Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Carlisle v. United States

116 S. Ct. 1460

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1996-05-13
Topic
general

holding that, absent proper time extension, a district court may not entertain an untimely Rule 29 motion | holding that a court may not grant an untimely postverdict motion for a judgment of acquittal when the prosecutor objects | holding that a district court is without discretion to grant a defendant's untimely motion for judgment of acquittal pursuant to Rule 29 | holding that a district court had no authority to grant a motion for judgment of acquittal filed one day outside of Rule 29(c)’s time limit | holding that “[tjhere is simply no room in the [Rules] for the granting of an. untimely postverdict motion for judgment of acquittal” | holding that plain and unambiguous language of Rule 29 does not permit the granting of an untimely post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal | holding that, absent proper time extension, a district court may not entertain an untimely Rule 29 motion | holding that a district court had no authority to grant a motion for judgment of acquittal filed one day outside of Rule 29(c)’s time limit | holding that a district court lacks authority to grant an untimely post-conviction motion for judgment of acquittal | holding that a court does not have authority to grant a post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal, filed one day outside the time limit under Rule 29(e) | holding that a court does not have authority to grant a post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal, filed one day outside the time limit under Rule 29(e) | holding that a court does not have authority to grant a post-verdict motion for judgment of acquittal, filed one day outside the time limit under Rule 29(e) | holding that, over the prosecutor’s objection, a court may not grant a postverdiet motion for a judgment of acquittal filed one day outside the time limit allowed by Fed. Rule Crim. Proc. 29(c); this Court did not characterize the Rule as “jurisdictional” | holding that a district court could not use inherent authority to extend a plain and unambiguous Rule of Criminal Procedure that limited district court’s authority to enter a judgment of acquittal to seven days | holding that a district court could not use inherent authority to extend a plain and unambiguous Rule of Criminal Procedure that limited district court’s authority to enter a judgment of acquittal to seven days | holding that a district court could not use inherent authority to extend a plain and unambiguous Rule of Criminal Procedure that limited district court's authority to enter a judgment of acquittal to seven days | noting that the federal courts may formulate rules of evidence and procedure so long as they do not conflict with an Act of Congress | noting that the federal courts may formulate rules of evidence and procedure so long as they do not conflict with an Act of Congress | stating that District Court had no authority to grant petitioner’s motion for judgment of acquittal filed one day outside the Rule 29(c | noting that "[e]xamples of the exercise of the federal courts' inherent powers are abundant in both our civil and our criminal jurisprudence" and collecting cases | holding that deadlines for filing post-judgment motions are strictly construed | noting that the federal courts may formulate rules of evidence and procedure so long as they do not conflict with an Act of Congress | explaining that writ of error coram nobis may be issued only when “no other available remedy exists” | noting that “federal courts may, within limits, formulate procedural rules not specifically required by the Constitution or the Congress” | explaining that a sufficiency challenge ___ ___ untimely brought in the trial court is subject to "plain error" review | stating that courts cannot invoke inherent powers to circumvent or disregard constitutional or statutory procedures | concluding district court lacked authority to grant judgment of acquittal filed one day outside time limit | stating that “it is difficult to conceive of a situation in a federal criminal cas

Citator

Cited by
219 opinions
CARLISLE v. UNITED STATES,517 U.S. 416(1996)
116 S.Ct. 1460
CARLISLEv. UNITED STATES
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
No. 94-9247.
Argued January 16, 1996
Decided April 29, 1996
At his trial on a federal marijuana charge, petitioner filed his motion for a judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure29(c) after the jury returned a guilty verdict and was discharged. The District Court granted the motion even though it was filed one day outside the time limit prescribed by Rule 29(c), which provides,inter alia, that "[i]f the jury returns a verdict of guilty . . . , a motion for judgment of acquittal may be made or renewed within 7 days after the jury is discharged or within such further time as the court may fix during the 7-day period." In reversing and remanding for reinstatement of the verdict and for sentencing, the Sixth Circuit held that under Rule 29 a district court has no jurisdiction to grant an untimely motion for judgment of acquittal, or to enter such a judgmentsua sponteafter submission of the case to the jury.Held:The District Court had no authority to grant petitioner's motion for judgment of acquittal filed one day outside the Rule 29(c) time limit. Pp. 419-433.
(a) The Rules do not permit the granting of an untimely postverdict motion for judgment of acquittal. Rule 29(c)'s text, when read with Rule 45(b)'s statement that "the court may not extend the time for taking any action under Rul[e] 29 . . . except to the extent and under the conditions stated in [the Rule]," is plain and unambiguous: If, as in this case, a guilty verdict is returned, a motion for judgment of acquittal must be filed either within seven days of the jury's discharge or within an extended period fixed by the court during that 7-day period. Furthermore in light of Rule 29(c)'s clarity, petitioner cannot rely either on Rule 2, which requires that ambiguous Rules "be construed to secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration and the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay," or on Rule 57, which allows district courts discretion to regulate practice when there is no controlling law. Pp. 419-425.
(b) This Court rejects petitioner's invocation of courts' "inherent supervisory power" as alternative authority for the District Court's action. Whatever the scope of federal courts' inherent power to formulate procedural rules not specifically required by the Constitution or the Congress, it does not include the power to develop rules that circumvent or conflict with the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.Page 417See,e.g., Bank of Nova Scotiav.United States,487 U.S. 250,254-255. Whether the District Court's action is described as the granting of an untimely motion, or thesua sponteentry of a judgment of acquittal, it contradicted Rule 29(c)'s plain language and effectively annulled the 7-day filing limit. The cautionary principle that the Court will not lightly assume that the Rules mean to depart from established principles does not apply in this case, because prior to the enactment of Rule 29, there was no long, unquestioned power of federal district courts to acquit for insufficient evidencesua sponte, after return of a guilty verdict. Pp. 425-428.
(c) The Court also rejects petitioner's remaining arguments: (1) that the District Court had power to order acquittal in this case under the All Writs Act,28 U.S.C. § 1651, through the writ ofcoram nobis;(2) that the failure to allow the District Court to order acquittal would violate theFifth Amendment'sDue Process Clause; and (3) that prohibiting a district court from granting an acquittal motion filed only one day late will lead to needless appeals and habeas corpus proceedings. Pp. 428-430.
(d) The Court rebuts arguments put forward by the dissent, including the proposition that permissive rules do not withdraw pre-existing inherent powers, and the dissent's reliance on this Court's precedents to support the existence of the "inherent power" petitioner invokes. Pp. 430-433.
48 F.3d 190, affirmed.

SCALIA, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which REHNQUIST, C.J., and O'CONNOR, SOUTER, THOMAS, GINSBURG, and BREYER, JJ., joined. SOUTER, J., filed a concurring opinion,post, p. 434. GINSBURG, J., filed a concurring opinion, in which SOUTER and BREYER, JJ., joined,post, p. 436. STEVENS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which KENNEDY, J., joined,post, p. 436.
James A. Christophersonargued the cause and filed briefs for petitioner. With him on the briefs wasJoel R. Myler.Paul A. Engelmayerargued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief wereSolicitor General Days, Acting Assistant AttorneyGeneral Keeney, Deputy Solicitor General Dreeban, andDavid S. Kris.
JUSTICE SCALIA delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case presents the question whether a district court has authority to grant a postverdict motion for judgment ofPage 418acquittal filed one day outside the time limit prescribed by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure29(c).
I
Petitioner Charles Carlisle, along with several co-defendants, was tried by jury in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute marijuana, in violation of21 U.S.C. § 841,846, 84 Stat. 1260, 1265. He did not move during the trial for a judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure29(a). On July 13, 1993, the jury returned a guilty verdict and was discharged. On July 23, 1993, Carlisle filed a "Motion for a Judgment of Acquittal Pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure29(c)," arguing that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction. App. 6-9. Rule 29(c) provides that "a motion for judgment of acquittal may be made or renewed within 7 days after the jury is discharged or within such further time as the court may fix during the 7-day period." Excluding the intermediate Saturday and Sunday (as Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure45(a) requires), the 7-day period in this case ended on July 22, 1993. The United States' response to Carlisle's motion argued that it should be denied as untimely and, alternatively, that there was sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction. The District Court denied Carlisle's motion on August 19, 1993. Its written opinion did not address the timeliness issue, but concluded that the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Carlisle knew about, and knowingly and voluntarily joined, the charged conspiracy.

When Carlisle appeared for sentencing on October 14, 1993, the District Court announced that it was reversing its ruling. When it made its decision in August, the court said, it had prepared two opinions, one granting and one denying the motion, and it had now decided to substitute the former for the latter. The court subsequently entered an order thatPage 419(i) withdrew the opinion and order denying the motion to acquit and (ii) granted "Carlisle's motion for a judgment of acquittal pursuant to Rule 29(c), filed July 23, 1993." App. 45. An opinion accompanying the order concluded that there was insufficient evidence to prove that Carlisle knowingly and voluntarily joined the conspiracy to possess and distribute marijuana. In a footnote, the opinion acknowledged that the motion for judgment of acquittal was filed one day late, but concluded:
". . . I can conceive of no prejudice to the United States which will result from consideration of a motion that is one day lat[e] in this case. Because I believe that refusal to hear this motion would result in grave injustice, and because [Rule 29(c)] permits the Court to extend the deadline, I will consider this motion as if it were filed in a timely manner."Id., at 37.


