the "strategist" for the abusive conduct, it made plain that petitioner's attorneys as well as petitioner were responsible for the tactics. For example, the District Court stated:

"[Petitioner's] attorneys, without any investigation whatsoever, filed [the baseless charges and counterclaims].Page 71We find . . . that these attorneys knew, at the time that they were filed, that they were false."124 F.R.D., at 128.

The Court further stressed that "Chambers, through his attorneys, filed answers and counterclaims . . . which both Chambers and his attorneys knew were false at the time they were filed."Id., at 143. In light of Rule 11's mandatory language, the District Court had a duty to impose at least some sanctions under Rule 11 against Chambers' attorneys.

The District Court should have relied as well upon other sources of authority to impose sanctions. The court found that Chambers and his attorneys requested "[a]bsolutely needless depositions," as well as "continuances of trial dates, extensions of deadlines and deferments of scheduled discovery" that "were simply part of the sordid scheme of deliberate misuse of the judicial process to defeat NASCO's claim by harassment, repeated and endless delay, mountainous expense and waste of financial resources."Id., at 128. The intentional pretrial delays could have been sanctioned under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure16(f), which enables courts to impose sanctions, including attorney's fees, when a party or attorney "fails to participate in good faith" in certain pretrial proceedings; the multiple discovery abuses should have been redressed by "an appropriate sanction, . . . including a reasonable attorney's fee," under Federal Rule Civil Procedure26(g). The District Court also could have sanctioned Chambers and his attorneys for the various bad-faith affidavits they presented in their summary judgment motions, see124 F.R.D., at 128,135, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure56(g), a Rule that permits the award of expenses and attorney's fees and the additional sanction of contempt. In addition, the District Court could have relied to a much greater extent on18 U.S.C. § 401to punish the "contempt of its authority" and "[d]isobedience . . . to its . . . process" that petitioner and his counsel displayed throughout the proceedings.Page 72

Finally, the District Court was too quick to dismiss reliance on28 U.S.C. § 1927, which allows it to award costs and attorney's fees against an "attorney . . . who . . . multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously." The District Court refused to apply the provision because it did not reach petitioner's conduct as a nonattorney.124 F.R.D., at 138-139. While the District Court has discretion not to apply § 1927, it cannot disregard the statute in the face of attorney misconduct covered by that provision to rely instead on inherent powers which by definition can be invoked only when necessary.

When a District Court imposes sanctions so immense as here under a power so amorphous as inherent authority, it must ensure that its order is confined to conduct under its own authority and jurisdiction to regulate. The District Court failed to discharge this obligation, for it allowed sanctions to be awarded for petitioner's prelitigation breach of contract. The majority, perhaps wary of the District Court's authority to extend its inherent power to sanction prelitigation conduct, insists that "the District Court did not attempt to sanction petitioner for breach of contract, but rather imposed sanctions for the fraud he perpetrated on the court and the bad faith he displayed toward both his adversary and the Court throughout the course of the litigation."Ante, at 54 (footnote omitted). Based on this premise, the Court appears to disclaim that its holding reaches prelitigation conduct.Ante, at 54, and nn. 16-17. This does not make the opinion on this point correct, of course, for the District Court's opinion, in my view, sanctioned petitioner's prelitigation conduct in express terms. Because I disagree with the Court's characterization of the District Court opinion, and because I believe the Court's casual analysis of inherent authority portends a dangerous extension of that authority toPage 73prelitigation conduct, I explain why inherent authority should not be so extended and why the District Court's order should be reversed.

The District Court's own candid and extensive opinion reveals that the bad faith for which petitioner was sanctioned extended beyond the litigation tactics and comprised as well what the District Court considered to be bad faith in refusing to perform the underlying contract three weeks before the lawsuit began. The Court made explicit reference, for instance, to "this massive and absolutely unnecessary lawsuit forced on NASCO by Chambers' arbitrary and arrogant refusal to honor and perform this perfectly legal and enforceable contract."124 F.R.D., at 136. See alsoid., at 143 ("Chambers arbitrarily and without legal cause refused to perform, forcing NASCO to bring its suit for specific performance");ibid. ("Chambers, knowing that NASCO had a good and valid contract, hired Gray to find a defense and arbitrarily refused to perform, thereby forcing NASCO to bring its suit for specific performance and injunctive relief");id., at 125 (petitioner's "unjustified and arbitrary refusal to file" the FCC application "was in absolute bad faith"). The District Court makes the open and express concession that it is sanctioning petitioner for his breach of contract:

"[T]he balance of . . . fees and expenses included in the sanctions, would not have been incurred by NASCO if Chambers had not defaulted and forced NASCO to bring this suit. There is absolutely no reason why Chambers should not reimburse in full all attorney's fees and expenses that NASCO, by Chambers' action, was forced to pay."Id., at 143.

