Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Browning v. Hooper
269 U.S. 396
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1926-01-11
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- the Archer County case recently decided by the Supreme Court of the United States
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Browning v. Hooper. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 117 opinions
BROWNINGv. HOOPER,269 U.S. 396(1926)
46 S.Ct. 141
PERRY BROWNING ET AL.v. E.M. HOOPER ET AL.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN
DISTRICT OF TEXAS.
No. 256.
Argued November 17, 1925.
Decided January 4, 1926.
APPEAL from a decree of the District Court which dismissed the
bill in a suit to restrain the issuance or sale of bonds of a
road district.
The whole theory underlying the law of special assessments is that in the exaction thereof it is assumed that there has been a legislative determination that the portion of the community upon which they are laid is peculiarly benefited by the improvement. The principle applies as well to districts created by the legislature as to those created under delegated authority.
A state legislature cannot abdicate its power of taxation by delegating to private citizens the authority to fix the boundaries of and establish a taxing district, because this is a legislative question requiring deliberation by the legislature or under its direction. Due process requires that the powers vested in the government be exercised by the government and not by private individuals. These principles apply to the establishment of special assessment districts for public improvements to the same extent they have been applied to cases arising under the police power, in which it has been held by this Court that the Fourteenth Amendment is violated by vesting arbitrary power in private individuals to determine whether a business may be conducted in a certain locality or not, and, by vesting arbitrary power in private individuals to establish a property line. No law for the establishment of a special assessment district, other than by a legislative body, without notice or hearing has ever been held constitutional. A law permitting petitioners to irrevocably define and establish a taxing district is of such a nature, as that there is no reasonable probability that justice generally will be done in its application. Where a taxing district is not established by the legislature, but under itsPage 398delegated authority, it is essential to due process, that those affected thereby be given notice and an opportunity to be heard upon the question whether their property would be benefited by the improvement or not.
The cases in this Court fall into three classes. (1) Those in which, the power of establishing the district being vested in the legislature, the district is established by the legislature — when no notice or hearing is essential; (2) those in which the organic law vests the legislative power directly in a subordinate agency. In these two classes the law is always sustained unless it appears that there is no reasonable presumption that substantial justice will be done, but the probability is the parties will be taxed disproportionately to each other and to the benefits conferred. The third class comprehends those cases in which the district is not established by the legislature but by an exercise of delegated authority (as in this case), and therefore in the location of the boundaries and the creation of the district it is essential to due process that the owners be accorded an opportunity to be heard.
The district involved in this suit was established in 1924 under a general prospective law adopted by the legislature of Texas in 1909 and under that law is a "defined district." The record does not show that it is a "political subdivision."Mr. John R. Moore, with whomMessrs. Dan Moody, Attorney General of Texas,C.A. Wheeler, Assistant Attorney General of Texas, andW.E. Forgywere on the brief, for appellees.
The facts show that Road District No. 2 is composed of two of the commissioners' precincts of Archer County, "political subdivisions" of the county which were established, recognized and ascertained long before the beginning of this controversy. The Constitution of Texas in effect created the district and fixed the tax. The ConstitutionPage 399and the statutes of Texas did and authorized the doing of the things complained of by appellant. These political subdivisions included in the Road District when thrown together became a "defined district." The tax was fixed both by the Constitution and statutes in the provision that bonds should not be issued exceeding one-fourth the value of the real estate of the political subdivision or defined district. The question then arises whether the building of roads is of general benefit or is theoretically for the benefit of those whose property may be contiguous to or in the neighborhood of the roads.
The facts show that both of the roads sought to be improved have been designated as state highways, and one of the roads has been selected and designated by the federal highway engineer as recipient of federal aid in the building of highways. Public roads in Texas have always been state property over which the State has full control and authority.Robbinsv.LimestoneCounty,268 S.W. 915;Bakerv.Dunning,77 Tex. 28[77 Tex. 28].
In the building of public roads benefit is presumed just as the building of schools and the levying of taxes to maintain them is presumed to benefit the public generally.Wrightv.PoliceJury, 264 F. 705, is almost identical with the case here. The building and construction of public roads is a governmental function and one to be exercised by sovereignty. As for the matters of benefits and notice, seeFallbrook Irrig. Dist. v.Bradley,164 U.S. 176;Walstonv.Nevin,128 U.S. 578;Dallas County Levee Dist. v.Looney,109 Tex. 326[109 Tex. 326]. In the exercise of governmental functions no particular or special notice is required to be given to the individual whose property may be affected thereby. It is the province of the sovereignty to say how a State shall be divided and to determine what shall constitute a political subdivision, and also to determine the machinery necessary for the proper operation and function of all governmental affairs. It isPage 400the theory of sovereignty that public education and transportation are for the general benefit of the public, regardless of any direct benefit that may or may not accrue to the particular individual, and it would be the duty of sovereignty to function in the establishment of public highways, even though their establishment might in some instances harm the individual to a greater extent than he would be benefited. In such instances the individual is not entitled to any special notice that the authority of the sovereign will be exercised.Wrightv.Police Jury, supra.