The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the judgment of acquittal and remanded to the District Court for reinstatement of the jury's verdict and for sentencing. It held that under Rule 29 a district court has no jurisdiction to grant an untimely motion for judgment of acquittal, and that a district court has no jurisdiction to enter a judgment of acquittalsua sponteafter the case has been submitted to the jury.48 F.3d 190,192(1995). We granted certiorari.15 U.S. 1191(1995).
II
Petitioner argues that district courts "should be given the power to go outside the strict time limits of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure29(c)" when (1) there is a claim that the defendant was legally innocent, (2) the motion is filed prior to sentencing, and (3) the motion was not timely filed because of attorney error. Brief for Petitioner 8. Petitioner seeks to root this argument in, among other places, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.Page 420

Rule 29 is reproduced in its entirety below.1Subdivision (c) provides, in relevant part, that "[i]f the jury returns a verdict of guilty . . . , a motion for judgment of acquittal mayPage 421be made or renewed within 7 days after the jury is discharged or within such further time as the court may fix during the 7-day period." Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure45(b) provides that whereas certain untimely acts may be accorded validity upon a showing of excusable neglect, "the court may not extend the time for taking any action under Rul[e] 29 . . . except to the extent and under the conditions stated in [the Rule]." These Rules are plain and unambiguous. If, as in this case, a guilty verdict is returned, a motion for judgment of acquittal must be filed, either within seven days of the jury's discharge, or within an extended period fixed by the court during that 7-day period. There is simply no room in the text of Rules 29 and 45(b) for the granting of an untimely postverdict motion for judgment of acquittal, regardless of whether the motion is accompanied by a claim of legal innocence, is filed before sentencing, or was filed late because of attorney error.

Unable to offer any reading of Rule 29(c) that would permit an untimely motion for judgment of acquittal to be granted, Carlisle contends that Rule 29(a) gives a district court authority to enter a judgment of acquittalsua sponteat any time before sentencing. Rule 29(a), entitled "Motion Before Submission to Jury," provides in relevant part:
"The court on motion of a defendant or of its own motion shall order the entry of judgment of acquittal of one or more offenses charged in the indictment or information after the evidence on either side is closed if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses."


It would be quite a surprise to find a district court'ssuaspontepower to grant judgment of acquittalaftersubmission of the case to the jury hidden away in a provision entitled "MotionBeforeSubmission to Jury." We are not inclined to adopt an interpretation that creates such a surprise unless the intent that the text exceed its caption is clear.Page 422Here, to the contrary, the structure of Rule 29 indicates that subdivision (a) is limited as its caption says.

Petitioner's proposed reading would create an odd system in which defense counsel could move for judgment of acquittal for only seven days after the jury's discharge, but the court's power to enter such a judgment would linger. InUnited Statesv.Smith,331 U.S. 469(1947), we declined to read former Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure33, which placed a 5-day limit on the making of a motion for new trial, as "permit[ting] the judge to order retrial without request and at any time,"331 U.S., at 473. "[I]t would be a strange rule," we said, "which deprived a judge of power to do what was asked when request was made by the person most concerned, and yet allowed him to act without petition," and such an arrangement "would almost certainly subject trial judges to private appeals or application by counsel or friends of one convicted,"id., at 474, 475. The same is true here.2In addition, petitioner's reading makes a farce of subdivision (b) of Rule 29, which provides that a court may reserve decision on the motion for judgment of acquittal and decide it after submission to the jury. There would be no need for this procedure if, even without reserving, the court had continuing power to grant judgment of acquittal on its own. InPage 423sum, even without the captions (anda fortioriwith them) it is clear that subdivisions (a) and (b) of Rule 29 pertain to motions made before submission, and subdivisions (c) and (d) to motions made after discharge.

The Government offers an alternative theory of a court's power to actsua sponteunder Rule 29: Because Rule 29(a) refers to both a "motion of a defendant" and a court's "own motion," whereas Rule 29(c) refers only to "a motion"simpliciter, the latter must refer to motions both of defendants and of courts, permitting both such "motions" to be made within seven days after the jury's discharge. We do not find this reading plausible. Rule 29(c) not only provides that "a motion for judgment of acquittal" may be made or renewed within seven days after the jury is discharged. It goes on to provide, in its second and third sentences: "If a verdict of guilty is returnedthe court mayon such motionset aside the verdict and enter judgment of acquittal.If no verdict is returnedthe court may enter judgment of acquittal." The phrase "on such motion" is notably absent from the third sentence — conveying the idea that, where a jury has not returned a verdict, a court can act without motion, but where a jury has returned a guilty verdict, it cannot. But if "on such motion" includes action taken by a court on its own initiative, the limiting phrase "on such motion" in the second sentence has no effect, and a court may act on its ownwhether or nota verdict has been returned. That is to say, the inclusion of the phrase "on such motion" in one sentence but not in the other would be inexplicable.3Page 424

Petitioner contends that even if Rule 29 does not permit a court to grant an untimely motion for judgment of acquittal, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure2vests the court with supervisory power to enter judgment of acquittal. Rule 2 provides:
"These rules are intended to provide for the just determination of every criminal proceeding. They shall be construed to secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration and the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay."


This Rule is of no aid to petitioner. It sets forth a principle of interpretation to be used in construing ambiguous rules, not a principle of law superseding clear rules that do not achieve the stated objectives. It does not, that is to say, provide that rules shall be construed to mean something other than what they plainly say — which is what petitioner's proposed construction of Rule 29(c) would require.

We must acknowledge that there is precedent in this Court for using Rule 2 as a basis for deviating from time limits imposed by the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. InFallenv.UnitedStates,378 U.S. 139(1964), we cited Rule 2 in the course of excusing the failure of an incarcerated paraplegicpro sepetitioner to comply with the time limit for filing a notice of appeal under former Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure37(a). Concluding that the petitioner "had done all that could reasonably be expected" to file a timely appeal, including mailing a notice of appeal to the clerk's office two days before the notice was due, we "decline[d] to read the Rules so rigidly as to bar a determination of his appeal on the merits."378 U.S., at 144.Fallenhas been made obsolete by an amendment to Rule 37(a).4AndPage 425of courseFallenwas a narrow ruling when it was announced, as is evident fromBermanv.United States,378 U.S. 530(1964)(per curiam), a decision announced on the same day asFallen, summarily affirming the dismissal of an appeal that had been filed one day late.

Finally, petitioner cannot rely on Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure57as the source of the District Court's authority in this case. The version of Rule 57 in effect when criminal proceedings against petitioner commenced (and which he relied upon at oral argument) states, in relevant part, that, "[i]n all cases not provided for by rule, the district judges . . . may regulate their practice in any manner not inconsistent with these rules." The relevant portion of the current version of Rule 57 is captioned "Procedure When There Is No Controlling Law," and states: "A judge may regulate practice in any manner consistent with federal law, these rules, and local rules of the district." Fed. Rule Crim. Proc.57(b). We need not decide which version of this Rule controls the present case, because neither authorizes the District Court's action here. A rule permitting a party to submit and prevail on an untimely motion for judgment of acquittal is "inconsistent" (or not "consistent") with Rule 29's 7-day filing limit; and the question of when a motion for judgment of acquittal may be granted does not present a case "not provided for" by Rule 29; and Rule 29 is the "controlling law" governing this question.
III
As alternative authority for the District Court's action, petitioner invokes courts' "inherent supervisory power." Brief for Petitioner 9. We have recognized that federalPage 426courts "may, within limits, formulate procedural rules not specifically required by the Constitution or the Congress."United Statesv.Hasting,461 U.S. 499,505(1983). Whatever the scope of this "inherent power," however, it does not include the power to develop rules that circumvent or conflict with the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. As we recognized inBank of Nova Scotiav.United States,487 U.S. 250,254-255(1988), holding that federal courts may not invoke supervisory power to circumvent Rule 52(a): "[F]ederal courts have no more discretion to disregard the Rule's mandate than they do to disregard constitutional or statutory provisions." Whether the action of the District Court here is described as the granting of an untimely motion, or thesua sponteentry of a judgment of acquittal, it contradicted the plain language of Rule 29(c), and effectively annulled the 7-day filing limit.