The trial court also explained that " [t]he attorney's fees and expenses charged to NASCO by its attorneys . . .flowed from and were a directresult of this suit. We shall include them in the attorney's fees sanctions."Id., at 142 (emphasis added).Page 74

Despite the Court's equivocation on the subject,ante, at 54, n. 16, it is impermissible to allow a District Court acting pursuant to its inherent authority to sanction such prelitigation primary conduct. A Court's inherent authority extends only to remedy abuses of the judicial process. By contrast, awarding damages for a violation of a legal norm, here the binding obligation of a legal contract, is a matter of substantive law, seeMarekv.Chesny,473 U.S. 1,35(1985) ("right to attorney's fees is `substantive' under any reasonable definition of that term"); see alsoAlyeska,421 U.S., at 260-261, and n. 33, which must be defined either by Congress (in cases involving federal law), or by the States (in diversity cases).

The American Rule recognizes these principles. It bars a federal court from shifting fees as a matter of substantive policy, but its bad faith exception permits fee-shifting as a sanction to the extent necessary to protect the judicial process. The Rule protects each person's right to go to federal court to define and to vindicate substantive rights. "[S]ince litigation is, at best, uncertain, one should not be penalized for merely defending or prosecuting a lawsuit."Fleischmann DistillingCorp. v.Maier Brewing Co.,386 U.S. 714,718(1967). When a federal court, through invocation of its inherent powers, sanctions a party for bad-faith prelitigation conduct, it goes well beyond the exception to the American Rule, and violates the Rule's careful balance between open access to the federal court system and penalties for the willful abuse of it.

By exercising inherent power to sanction prelitigation conduct, the District Court exercised authority where Congress gave it none. The circumstance that this exercise of power occurred in a diversity case compounds the error. When a federal court sits in diversity jurisdiction, it lacks constitutional authority to fashion rules of decision governing primary contractual relations. SeeErie R. Co. v.Tompkins,304 U.S. 64,78(1938);Hannav.Plumer,380 U.S., at 471-472. See generally Ely, The Irrepressible Myth ofErie,Page 7587 Harv. L. Rev. 693, 702-706 (1974). TheErieprinciple recognizes that, "[e]xcept in matters governed by the Federal Constitution or by Acts of Congress, the law to be applied in any [diversity] case is the law of the State."304 U.S., at 78. The inherent power exercised here violates the fundamental tenet of federalism announced inErieby regulating primary behavior that the Constitution leaves to the exclusive province of States.

The full effect of the District Court's encroachment on state prerogatives can be appreciated by recalling that the rationale for the bad faith exception is punishment.Hallv.Cole,412 U.S. 1,5(1973). To the extent that the District Court imposed sanctions by reason of the so-called bad-faith breach of contract, its decree is an award of punitive damages for the breach. Louisiana prohibits punitive damages "unless expressly authorized by statute,"International HarvesterCredit Corp. v.Seale,518 So.2d 1039,1041(La. 1988); and no Louisiana statute authorizes attorney's fees for breach of contract as a part of damages in an ordinary case.Ogeav.Loffland Brothers Co.,622 F.2d 186,190(CA5 1980);Rutherfordv.Impson,366 So.2d 944,947(La.App. 1978). One rationale for Louisiana's policy is its determination that "an award of compensatory damages will serve the same deterrent purpose as an award of punitive damages."Ricardv.State,390 So.2d 882,886(La. 1980). If respondent had brought this suit in state court, he would not have recovered extra damages for breach of contract by reason of the so-called willful character of the breach. Respondent's decision to bring this suit in federal, rather than state, court resulted in a significant expansion of the substantive scope of his remedy. This is the result prohibited byErieand the principles that flow from it.

As the Court notes, there are some passages in the District Court opinion suggesting its sanctions were confined to litigation conduct. Seeante, at 55, n. 17. ("[T]he sanctions imposed `appl[ied] only to sanctionable acts which occurred inPage 76connection with the proceedings in the trial Court'"). But these passages in no way contradict the other statements by the trial court which make express reference to prelitigation conduct. At most, these passages render the court's order ambiguous, for the District Court appears to have adopted an expansive definition of "acts which occurred in connection with" the litigation. There is no question but that some sanctionable acts did occur in court. The problem is that the District Court opinion avoids any clear delineation of the acts being sanctioned and the power invoked to do so. This confusion in the premises of the District Court's order highlights the mischief caused by reliance on undefined inherent powers, rather than on Rules and statutes that proscribe particular behavior. The ambiguity of the scope of the sanctionable conduct cannot be resolved against petitioner alone, who, despite the conceded bad-faith conduct of his attorneys, has been slapped with all of respondent's not inconsiderable attorney's fees. At the very least, adherence to the rule of law requires the case to be remanded to the District Court for clarification on the scope of the sanctioned conduct.