InChambersv.NASCO, Inc.,501 U.S. 32,47(1991), we said that we would not "`lightly assume that Congress has intended to depart from established principles' such as the scope of a court's inherent power,"id., at 47 (quotingWeinbergerv.Romero-Barcelo,456 U.S. 305,313(1982)). Similarly, inLinkv.Wabash R. Co.,370 U.S. 626,629-632(1962), we said that since a district court's authority to dismisssuaspontefor lack of prosecution was a "sanction of wide usage," we would not assume, in the absence of a clear expression, that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure41(b), which allowed a party tomovefor dismissal for lack of prosecution, abrogated this "long . . . unquestioned" power. That cautionary principle does not apply in the present case, not only because of the clarity of the text, but also because we are unaware of any "long unquestioned" power of federal district courts to acquit for insufficient evidencesua sponte, after return of a guilty verdict. Indeed, we are aware of only two cases prior to the enactment of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure that could be read as asserting in dictum the existence ofPage 427such a power.United Statesv.McCracken, 26 F. Cas. 1069, 1069 (No. 15,664) (ED Va. 1878);United Statesv.Hayden, 26 F. Cas. 236, 238 (No. 15,333) (NDNY 1877).5Page 428

The case law of this Court that petitioner relies upon does not establish any "inherent power" to act in contravention of applicable Rules. InGacav.United States,411 U.S. 618(1973)(per curiam), which reinstated an appeal that had been dismissed for want of timely prosecution, there was no suggestion that reinstatement was contrary to any statute or rule of procedure. And inUnited Statesv.Nobles,422 U.S. 225(1975), which approved exercise of a District Court's inherent authority to order the disclosure of certain witness statements, we felt it necessary to make sure that such exercise did not conflict with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure16. Petitioner's best case isThompsonv.INS,375 U.S. 384(1964), which, contrary to former Federal Rule of Civil Procedure73(a), gave effect to a notice of appeal filed more than 60 days from the entry of judgment.Thompson, however, is not pertinent here, since it expressly relied upon the "`unique circumstances'" that the cause of the failure to meet the Rule's deadline was an erroneous ruling or assurance by the District Court itself.375 U.S., at 387(quotingHarris Truck Lines,Inc. v.Cherry Meat Packers, Inc.,371 U.S. 215,217(1962)(per curiam)).
IV
Petitioner's three remaining arguments need not detain us long. First, he argues that the District Court had power to enter a judgment of acquittal in this case under the All Writs Act,28 U.S.C. § 1651, through the writ ofcoram nobis. Apart from the fact that the District Court was not asked toPage 429issue, and did not purport to be issuing, a writ ofcoramnobis, that writ would not have lain here, since it was traditionally available only to bring before the court factual errors "material to the validity and regularity of the legal proceeding itself," such as the defendant's being under age or having died before the verdict. SeeUnitedStatesv.Mayer,235 U.S. 55,67-68(1914). Moreover, "[t]he All Writs Act is a residual source of authority to issue writs that are not otherwise covered by statute. Where a statute specifically addresses the particular issue at hand, it is that authority, and not the All Writs Act, that is controlling."Pennsylvania Bureau of Correctionv.United States MarshalsService,474 U.S. 34,43(1985). As we noted a few years after enactment of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, "it is difficult to conceive of a situation in a federal criminal case today where [a writ ofcoram nobis] would be necessary or appropriate."United Statesv.Smith,331 U.S., at 475, n. 4. In the present case, Rule 29 provides the applicable law.

Second, petitioner asserts that the failure to allow the District Court to enter a judgment of acquittal would violate the Due Process Clause of theFifth Amendment. His argument on this point consists of nothing more than bald assertions that Rule 29(c) as applied to the facts of this case transgresses principles of fundamental fairness, "shocks the conscience," and interferes with rights "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty." Brief for Petitioner 28-29 (internal quotation marks omitted) (citingHerrerav.Collins,506 U.S. 390(1993);Rochinv.California,342 U.S. 165,172(1952);Palkov.Connecticut,302 U.S. 319,325-326(1937)). Petitioner has failed to proffer any historical, textual, or controlling precedential support for his argument that the inability of a district court to grant an untimely postverdict motion for judgment of acquittal violates theFifth Amendment, and we decline to fashion a new due process right out of thin air.Page 430

Third, petitioner argues that prohibiting a district court from granting a motion for judgment of acquittal filed one day late will lead to needless appeals and habeas corpus proceedings, where it will be more difficult for defendants to obtain relief than in motions directed to the trial court. Assuming,arguendo, that these contentions are accurate, we cannot permit them to alter our analysis, for we are not at liberty to ignore the mandate of Rule 29 in order to obtain "optimal" policy results. Cf.UnitedStatesv.Robinson,361 U.S. 220,229-230(1960). We are similarly unmoved by petitioner's contention that the "rationale" behind Rule 29(c)'s time limit does not apply where the motion for judgment of acquittal is filed a mere eight days after the trial. The only evident "rationale" behind Rule 29(c)'s 7-day time limit is that a motion for judgment of acquittal filed eight days after trial is a motion filed one day later than justice and equity demand. As we said in a case involving the filing deadline of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976,43 U.S.C. § 1744(1988 ed.): "If 1-day late filings are acceptable, 10-day late filings might be equally acceptable, and so on in a cascade of exceptions that would engulf the rule erected by the filing deadline; yet regardless of where the cutoff line is set, some individuals will always fall just on the other side of it."United Statesv.Locke,471 U.S. 84,101(1985).
V
Finally, we may respond to some of the many arguments put forward by the dissent. The dissent makes the sweeping assertion that "a district court clearly has the inherent authority to ensure that a legally innocent defendant is not wrongfully convicted,"post, at 442. Perhaps so. As the dissent itself recognizes, however, that power has come to an end once an appeal has been taken.Post, at 452-453. We are in accord, then, that there issomepoint at which the district court is rendered powerless to enter a judgment of acquittal, and the disagreement between us and the dissentPage 431comes down to nothing more cosmic than the question of timing — which we find answered by the text of Rule 29.

In an effort to explain why, if a Rule 29(c) motion is in any event unnecessary, it makes any sense to impose a 7-daydeadlineupon the making of it, the dissent maintains that the untimeliness of a motion gives a district court discretion to ignore it.Post, at 445. This presents the disedifying prospect of a court vested with "the inherent authority to ensure that a legally innocent defendant is not wrongfully convicted,"post, at 442, exercising its discretion to let an innocent defendant be wrongfully convicted. Quite obviously, this explanation of the deadline is incompatible with the premise that underlies the dissent's entire argument. As for the dissent's concern,post, at 448, that our decision runs afoul of Rule 2's mandate that the rules "be construed to secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration and the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay": We see neither simplicity, nor fairness, nor elimination of delay in a regime that makes it discretionary whether an untimely motion for judgment of acquittal will be entertained.

The dissent asserts that "permissive rules do not withdraw pre-existing inherent powers."Post, at 452. That assertion is really not relevant to the present case since, as we have discussed, the power to enter post verdict judgments of acquittalsua spontewas not a "pre-existing inherent power." Seesupra, at 426-428, and n. 5. But besides the lack of factual predicate for its application here, the principle the dissent proposes would produce some extraordinary consequences. For example, as the cases cited by the dissent illustrate, seepost, at 439-440, courts previously have ordered new trialssua sponte. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure33, however, provides that "[t]he court on motion of a defendantmaygrant a new trial . . . ." Following the dissent's logic, Rule 33, being permissive, does not preclude a court from granting a new trial without motion, thereby leaving open to the court a course of action that may wellPage 432violate the Double Jeopardy Clause. But see Advisory Committee's Notes on 1966 Amendment of Fed. Rule Crim. Proc.33,18U.S.C. App., p. 801 ("The amendments to the first two sentences make it clear that a judge has no power to order a new trial on his own motion, that he can act only in response to a motion timely made by a defendant. Problems of double jeopardy arise when the court acts on its own motion"). Similarly, a pre-existing practice, if there was one, would allow a subpoena to be served by a party or a minor despite Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure17(d) ("A subpoena may be served by the marshal, by a deputy marshal or by any other person who is not a party and who is not less than 18 years of age"); would allow a judge from another district to take over a jury trial from a disabled judge despite Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure25(a) ("If . . . the judge before whom a jury trial has commenced is unable to proceed with the trial, any other judge regularly sitting in or assigned to the court . . . may proceed with and finish the trial"); and would allow a court to correct a technical error in a sentence more than seven days after the imposition of the sentence, despite Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure35(c) ("The court, acting within 7 days after the imposition of sentence, may correct a sentence that was imposed as a result of arithmetical, technical, or other clear error").

The decisions of Justice Harlan relied upon by the dissent to support the proposition that permissive rules do not eliminate inherent powers are not germane. We have discussedLinkabove, seesupra, at 426. InUnited Statesv.Ohio Power Co.,353 U.S. 98,104(1957), Justice Harlan noted that this Court has proceeded on the assumption that we have inherent authority to "affect judgments by action which would otherwise be out of time under [our own] Rules." That statement would be relevant if the present case involved a district court's departure from one of its own rules — which of course it does not. InFernandezv.UnitedPage 433States,81 S.Ct. 642(1961),5 L.Ed.2d 683(Harlan, J., in chambers), Justice Harlan recognized that the provision of former Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure46(a) that a "person arrested for an offense not punishable by death shall beadmittedto bail" (emphasis added) did not withdraw district courts' authority torevokebail in a noncapital case.Fernandez,supra, at 644, and n. 7,5 L.Ed.2d, at 685, and n. 7. What admitting to bail implies with respect to revocation of bail is not comparable to what granting judgment on motion implies with respect to granting judgment without motion. What the dissent needs, in theFernandezcontext, is a case holding that a statute which permits bail for "persons arrested for noncapital offenses" does not preclude bail for persons arrested for capital offenses. Of course, such a case will not be found.

Finally, the dissent contends thatUnited Statesv.Sisson,399 U.S. 267(1970), supports existence of the "inherent power" petitioner invokes. Seepost, at 448-449. We think not.Sissondidnot"implicitly conclude" that it was proper to enter a postverdict judgment of acquittal without motion, because theproprietyof the judgment of acquittal was irrelevant to the decision. The only issue was whether the judgment appealed fromwasa judgment of acquittal (properorimproper), because that would mean that the Government's appeal under the former18 U.S.C. § 3731(which did not apply to judgments of acquittal) must be dismissed. SeeUnited Statesv.Wilson,420 U.S. 332,351(1975) (appeal inSisson"was barred solely by the statute").

* * *

We conclude that the District Court had no authority to grant petitioner's motion for judgment of acquittal filed one day outside the time limit prescribed by Rule 29(c). We therefore affirm the judgment of the Sixth Circuit.It is so ordered.Page 434
JUSTICE SOUTER, concurring.
In Part I of his dissenting opinion, JUSTICE STEVENS makes a persuasive argument that, absent a rule to the contrary, district judges have an "inherent authority" to enter a judgment of acquittal, although, for the reasons offered by the majority,ante, at 426, I am not persuaded that this inherent authority extends to the power to actsua sponteto grant a judgment of acquittal after the jury has returned a verdict. In any event, I accept the received view that inherent power generally is subject to legislative abrogation, seeBankof Nova Scotiav.United States,487 U.S. 250,254-255(1988);ante, at 426, and although Congress's power is not necessarily plenary, its limits are not implicated here. While there may be some point at which legislative interference with a court's inherent authority would run afoul of Article III, seeChambersv.NASCO, Inc.,501 U.S. 32,58(1991) (SCALIA, J., dissenting) ("Some elements of that inherent authority are so essential to `[t]he judicial Power,'U.S. Const., Art. III, §1, that they are indefeasible"), it is not seriously contended that Rule 29(c) is an unconstitutional interference with the court's inherent authority. I therefore join the Court's opinion.
JUSTICE GINSBURG, with whom JUSTICE SOUTER and JUSTICE BREYER join, concurring.
I join the opinion of the Court and highlight features of the case key to my judgment.

It is anomalous to classify time prescriptions, even rigid ones,fn*under the heading "subject matter jurisdiction." That most basic requirement relates to the subject matter of the case or controversy or the status of the parties to it. See 13 C. Wright, A. Miller, E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3522, p. 78 (2d ed. 1984); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 11 (1982) (defining "subject matter jurisdiction"Page 435as the "authority [of the court] to adjudicate the type of controversy involved in the action"); cf.United Statesv.Kember,648 F.2d 1354,1357-1358(CADC 1980)(per curiam)(commenting on "manifold settings in which we employ the term [jurisdiction]" and distinguishing fundamental "jurisdiction" questions from issues of a less basic character);Centerfor Nuclear Responsibility, Inc. v.United States Nuclear RegulatoryComm'n,781 F.2d 935,945, n. 4 (CADC 1986) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) (questioning "profligate use" of the word "jurisdiction," in diverse contexts, "to mean many things — from the absence of a constitutional grant of judicial power to a statutory limit on time to appeal").

Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure29(c) concerns a matter less basic. It is simply a time prescription. Rule 29(c)'s prescription is a tight one, to be sure. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure45(b) makes that clear by precluding extensions, even for "excusable neglect," after expiration of the seven days specified in Rule 29(c). But like limitation periods generally, see,e.g.,Irwinv.Department of Veterans Affairs,498 U.S. 89,95(1990) ("[t]ime requirements in lawsuits . . . are customarily subject to `equitable tolling'"), the 29(c)/45(b) constraint is not utterly exceptionless.

This Court has recognized one sharply honed exception to rules of the 29(c)/45(b) genre. That exception covers cases in which the trial judge has misled a party who could have — and probably would have — taken timely action had the trial judge conveyed correct, rather than incorrect, information. SeeThompsonv.INS,375 U.S. 384,386-387(1964)(percuriam)(had trial judge not misinformed party that his new trial motion was made "in ample time," party "could have, and presumably would have, filed the appeal within 60 days of the entry of the original judgment, rather than waiting, as he did, until after the trial court had disposed of the [new trial motion]");Harris Truck Lines, Inc. v.Cherry Meat Packers,Inc.,371 U.S. 215,216-217(1962)(per curiam)(instructing that petitioner's appeal be heard on the meritsPage 436where petitioner had received from trial court an improperly grounded 14-day extension of the time to file his appeal); see also 4A Wright Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1168, at 501 (describingThompsonandHarris Truck Linesas "based on a theory similar to estoppel"). As the Court observes, however, this exception "is not pertinent here." Seeante, at 428.

Carlisle's counsel was not misled by any trial court statement or action; rather, he neglected to follow plain instructions. Rule 29(c) clearly instructs that a motion for a judgment of acquittal be filed "within 7 days after the jury is discharged or within such further time as the court may fix during the 7-day period." Just as clearly, Rule 45(b) excludes motions for enlargement once seven days have run. I agree that a rule like 29(c) is framed to resist ad hoc relaxation. A time line must be drawn at some point, and it is not unreasonable to draw the line as the rulemakers did, rather than extend it out to the day set for sentencing.

It bears emphasis, finally, that the Government recognizes legal avenues still open to Carlisle to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to warrant his conviction: on appeal (subject to "plain error" standard); and through a postconviction motion, under28 U.S.C. § 2255, asserting ineffective assistance of counsel. Brief for United States 38-39. In the rare situations JUSTICE STEVENS envisions — delay of a meritorious motion due to an Act of God, seepost, at 454, or cases comparable to those in which we would read and grant an out-of-time rehearing petition, seepost, at 450-451 — these modes of relief should provide an adequate corrective.
JUSTICE STEVENS, with whom JUSTICE KENNEDY joins, dissenting.
As long as a federal court retains jurisdiction over a criminal case, it has the authority to ensure that no conviction is entered unless the prosecutor has proved the defendant's guilt. The exercise of the court's inherent power to setPage 437aside a jury verdict unsupported by evidence is not contingent on the filing of a timely motion by the defendant. The question in this case, therefore, is not whether Rule29of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedureauthorizesthe court to grant an untimely motion for judgment of acquittal; I agree with the Court that it does not. Rather, the question is whether that Rulewithdrawsthe court's pre-existing authority to refrain from entering judgment of conviction against a defendant whom it knows to be legally innocent.

Viewed in this light, the majority places more reliance on the negative implication in Rule 29 than its permissive language can bear. Assuming it exists at all, this negative implication is far too weak to justify the conclusion that Rule 29 manifests that Congress desired to withdraw a federal court's inherent authority to acquit an innocent defendant.
I
Trial judges are kept busy responding to motions, objections, and requests by the litigants. It is quite wrong, however, to assume that a judge is nothing more than a referee whose authority is limited to granting or denying motions advanced by the parties. As Learned Hand tersely noted, a "judge, at least in a federal court, is more than a moderator; he is affirmatively charged with securing a fair trial, and he must intervene sua sponte to that end, when necessary."Brownv.Walter,62 F.2d 798,799(CA2 1933). That duty encompasses not only the avoidance of error before it occurs, but the correction of error that may have occurred earlier in a proceeding.

The basic principle has been stated many times. There is a "power `inherent in every court of justice so long as it retains control of the subject matter and of the parties, to correct that which has been wrongfully done by virtue of its process.'Arkadelphia Co. v.St. LouisSouthwestern Ry. Co.,249 U.S. 134,146. SeeNorthwestern Fuel Co. v.Brock,139 U.S. 216,219."United Statesv.Morgan,307 U.S. 183,Page 438197 (1939). Although that statement was made in a civil case, we have made it clear that a federal court has even broader discretion to notice error independently in the trial of a criminal case than in civil cases.Crawfordv.United States,212 U.S. 183,194(1909).

Examples of the exercise of the federal courts' inherent powers are abundant in both our civil and our criminal jurisprudence.1Indeed, when he was serving on the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, then-Judge Kennedy, after considering a series of cases that recognized various inherent judicial powers,2correctly pointed out:Page 439
"Exercise of judicial power by entry of orders not expressly sanctioned by rule or statute in order to correct the legal process or avert its misfunction has been approved in varied circumstances."Arizonav.Manypenny,672 F.2d 761,765, cert. denied,459 U.S. 850(1982).


When a federal court declines to enter a judgment of conviction against a defendant whom it should have directed the jury to acquit, it clearly corrects the legal process and averts its misfunctioning. Given the varioussua spontepowers that district courts unquestionably may exercise in order to ensure that legally innocent defendants are not convicted, it is clear that they also possess the inherent authoritysuasponteto enter postverdict acquittals when the Government has failed to prove that a defendant is guilty.