III

My discussion should not be construed as approval of the behavior of petitioner and his attorneys in this case. Quite the opposite. Our Rules permit sanctions because much of the conduct of the sort encountered here degrades the profession and disserves justice. District courts must not permit this abuse, and must not hesitate to give redress through the Rules and statutes prescribed. It may be that the District Court could have imposed the full million-dollar sanction against petitioner through reliance on federal Rules and statutes, as well as on a proper exercise of its inherent authority. But we should remand here, because a federal court must decide cases based on legitimate sources of power. I would reverse the Court of Appeals withPage 77instructions to remand to the District Court for a reassessment of sanctions consistent with the principles here set forth. For these reasons, I dissent.Page 78

Page 35 The facts recited here are taken from the findings of the District Court, which were not disturbed by the Court of Appeals. ↩
Page 38 The trial date itself reflected delaying tactics. Trial had been set for February, 1985, but in January, Gray, on behalf of Chambers, filed a motion to recuse the judge. The motion was denied, as was the subsequent writ of mandamus filed in the Court of Appeals. ↩
Page 38 To make his point clear, the District Judge gave counsel copies of Judge Schwarzer's then-recent article, Sanctions Under the New Federal Rule 11 — A Closer Look,104 F.R.D. 181(1985). ↩
Page 39 Gray had resigned as counsel for Chambers and CTR several months previously. ↩
Page 40 In calculating the award, the District Court deducted the amounts previously awarded as compensatory damages for contempt, as well as the amount awarded as appellate sanctions.124 F.R.D., at 133-134.

The court also sanctioned other individuals, who are not parties to the action in this Court. Chambers' sister, the trustee, was sanctioned by a reprimand; attorney Gray was disbarred and prohibited from seeking readmission for three years; attorney Richard A. Curry, who represented the trustee, was suspended from practice before the court for six months; and attorney McCabe was suspended for five years.Id., at 144-146. Although these sanctions did not affect the bank accounts of these individuals, they were nevertheless substantial sanctions, and were as proportionate to the conduct at issue as was the monetary Page 41 sanction imposed on Chambers. Indeed, in the case of the disbarment of attorney Gray, the court recognized that the penalty was among the harshest possible sanctions, and one which derived from its authority to supervise those admitted to practice before it. Seeid., at 140-141. ↩
Page 41 That statute provides:

"Any attorney . . . who so multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and attorneys' fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct."28 U.S.C. § 1927. ↩
Page 42 The court remanded for a reconsideration of the proper sanction for attorney McCabe.894 F.2d, at 708. ↩
Page 42 A number of the Rules provide for the imposition of attorney's fees as a sanction. See Fed. Rules Civ. Proc.11(certification requirement for papers), 16(f) (pretrial conferences), 26(g) (certification requirement for discovery requests), 30(g) (oral depositions), 37 (sanctions for failure to cooperate with discovery), 56(g) (affidavits Page 43 accompanying summary judgment motions). In some instances, the assessment of fees is one of a range of possible sanctions, see,e.g., Fed. Rule Civ. Proc.11, while in others, the court must award fees, see,e.g., Fed. Rule Civ. Proc.16(f). In each case, the fees that may be assessed are limited to those incurred as a result of the rules violation. In the case of Rule 11, however, a violation could conceivably warrant an imposition of fees covering the entire litigation, if, for example, a complaint or answer was filed in violation of the rule. The court generally may actsua spontein imposing sanctions under the rules. ↩
Page 45 See alsoPennsylvaniav.Delaware Valley Citizens' Council for CleanAir,478 U.S. 546,561-562, and n. 6 (1986);Summit Valley Industries,Inc. v.Carpenters,456 U.S. 717,721(1982);F.D. Rich Co. v.United States ex rel. Industrial Lumber Co.,417 U.S. 116,129-130(1974). ↩
Page 46 In this regard, the bad-faith exception resembles the third prong of Rule 11's certification requirement, which mandates that a signer of a paper filed with the court warrant that the paper "is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation." ↩
Page 47 Indeed, Rule 11 was amended in 1983 precisely because the subjective bad-faith standard was difficult to establish, and courts were therefore reluctant to invoke it as a means of imposing sanctions. See Advisory Committee Notes on the 1983 Amendment to Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. App. pp. 575-576. Consequently, there is little risk that courts will invoke their inherent power "to chill the advocacy of litigants attempting to vindicate all other important federal rights." Seepost, at 68. (KENNEDY, J., dissenting). To the extent that such a risk does exist, it is no less present when a court invokes Rule 11. SeeCooter Gellv.Hartmarx Corp.,496 U.S. 384,393(1990). ↩
Page 47 Chambers also asserts that all inherent powers are not created equal. Relying onEashv.Riggins Trucking Inc.,757 F.2d 557,562-563(CA3 1985) (en banc), he suggests that inherent powers fall into three Page 48 tiers: (1) irreducible powers derived from Article III, which exist despite contrary legislative direction; (2) essential powers that arise from the nature of the court, which can be legislatively regulated, but not abrogated; and (3) powers that are necessary only in the sense of being useful, which exist absent legislation to the contrary. Brief for Petitioner 17. Chambers acknowledges that this Court has never so classified the inherent powers, and we have no need to do so now. Even assuming,arguendo, that the power to shift fees falls into the bottom tier of this alleged hierarchy of inherent powers, Chambers' argument is unavailing, because we find no legislative intent to limit the scope of this power. ↩
Page 48 The Advisory Committee Notes to the 1983 Amendments to other rules reflect a similar intent to preserve the scope of the inherent power. While the Notes to Rule 16, 28 U.S.C. App. p. 591, point out that the sanctioning provisions are designed "to obviate dependence upon Rule 41(b) or the court's inherent power," there is no indication of an intent to displace the inherent power, but rather simply to provide courts with an additional tool by which to control the judicial process. The Notes to Rule 26(g), 28 U.S.C. App. p. 622, point out that the rule "makes explicit the authority judges now have to impose appropriate sanctions and requires them to use it. This authority derives from Rule 37,28 U.S.C. § 1927, and the court's inherent power." (Citations omitted.) ↩
Page 49 The decision inSociete Internationale Pour ParticipationsIndustrielles et Commerciales, S.A. v.Rogers,357 U.S. 197(1958), is Page 50 not to the contrary. There it was held that the Court of Appeals had erred in relying on the District Court's inherent power and Rule 41(b), rather than Federal Rule of Civil Procedure37(b)(2)(iii), in dismissing a complaint for a plaintiff's failure to comply with a discovery order. Because Rule 37 dealt specifically with discovery sanctions,id., at 207, there was "no need" to resort to Rule 41(b), which pertains to trials, or to the court's inherent power,ibid. Moreover, because individual rules address specific problems, in many instances, it might be improper to invoke one when another directly applies. Cf.Zaldivarv.Los Angeles,780 F.2d 823,830(CA9 1986). ↩
Page 54 Consequently, Chambers' reformulated argument in his reply brief that the primary purpose of a fee shift under the bad-faith exception "has always been compensatory," Reply for Petitioner 15-16, fails utterly. ↩
Page 54 We therefore express no opinion as to whether the District Court would have had the inherent power to sanction Chambers for conduct relating to the underlying breach of contract, or whether such sanctions might implicate the concerns ofErie. ↩
Page 54 Contrary to Chambers' assertion, the District Court did not sanction him for failing to file the requisite papers with the FCC in September, 1983, although the District Court did find that this conduct Page 55 was a deliberate violation of the agreement and was done "in absolute bad faith,"124 F.R.D., at 125. As the court noted, "the allegedly sanctionable acts were committed in the conduct and trial of the very proceeding in which sanctions [were] sought,"id., at 141, n. 11, and thus the sanctions imposed "appl[ied] only to sanctionable acts which occurred in connection with the proceedings in the trial Court,"id., at 143. Although the fraudulent transfer of assets took place before the suit was filed, it occurred after Chambers was given notice, pursuant to court rule, of the pending suit. Consequently, the sanctions imposed on Chambers were aimed at punishing not only the harm done to NASCO, but also the harm done to the court itself. Indeed, the District Court made clear that it was policing abuse of its own process when it imposed sanctions "for the manner in which this proceeding was conducted in the district court from October 14, 1983, the time that plaintiff gave notice of its intention to file suit."Id., at 123. ↩
Page 55 See,e.g., In re Kunstler,914 F.2d 505(CA4 1990),cert. denied,499 U.S. 969(1991);Whitev.General Motors Corp., Inc.,908 F.2d 675(CA10 1990);Thomasv.Capital Security Services, Inc.,836 F.2d 866(CA5 1988) (en banc). ↩
Page 56 Cf. Advisory Committee Notes on the 1983 Amendment to Rule 11, 28 U.S.C. App. p. 576 ("The time when sanctions are to be imposed rests in the discretion of the trial judge. However, it is anticipated that, in the case of pleadings, the sanctions issue under Rule 11 normally will be determined at the end of the litigation, and in the case of motions, at the time when the motion is decided or shortly thereafter"). ↩
Page 56 In particular, Chambers challenges the assessment of attorney's fees in connection with NASCO's claim for delay damages and with the closing of the sale. As NASCO points out, however, Chambers' bad-faith conduct in the course of the litigation caused the delay for which Page 57 damages were sought and greatly complicated the closing of the sale, through the cloud on the title caused by the fraudulent transfer. ↩