District courts have long exercised their inherent power to direct an acquittalsua spontewhen the prosecution fails to prove its case at the close of evidence. SeeWiborgv.UnitedStates,163 U.S. 632,659(1896);Cadyv.United States,293 F. 829(CADC 1923);Nosowitzv.United States,282 F. 575,578(CA2 1922).3They have also long exercisedPage 440their inherent power to set aside a jury verdict for insufficiency of the evidencesua sponte. SeeUnited Statesv.Harding, 26 F. Cas. 131, 136 (No. 15,301) (ED Pa. 1846);United Statesv.Fullerton, 25 F. Cas. 1225 (No. 15,176) (SDNY 1870); see also F. Wharton, Criminal Law of the United States 669 (1846) ("Where, however, evidence is not sufficient in law to authorize a verdict, a new trial will be granted, even though no objection be made at the trial");id., at 643(s)(explaining that the judge reserves "it to himself, if there be an improper conviction, to arrest the judgment or set aside the verdict");Charlesv.State,4 Port. 107,109-110(Ala. 1836).4

The District Courts' longstanding exercise of these inherent powers is entirely consistent with the conclusion that a district court acts within its power when it enters a judgment of acquittal upon setting aside an unsupported jury verdict. To be sure, the early cases reveal that District Courts typically ordered new trials, rather than acquittals, upon concluding that the jury's verdict was not supported by legally sufficient evidence. However, subsequent cases demonstrate that as courts became concerned that the newPage 441trial remedy trenched on the prohibition against double jeopardy, they began to enter judgments of acquittals. SeeEx parteUnited States,101 F.2d 870,878(CA7 1939), aff'd by an equally divided Court inUnited Statesv.Stone,308 U.S. 519(1939).

The earliest cases involve appellate courts entering judgments of acquittal in order to remedy a district court's failure to direct the jury to acquit. SeeNosowitzv.UnitedStates,282 F. 575(CA2 1922);Cherryv.UnitedStates,78 F.2d 334(CA7 1935);Reinerv.United States,92 F.2d 823(CA9 1937); see alsoFrancev.United States,164 U.S. 676(1897) (remanding to the District Court with directions to enter such judgment);Romanov.UnitedStates,9 F.2d 522(CA2 1925) (same). Later cases reveal that District Courts soon followed suit, either by ruling on reserved, preverdict acquittal motions or by granting postverdict motions to acquit. SeeEx parte United States,101 F.2d 870(CA7 1939);United Statesv.Standard Oil Co.,23 F. Supp. 937(WD Wis. 1938), aff'd inUnited Statesv.Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.,310 U.S. 150,165, n. 1 (1940);Statev.Meen,171 Wis. 36(1920) (same); see also Advisory Committee's Notes to Rule 29 (endorsing these practices). Moreover, prior to the adoption of Rule 29 in 1944, the Fifth Circuit explained that, even after a jury returns a verdict, a court "may and should"sua spontereview the sufficiency of the evidence.Ansleyv.United States,135 F.2d 207,208(1943).

In light of this history, it makes no sense to conclude that a federal district court lacks the inherent power to entersua spontea postverdict judgment of acquittal. A trial court's postverdict entry of a judgment of acquittal is in substance no different from an appellate court's order directing entry of that same judgment. Moreover, the double jeopardy concerns that may bar a district court from ordering a new trial to remedy its failure to have directed an acquittal cannot sensibly be understood to prohibit the district court from providing a defendant some measure of relief from a legallyPage 442insufficient guilty verdict. SeeUnited Statesv.Smith,331 U.S. 469,474(1947). Finally, given that a motion was not thought to be needed in order for the District Court to exercise its inherent power either to direct an acquittal, or to set aside an unsupported verdict and order a new trial, there is no reason to conclude that a district court is utterly powerless to remedy a wrongful conviction in the exceedingly rare circumstance in which an unforeseen accident results in the defendant's failure to file a motion for acquittal.

In all events, a district court clearly has the inherent authority to ensure that a legally innocent defendant is not wrongfully convicted. It would be most strange to conclude that this authority, which enables a district court to keep a case from the jury altogether when the Government fails to prove its case, does not permit that same court to revise a guilty verdict that the jury returns despite the Government's insufficient proof. That conclusion is particularly difficult to fathom when one considers that the latter action may be appealed by the Government, while the former may not.United Statesv.Wilson,420 U.S. 332,345(1975). Not surprisingly, therefore, numerous courts have recognized that, prior to the passage of Rule 29, district courts possessed the inherent power to acquit defendantssua sponte. SeeUnited Statesv.Hughes,759 F. Supp. 530,532-536(WD Ark.), aff'dsub nom.United Statesv.Haren,952 F.2d 190(CA8 1991);UnitedStatesv.DiBernardo,880 F.2d 1216,1225, n. 4 (CA11 1989);United Statesv.Coleman,811 F.2d 804(CA3 1987);United Statesv.Giampa,758 F.2d 928,936, n. 1 (CA3 1985);Arizonav.Manypenny,672 F.2d, at 765;Ansleyv.United States,135 F.2d, at 208; see alsoUnited Statesv.Weinstein,452 F.2d 704,713,714(CA2 1971);UnitedStatesv.Broadus,664 F. Supp. 592,595-598(DC 1987).

The majority states that no pre-Rule case establishes the precise power at issue here.Ante, at 427-428, n. 5. ThatPage 443is true but unremarkable. The majority does not dispute that, prior to the passage of Rule 29, trial courts possessed the inherent power to remedy unsupported guilty verdicts by ordering new trialssua sponte. After Rule 29 was adopted, this Court pointed out the double jeopardy concerns raised by thesua sponteexercise of the new trial remedy. SeeUnited Statesv.Smith,331 U.S., at 474. Since that time, numerous cases have concluded that courts may remedy unsupported jury verdicts by entering judgments of acquittal. The majority offers no principled reason for concluding that this more recent remedy is beyond the power of district courts, even though the prior remedy was not.

In sum, the error-correcting power that is "`inherent in every court of justice so long as it retains control of the subject matter and of the parties,'"Morgan,307 U.S., at 197, encompasses the kind of error at issue in this case. Therefore, absent some express indication that Congress intended to withdraw the power that implicitly attends its initial grant of jurisdiction, a district court acts well within its discretion when it sets aside a jury verdict and acquits a defendant because the prosecution failed to prove its case.
II
Because the Acts of Congress investing federal judges with jurisdiction to try criminal cases are the source of a district court's power to set aside unsupported jury verdicts, I have no occasion to disagree with the Court's view that petitioner errs in relying on Rule 29 as the source of the District Court's authority in this case. I do, however, strongly disagree with the Court's own reliance on that Rule for the quite different conclusion that it clearly prohibits the power exercised by the District Court here.

In Part III of its opinion, the majority asserts that the District Court's action "contradicted the plain language of Rule 29(c), and effectively annulled the 7-day filing limit,"Page 444ante, at 426, and that "the clarity of the text" suffices to prohibit the District Court's action,ibid. The majority assumes that these conclusory assertions follow implicitly from its determination in Part II of its opinion that Rule 29 does not authorize the District Court to set aside a jury verdictsua sponte.

In my view, the Rule serves three salutary purposes that are in no tension with a district court's inherent power to enter a judgment of acquittalsua sponte. None of these purposes would be frustrated if the Rule were understood to coexist with, though not to authorize, a district court's power to avoid imposing sentence on an innocent defendant in the truly exceptional case in which evidence of guilt is wholly lacking.

First, subdivision (a) confirms the view that a judge has a duty to direct an acquittal if the prosecution has failed to prove its case at the close of evidence. The Rule's affirmation of that duty is in no way inconsistent with a court's exercise of its postverdict power to entersua spontea judgment of acquittal. As then-Judge Kennedy explained for the Ninth Circuit inArizonav.Manypenny,672 F.2d, at 764: "We do not read the mention in Rule 29(a) of a court granting such a judgment `on its own motion' before submission to a jury as an elimination of a court's inherent power to grant such a judgment after submission to the jury."

Second, subdivision (b) accommodates the defendant's right to move for a directed acquittal with the Government's right to seek appellate review. Indeed, the subdivision was amended in 1994 for the very purpose of striking a more proper balance between those two interests. See Advisory Committee's Notes to Fed. Rule Crim. Proc.29(b),18U.S.C. App., pp. 784-785. As a result, a district court'ssua spontedecision to acquit after the jury returns a guilty verdict can hardly be said to undermine the purpose of subdivision (b). The defendant's interests are obviously fully protected by an acquittal, while the Government's right to appeal isPage 445protected because the jury has already returned its verdict of guilt. SeeUnited Statesv.Wilson,420 U.S., at 345.5

Third, subdivision (c) requires defense counsel to file the postverdict motion for judgment of acquittal promptly, while the trial judge presumably retains a firm recollection of the evidence and therefore is able to rule expeditiously and efficiently. The untimeliness of a later motion provides the judge with a sufficient reason for denying it without even reading it or reviewing the transcript. Thus, a judge's entirely discretionary decision to entersua spontean acquittal after the 7-day period in no way annuls the 7-day deadline. Defendants are still bound by that time limitation, and the Rule thus serves the useful function of limiting a defendant's right to require a judge to reconsider the sufficiency of the evidence. As then-Judge Kennedy explained: "Rule 29(c) creates a deadline by which defendants must present motions for judgment of acquittal to the court; it does not address the court's inherent power to grant such a judgment."Arizonav.Manypenny,672 F.2d, at 764.Page 446

The majority nevertheless maintains that the Rule must be read to require judges, in some instances, to enter judgments of conviction against defendants they know to be innocent. The majority does not argue that Rule 29expresslyprohibits a district court from acting on its own to set aside an unsupported jury verdict. Rather, it relies solely on the negative inference that it draws from the absence of three words in one sentence of Rule 29(c).Ante, at 423.6Specifically, the majority seizes upon the "notabl[e] absen[ce]" of the phrase "on such motion" in the third sentence of the Rule,ibid., and concludes that this omission "convey[s] the idea that, where a jury has not returned a verdict, a court can act without motion, but where a jury has returned a guilty verdict, it cannot,"ibid.

In light of the pre-Rule precedent establishing a district court's inherent power to reviewsua spontea jury verdict for sufficiency of the evidence, seeAnsleyv.United States,135 F.2d, at 208, the majority reads far too much into the omission. The caption to Rule 29(c) makes clear that the subdivision only contemplates judicial action taken in response to a motion. The first sentence explains that a motion may be made after a jury's discharge whether or not a guilty verdict has been returned. The next sentence sets forth the action that the district court may take when such a motion is filed after the jury returns a guilty verdict. In a similar vein, the third sentence sets forth the action that the district court may take when no verdict has been returned.Page 447The omission of the words "on such motion" from the third sentence surely just reflects a draftsman's sensible decision to avoid a patent redundancy rather than a cryptic intent to change the law by prohibiting a judge from exercising his or her inherent power to enter a judgment of acquittal.7

Common sense refutes what the text fails to compel. Under the majority's reading, Rule 29(c) establishes a most inefficient regime for setting aside unsupported jury verdicts by requiring defendants to file appeals and collateral challenges to judgments of conviction that district judges knew to be unsupported. Given that Federal Rule of CriminalPage 448Procedure 2 directs that the rules "shall be construed to secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration and the elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay," there is no reason to read the ambiguity in Rule 29(c) to prohibit a district court from correcting a plain error that would otherwise be challenged in a subsequent court proceeding.8

Indeed, our decision inUnited Statesv.Sisson,399 U.S. 267(1970), reveals that when we previously considered Rule 29 we did not understand it to prohibit a district court fromsua sponteentering a postverdict judgment of acquittal. There, defendant's counsel moved postverdict to arrest judgment under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure34.399 U.S., at 276. The District Court purported to grant the Rule 34 motion on evidentiary and constitutional grounds that the defendant's motion did not raise.Id., at 277, n. 6. The Government sought review from this Court pursuant to18 U.S.C. § 3731, which at that time permitted governmental appeals from orders arresting judgment but not from orders entering judgments of acquittal.399 U.S., at 279-280.

In holding that we lacked jurisdiction to hear the Government's appeal, we explained that although the District Court termed its order an "arres[t] [of] judgment," it was in fact an acquittal.Id., at 288. The portion of Justice Harlan's opinion that five Members of the Court joined equated the District Court'ssua sponteacquittal with an acquittal by a jury. As support for the comparison, the opinion explained that, under Rule 29, "judges, like juries, can acquit defendants."Id., at 290. Moreover, it noted that Rules 29(b) andPage 449(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure "expressly allow a federal judge to acquit a criminal defendant after the jury `returns a verdict of guilty.'"Ibid.; see alsoUnited Statesv.Weinstein,452 F.2d, at 713,714(explaining thatSissondetermined that the District Court in that case acted within its jurisdiction in entering the postverdict judgment of acquittal).

Although the merits of the judgment of acquittal were not before the Court inSisson, the trial court's jurisdiction to enter the judgment plainly was. Just as a trial court's postjudgment acquittal could not have mooted a pending appeal, neither could a jurisdictionally barred action have prevented an appeal from being taken. Nevertheless, theSissonCourt did not identify any jurisdictional bar to the judge's entry of a postverdict acquittal motion, even though no Rule 29 motion had been filed. I am therefore mystified as to why the Court now concludes that the Rule can only be read to deprive the district court of jurisdiction to acquit postverdict in the absence of a defendant's motion.

Our prior construction of procedural rules that employ permissive language similar to that used in Rule 29 reinforces the implicit conclusion that we reached inSisson. As we recently explained, our prior cases reveal that although Congress may limit the exercise of the inherent power of lower federal courts, "`we do not lightly assume that Congress has intended'" to do so.Chambersv.NASCO, Inc.,501 U.S. 32,47(1991) (quotingWeinbergerv.Romero-Barcelo,456 U.S. 305,313(1982)). That interpretive principle suggests that something far more than an ambiguous silence is required to withdraw a district court's inherent power.Linkv.Wabash R. Co.,370 U.S. 626(1962), sets forth the proper analysis. InLink9, we rejected the argument that the authority granted to a defendant by Rule 41 of the Rules of Civil Procedure to move for an involuntary dismissal of a complaint, by negative implication, precluded such a dismissalPage 450on the court's own motion. In his opinion for the Court, Justice Harlan explained:
"We do not read Rule 41(b) as implying any such restriction. Neither the permissive language of the Rule — which merely authorizes a motion by the defendant — nor its policy requires us to conclude that it was the purpose of the Rule to abrogate the power of courts, acting on their own initiative, to clear their calendars of cases that have remained dormant because of the inaction or dilatoriness of the parties seeking relief. The authority of a court to dismisssua spontefor lack of prosecution has generally been considered an `inherent power,' governed not by rule or statute but by the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases."Id. at 630-631 (footnote omitted).


Our practice with respect to petitions for rehearing is also instructive. Such petitions, like motions for a judgment of acquittal, are routinely filed and almost never granted. If not filed within the time specified in our Rules, it is appropriate to deny such a petition without even reading it. On rare occasions, however, we have held that the interest in the even handed administration of justice outweighs the interest in finality and granted such petitions even thoughPage 451untimely and even though there is not a word in our Rules that authorized such action.

Thus, inUnited Statesv.Ohio Power Co.,351 U.S. 980(1956), the Court on its own initiative vacated an earlier order denying a petition for rehearing and, in the following Term, granted the previously denied petition.United Statesv.Ohio Power Co.,353 U.S. 98(1957). While Justice Harlan dissented from that disposition, he did not disagree with the proposition that "the Court's inherent power over its judgments" included the authority to take action that "would otherwise be out of time under the Rules."Id., at 104.

Just three years after theOhio Powerdecision, Justice Harlan had occasion to endorse the exercise of a District Court's use of its inherent powers in apparent conflict with the language of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Explaining his denial of an application for bail, he correctly observed that those Rules should not be construed to withdraw the District Court's inherent power to revoke bail during the course of a criminal trial. SeeFernandezv.United States,81 S.Ct. 642,644, n. 7,5 L.Ed.2d 683,685, n. 7 (1961) (in chambers). In doing so, he exposed the basic flaw in an argument comparable to the one accepted by the Court today.

Justice Harlan explained that even though Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure46(a)(1) stated that a "`person arrested for an offense not punishable by deathshallbe admitted to bail,'" that Rule did not purport to withdraw the district courts' "authority, as an incident of their inherent powers to manage the conduct of proceedings before them, to revoke bail during the course of a criminal trial, when such action is appropriate to the orderly progress of the trial and the fair administration of justice."Fernandezv.United States,81 S.Ct., at 644,645, n. 7,5 L.Ed.2d, at 685, n. 7, 686 (in chambers). He properly read the seemingly mandatory language of Rule 46(a)(1) against a pre-Rule legal backgroundPage 452that afforded district courts a greater measure of discretion.Ibid.; see alsoUnited Statesv.Anguilo,755 F.2d 969,972(CA1 1985) (Breyer, J.). Given that Justice Harlan also authoredLink, which holds that a procedural rule permitting a dismissal on motion does not preclude a dismissal without motion, I doubt that the majority's attempt to distinguishFernandezwould have been persuasive to its author.

Our decision inUnited Statesv.Smith,331 U.S. 469(1947), is consistent with our prior cases holding that permissive rules do not withdraw pre-existing inherent powers.10Although the majority contends thatSmithsupports the inference that the draftsmen of Rule 29 intended to limit the court's authority to take action in response to a timely motion by counsel, that case actually supports the proposition that the adoption of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure did not modify the pre-existing power of the district court to set aside an erroneous judgment while it retains jurisdiction of a case.

The error committed by Judge Smith was his attempt to assert jurisdiction in a criminal case after thejudgmentof conviction had been affirmed on appeal and even after the defendant had started to serve his sentence. There was not even an arguable basis for suggesting that the judge then had jurisdiction to order a new trial.Id., at 474; seeUnited Statesv.Mayer,235 U.S. 55,70(1914).11The only theory that might have justified his action was his lawyer's argument that the Rules had expanded the District Court's jurisdiction beyond the end of the term of court in which the trialPage 453had been conducted. This Court's reasons for holding that the Rules did not enlarge that jurisdiction equally support the proposition that they did not diminish that jurisdiction either.

In fact, if one takes note of the extraordinary character of Judge Smith's attempt to set aside a conviction after it had been affirmed on appeal and after the defendant had been incarcerated for several months, it is easy to understand why Justice Jackson's opinion for the Court expressed concern that such action might give rise to an appearance of impropriety, and therefore provided us with the dictum concerning possibleex parteapproaches to the judge on which today's majority relies. The suggestion that that dictum has any relevance to the period between the return of the jury's verdict and the imposition of sentence is not only misplaced, but also represents a highly inappropriate comment on the integrity of the federal judiciary. Judge Smith's singularly bizarre action a half century ago provides no basis for either the inference or the rule that today's majority thinks theSmithopinion supports. SeeArizonav.Manypenny,672 F.2d, at 765, n. 10 (explaining that "Smithcannot be applied indiscriminately outside of the the particular factual context at issue there").

The decision inSmithwas a correct application of the principle that should control the disposition of this case. There is a "power `inherent in every court of justice so long as it retains control of the subject matter and of the parties, to correct that which has been wrongfully done by virtue of its process.'"United Statesv.Morgan,307 U.S., at 197. Of course, that power does not survive after the court's jurisdiction of the subject matter has expired. It is surely sufficient, however, to enable the judge to refuse to impose sentence on a defendant when the record does not contain evidence of guilt.

As a result, Rule 29(c) is best read to state the proper procedures for handling and filing defense motions for acquittals,Page 454but to leave unaddressed the court's authority to act on its own initiative.12Such a construction comports with the sound historical and commonsense reasons for concluding that Congress would not likely have intended to require a district court to enter a judgment of conviction against a defendant whom it knows to be innocent.13
III
A brief final word about the practical significance of today's holding. There is no real danger that district judges will be burdened by a flood of untimely motions. On the other hand, the possibility that an Act of God may preclude the timely filing of a meritorious motion cannot be denied. Because evidence of guilt is "absolutely vital to defendants,"Wiborg,163 U.S., at 658, that possibility, no matter how remote, is sufficient to justify a district court's inherent authority to avert the conviction of a legally innocent defendant despite the absence of a timely motion. Because there is noPage 455language in Rule 29 that purports to constrain the authority exercised in this case, I would reject the majority's interpretation of the Rule and adhere to the commonsense understanding revealed by the Court's holding inSisson.

Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.Page 456
  1. Page 420 "Rule 29. Motion for Judgment of Acquittal

    "(a) MOTION BEFORE SUBMISSION TO JURY. Motions for directed verdict are abolished and motions for judgment of acquittal shall be used in their place. The court on motion of a defendant or of its own motion shall order the entry of judgment of acquittal of one or more offenses charged in the indictment or information after the evidence on either side is closed if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses. If a defendant's motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the evidence offered by the government is not granted, the defendant may offer evidence without having reserved the right.

    "(b) RESERVATION OF DECISION ON MOTION. The court may reserve decision on a motion for judgment of acquittal, proceed with the trial (where the motion is made before the close of all the evidence), submit the case to the jury and decide the motion either before the jury returns a verdict or after it returns a verdict of guilty or is discharged without having returned a verdict. If the court reserves decision, it must decide the motion on the basis of the evidence at the time the ruling was reserved.

    "(c) MOTION AFTER DISCHARGE OF JURY. If the jury returns a verdict of guilty or is discharged without having returned a verdict, a motion for judgment of acquittal may be made or renewed within 7 days after the jury is discharged or within such further time as the court may fix during the 7-day period. If a verdict of guilty is returned the court may on such motion set aside the verdict and enter judgment of acquittal. If no verdict is returned the court may enter judgment of acquittal. It shall not be necessary to the making of such a motion that a similar motion has been made prior to the submission of the case to the jury.

    "(d) SAME: CONDITIONAL RULING ON GRANT OF MOTION. If a motion for judgment of acquittal after verdict of guilty under this Rule is granted, the court shall also determine whether any motion for a new trial should be granted if the judgment of acquittal is thereafter vacated or reversed, specifying the grounds for such determination. If the motion for a new trial is granted conditionally, the order thereon does not affect the finality of the judgment. If the motion for a new trial has been granted conditionally and the judgment is reversed on appeal, the new trial shall proceed unless the appellate court has otherwise ordered. If such motion has been denied conditionally, the appellee on appeal may assert error in that denial, and if the judgment is reversed on appeal, subsequent proceedings shall be in accordance with the order of the appellate court." ↩
  2. Page 422 The dissent forcefully argues thatSmithdoes not compel the result we reach in this case.Post, at 452-453. That is an effective rejoinder to an argument we have not made. In response to the argument wehavemade — that some of the considerations supporting the holding inSmithapply here — the dissent (i) ignores the portion ofSmithdiscussing the strangeness of a rule that would give a judge greater power to actsua spontethan on motion; and (ii) transformsSmith's desire to spare trial judges "private appeals or application by counsel or friends of the person convicted" into a concern for the "appearance of impropriety" that "ex parteapproaches" would create,post, at 433, which concern in the present context (though presumably for some reason not in theSmithcontext) the dissent regards as "a highly inappropriate comment on the integrity of the federal judiciary,"ibid., and the dissent says it was dictum inSmithanyway. ↩
  3. Page 423 Perhaps even more inexplicable is what precisely would be achieved by the Government's reading, which (unlike petitioner's theories) would permit the court to actsua sponteonly during the 7-day period specified by the Rule (or any extension thereof ordered by the court during the 7-day period, as Rule 29(c) allows). The sole beneficiary of the Government's textual contortions is the district judge who wants to set aside a verdict, but lacks the wit to invite a motion for that during the 7-day period, or (if defendant's counsel is unavailable) to extend the 7-day period,Page 424sua sponte, in order to invite such a motion later. It is our hope and belief that no such district judge exists. ↩
  4. Page 424 Rule 37(a) was amended in 1966 to provide that a district court may extend the time for filing a notice of appeal "[u]pon a showing of excusablePage 425neglect." See Fed. Rule Crim. Proc.37(a) (1966). When Rule 37(a) was abrogated and replaced by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure4(b), the substance of this amendment was transferred to Rule 4(b). See Fed. Rule App. Proc.4(b) (1968). ↩
  5. Page 427 The dissent's extended discussion of pre-Rule federal cases produces a lot of smoke, and no fire.Ansleyv.United States,135 F.2d 207,208(CA5 1943), described by the dissent as "establishing a district court's inherent power to reviewsua spontea jury verdict for sufficiency of the evidence,"post, at 446, establishes no such thing. There, after noting the appellants' failure to renew their motions for directed verdict at the close of evidence, the Fifth Circuit said:

    "[T]he question of the sufficiency of the evidence was not properly saved for review by this court. It is true that the question may and should be raised by the court of its own motion, if necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice, but this is not such a case. We have examined the record, and have found it to contain ample evidence to support the judgment."135 F.2d, at 208.

    It is obvious that the statement "the question may and should be raised by the court of its own motion" refers to the power of anappellatecourt to review sufficiency of the evidence where the issue has not been preserved for appeal. The cases cited by the dissent deal with the power of a district court to enter a judgment of acquittalbeforethe return of a verdict (i.e., to direct a verdict of acquittal), seeCadyv.UnitedStates,293 F. 829(CADC 1923);Nosowitzv.United States,282 F. 575,578(CA2 1922);United Statesv.Fullerton, 25 F. Cas. 1225 (No. 15,176) (SDNY 1870); the power of a district court to set aside a verdict and order a new trial, seeWiborgv.United States,163 U.S. 632,658-659(1896);United Statesv.Harding, 26 F. Cas. 131, 136 (No. 15,301) (ED Pa. 1846); cf.Charlesv.State,4 Port. 107,109-110(Ala. 1836); the power of a district court to enter judgment of acquittal where the defendanthas madea preverdict or postverdict motion to acquit, seeEx parte United States,101 F.2d 870,878(CA7 1939), aff'd by an equally divided Court,UnitedStatesv.Stone,308 U.S. 519(1939);United Statesv.Standard Oil Co.,23 F. Supp. 937,938-939(WD Wis. 1938); cf.Statev.Meen,171 Wis. 36,38-39(1920); and even the power of anappellatecourt to reverse a district court's denial of a motion for directed verdict, seeNosowitz,supra, at 578;Cherryv.United States,78 F.2d 334(CA7 1935);Reinerv.United States,92 F.2d 823,824-825(CA9 1937);Francev.United States,164 U.S. 676,680(1897);Romanov.United States,9 F.2d 522,524(CA2 1925). Not a single pre-Rule case cited by the dissent purports to exercise the power at issue here: adistrictcourt'spower to enterjudgment ofacquittalfor insufficient evidence,without motion, andafter the return of a guiltyPage 428verdict. The dissent apparently thinks it an adequate explanation for this lack of support that, prior to our decision inUnited Statesv.Smith,331 U.S. 469,474(1947) (suggesting thatsua spontegrant of a new trial may raise double jeopardy concerns), district courts could order new trials where there was insufficient evidence to sustain the jury verdict.Post, at 442-423. But if these district courts truly had latent inherent power to enter a judgment of acquittal, surely at leastsomeof them would have been willing to give a legally innocent defendant that to which he was entitled —viz., a judgment of acquittal — rather than just a new trial. ↩
  6. Page 434 See Fed. Rule Crim. Proc.45(b) (listing time rules that are not subject to enlargement for "cause shown"). ↩
  7. Page 438 A few examples illustrate the breadth of that power. We have held that a district court "has inherent power to dismiss a suit pursuant to the doctrine offorum non conveniens,"Gulf Oil Corp. v.Gilbert,330 U.S. 501,502(1947); to dismiss an appeal in a criminal case if the defendant is a fugitive,Molinarov.New Jersey,396 U.S. 365,366(1970); to enforce compliance with lawful orders through civil contempt,Shillitaniv.United States,384 U.S. 364,370(1966); to order special conferences that will aid in the disposition of a complex antitrust case,United Statesv.United States Gypsum Co.,340 U.S. 76,81(1950); and to stay proceedings "to control the progress of the cause so as to maintain the orderly processes of justice,"Enelowv.New York Life Ins.Co.,293 U.S. 379,381-382(1935). We have also recognized the court's inherent power to enforce its judgments, seePeacockv.Thomas,516 U.S. 349(1996), as well as its inherent power to award attorney's fees in exceptional cases,Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v.WildernessSociety,421 U.S. 240,256(1975). ↩
  8. Page 438 "E.g., Roadway Express, Inc. v.Piper,447 U.S. 752,764-67. . . (1980) (assessing costs against parties or attorneys);Cookev.UnitedStates,267 U.S. 517,534. . . (1925) (contempt power);United Statesv.Armstrong,621 F.2d 951,954-55(9th Cir. 1980) (allowing inspection of property belonging to third parties);Franquezv.United States,604 F.2d 1239(9th Cir. 1979) (ordering jury trial on an issue when not contemplated by statute);In re Sealed Affidavit(s) to Search Warrants(Agosto),600 F.2d 1256(9th Cir. 1979) (sealing papers filed with the court);United Statesv.Simmons,536 F.2d 827,832-34(9th Cir.),cert. denied,429 U.S. 854. . . (1976) (dismissal for want of prosecution);United Statesv.Malcolm,475 F.2d 420(9th Cir. 1973) (ordering a defendant to undergo a psychiatric exam)."Arizonav.Manypenny,672 F.2d 761,765(CA9 1982). ↩
  9. Page 439 Indeed,Cadyreferred to "the well-established and oft-repeated principle that, unless there is substantial evidence of facts which exclude every other hypothesis but that of guilt,it is the duty of the trial courtto instruct the jury to return a verdict for the accused. . . ."293 F., at 830(emphasis added). Moreover, in both of the cases cited by the majority as supporting the existence of the power exercised here,United Statesv.McCracken, 26 F. Cas. 1069 (No. 15,664) (ED Va. 1878), andUnited Statesv.Hayden, 26 F. Cas. 236, 238 (No. 15,333) (NDNY 1877), seeante, at 426-427, the district judges directed the jury to return a verdict of not guilty. In theHaydencase, the court went on to describe what I assume was the settled practice among all federal judges at the time: "I have made it a rule to direct a verdict of not guilty where, in my opinion the evidence will not authorize the jury to find a verdict of guilty, or, if so found, I would set aside the verdict as contrary to evidence. I think this is a case of that class, and I therefore direct the jury to find a verdict of not guilty." 26 F. Cas., at 238. ↩
  10. Page 440 Out of deference to the King, the rule was apparently different in England. See 1 J. Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England 312-313 (1883); but cf. 3 W. Blackstone, Commentaries *389-*390. Even still, English judges evaded the procedural bar by declining to enter sentence and requesting the Crown to pardon wrongfully convicted defendants. These requests were routinely granted. SeeEx parte UnitedStates,101 F.2d 870,875, n. 15 (CA 7 1939). Judge Kane explained that he did "not remember to have read of a single instance in which the judicial recommendation has been disregarded by the ministers of the crown, and [he did] not suppose that it could be without a breach of the constitution of the realm."United Statesv.Harding, 26 F. Cas. 131, 137 (No. 15,301) (ED Pa. 1846). As a result of this consistent practice, he concluded that "[i]n England, therefore, the denial to the courts of a revisory power over verdicts in any cases is apparent, rather than real. The judge, if dissatisfied with a conviction on the merits, respites the sentence or reprieves the prisoner, and the king's prerogative interposes to do justice as a thing of course."Ibid. ↩
  11. Page 445 The majority is also wrong to contend that it would make a "farce" of subdivision (b) to construe it to permit judges to actsua sponte.Ante, at 442. There are sound reasons for setting forth regulations concerning a court's power to reserve a defense motion that it must entertain even if the court also possesses the entirely discretionary power to acquit at any time on its own initiative as long as it possesses jurisdiction over the case. For example, the new Rule 29(b) makes clear that the district court, even if it reserves a motion for acquittal filed after the prosecution's case in chief, may not consider any evidence submitted thereafter in disposing of the motion. That limitation on the district court's authority protects a defendant's right to make a motion for acquittal and to put on rebuttal evidence without risking that new evidence of guilt will emerge. Such a protection serves a useful function even though in the absence of a motion to acquit a court would have the discretionary power to enter judgment in the defendant's favor. Thus, it is simply not true that there "would be no need" for the procedures set forth in Rule 29(b) if, "even without reserving, the court had continuing power to grant judgment of acquittal on its own."Ibid. ↩
  12. Page 446 Rule 29(c) reads as follows:

    "(c) Motion After Discharge of Jury. If the jury returns a verdict of guilty or is discharged without having returned a verdict, a motion for judgment of acquittal may be made or renewed within 7 days after the jury is discharged or within such further time as the court may fix during the 7-day period. If a verdict of guilty is returned the court may on such motion set aside the verdict and enter judgment of acquittal. If no verdict is returned the court may enter judgment of acquittal. It shall not be necessary to the making of such a motion that a similar motion has been made prior to the submission of the case to the jury." ↩
  13. Page 447 The inclusion of the phrase "on such motion" in the second sentence of Rule 29(c) is no mystery. Unlike the present Rule, the original version of Rule 29 permitted the defendant to move either for a new trial or for an acquittal after the jury had been discharged. The next sentences of the original Rule stated that the district court was authorized to grant either a new trial or an acquittal whether or not the jury returned a verdict. The inclusion of the phrase "on such motion" was necessary in order to make clear that the judge could not order a new trial unless the defendant first requested one.

    Contrary to the majority's construction of the relevant language, there is no reason to suppose that the phrase "on such motion" in the old Rule applied only to the circumstance in which the jury returned a verdict. Under such a construction, the original Rule would have been intended to "conve[y] the idea,"ante, at 423, that the District Court possessed the authority to impose a new trial against the defendant's wishes whenever the jury had been discharged without having returned a verdict. It is clear that the drafters never intended to convey such a potentially unconstitutional idea. Indeed, it was the drafters' concern that the original Rule might be subject to the potentially unconstitutional "interpretation that a motion for judgment of acquittal gives the court power to order a new trial even though the defendant does not a wish a new trial and has not asked for one" that led them to eliminate all references to new trial orders in what is now Rule 29(c). Advisory Committee's Notes on Fed. Rule Crim. Proc.29,18U.S.C. App., pp. 784-785. There is no hint in the Advisory Committee's Notes, or the Rule's drafting history, that this limiting revision was simultaneously intended to link the district court's power to acquit for insufficiency of the evidence with the jury's return of a verdict. ↩
  14. Page 448 The majority dismisses these concerns by suggesting that because we agree that a district court lacks the power to enter a judgment of acquittal after an appeal is taken, we disagree only as to "timing."Ante, at 431. In truth, our point of disagreement is more fundamental. It concerns the power of a court to correct a miscarriage of justice while it retains jurisdiction over a case. Because an appeal can only be taken once a judgment has been entered, the real issue that divides us is whether the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure compel a district court to enter a judgment of conviction against a defendant whom it knows to be innocent. ↩
  15. Page 450 In an effort to distinguishLink, the Court asserts that the practice of setting aside insufficient jury verdicts in criminal cases is far less established than was the practice of dismissing cases for want of prosecution. It further contends that the "clarity of the text,"ante, at 426, in this case renders the logic ofLinkinapplicable.Linkcannot fairly be read to suggest that inherent powers of recent origin may be more easily withdrawn than those of older vintage. In any event, the court's inherent power to set aside criminal convictions unsupported by evidence has been long accepted. Finally, given that Justice Harlan authored bothLinkandSisson, I find most unpersuasive the majority's conclusion that the "clarity of the text" in Rule 29 should occasion a different result from that reached inLink. ↩
  16. Page 452 That is not to say that permissive rulesestablishinherent powers. For that reason, the majority's recitation of various permissive rules for which no analogous inherent power exists is quite beside the point.Ante, at 431-432. ↩
  17. Page 452 As the Court pointed out inUnited Statesv.Smith,331 U.S. 469(1947), new trial orders are particularly problematic because they raise serious double jeopardy concerns. Of course, no such concerns are present here. ↩
  18. Page 454 For this reason, the Government's reliance on Rule45of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure is misplaced. Although Rule 45 generally permits a district court to hear an untimely motion if the defendant can demonstrate that excusable neglect caused the late filing, it specifically prohibits a district court from extending the time for "tak[ing] any action" under Rule 29. As I have explained, Rule 29(c) only addresses the rules that govern a defendant's postverdict acquittal motion; it does not address the district court'ssua spontepostverdict acquittal power. Thus, while Rule 45 serves to make clear that district courts may not entertain defense motions for acquittal filed more than seven days after the jury's discharge, it speaks not at all to the court's inherent power to decline to enter a judgment of convictionsua spontewhen the jury's verdict is not supported by legally sufficient evidence. ↩
  19. Page 454 The majority contends that if we accept that district courts have the discretion to refuse to consider untimely motions for acquittal, then we must also accept that district courts have the discretion to convict defendants whom they know to be innocent.Ante, at 431. The imaginative suggestion that some district judges might choose to convict those they believe to be innocent surely does not justify the conclusion that other judges should be required to do so. ↩