The Texas statutes (Vernon's Complete Texas Statutes, 1920) provide: "Any county . . . or any political subdivision or defined district, now or hereafter to be described and defined, of a county," is authorized to issue bonds, not to exceed one-fourth of the assessed valuationPage 401of real property in the district, for the construction, maintenance and operation of macadamized, graveled or paved roads and turnpikes, and to levy and collect taxes to pay them. Art. 627. Upon the petition of fifty resident property taxpaying voters of any defined district of any county, it is the duty of the commissioners' court to order an election in the district as described in the petition to determine whether its bonds shall be issued for such road purposes, and whether a tax shall be levied upon the property of the district for their payment. Art. 628. If two-thirds of the votes cast are in favor of the proposition, the commissioners' court is required to issue and sell the bonds. Art. 631. But before they are put on the market, the court is required to levy a tax sufficient to pay the debt as it matures. The assessments are to be made on the same valuation, and they become liens and may be enforced in the same manner, as state and county taxes. Arts. 634, 2827, 2836. For the purposes of the act, any district accepting its provisions by such vote is thereby created a body corporate which may sue and be sued. Art. 637.
Archer County is about 30 miles square, and has a population of between 5000 and 6000. The principal place is Archer City, the county seat, located about five miles south and three miles east of the center of the county. Road District No. 2 embraces approximately the northerly half of the county, including a part of Archer City. The Ozark Trail is a federal aided state highway, and about 20 miles of it extends diagonally across the northwesterly part. Dundee is located on it about two miles from the west line of the county. There is a highway extending from that place to Diversion Dam about six miles northwest. About 18 miles of the Southwest Trail lies between Archer City and a point on the north line of the county about six miles from its northeast corner. There is another highway extending from a pointPage 402on the Southwest Trail about two miles south of the county line to Holliday on the Ozark Trail about six miles west. These roads are within the road district, and the bonds issued are to raise money to improve them.
January 17, 1924, there was presented to the commissioners' court a petition signed by 74 persons. It prayed an election to determine whether bonds of the territory, therein described by metes and bounds, and to be designated as "Road District No. 2 of Archer County, Texas," should be issued for road purposes in the amount of $300,000; and whether a tax should be levied upon the property therein to pay the bonds. The commissioners' court by order established the district within the metes and bounds and for the purposes set forth in the petition, and declared it to be a body corporate. On the same day the court fixed the time and place for an election. Its result was 303 votes for and 102 against the bond issue. Thereupon the court ordered the bonds to be issued, and levied the taxes. Before the election was called, the court determined that the proceeds of the bonds, if voted, or so much as might be necessary, should be expended for the roads above described.
The appellants' lands — 24,900 acres in all — are in the northeasterly part of the county. All but one of the petitioners are residents of the part of Archer City that is within the road district. Archer City, Dundee and Holliday furnished 252 votes for the bond issue, — more than twice the number cast against it. Nearly all the votes cast in the northeasterly part of the county were negative. The taxable property in the district is assessed at $5,683,359, of which $257,080 belongs to appellants, and $111,388 to petitioners; and $60,500 of that amount belongs to one signer, leaving only $50,888 to the other 73. The part of the district in which appellants' lands are situated is tributary to Wichita Falls, which is outside Archer County, but near its northeast corner. The evidencePage 403persuasively supports appellants' contention that the improvements of the roads designated will not benefit their property. Moreover, the inclusion of their lands in that road district makes it impossible, until the last bonds mature 30 years hence, to create another road district to raise money for the improvement of roads needed to serve the territory in which their lands are situated. Art. 637d.
Resort may be had to general taxes and to special assessments to raise funds for the construction or improvement of roads.Missouri Pacific Railroadv.Road District,266 U.S. 187,190. The proceedings in this case cannot be sustained as the levy of a general tax. The commissioners' court is authorized to levy general taxes for road purposes up to a stated maximum on each $100 valuation. Art. 2242; Constitution Art. VIII, § 9. The expenditure of the moneys so raised is not limited to any specified roads. And it is significant that, in the case of a road district, the court's duties in respect of the amount to be raised and the lands to be subjected to the charge are purely ministerial, and confined solely to carrying out the will of the petitioners when approved at the election. Here, on the initiation of individuals signing the petition, a special district was carved out to furnish credit and to pay for specified improvements on designated roads wholly within the territory selected. The purpose was special, and the district will cease to exist as a body corporate upon the payment of the bond debt. It is clear that the burdens here sought to be imposed on appellants' lands are special assessments for local improvements.Embreev.Kansas City Road District,240 U.S. 242,247;Illinois Central Railroadv.Decatur,147 U.S. 190,197,209.
The legislature did not create the road district, levy the tax or fix the amount to be raised. Under the act, roadPage 404districts are not required to correspond with or to include any political subdivision.Moorev.Commissioners' Court, (Tex.Civ.App.)175 S.W. 849;Bell Countyv.Hines, (Tex.Civ.App.)219 S.W. 556. There is nothing in the law to guide or to limit the action of the signers of the petition in selecting property to be assessed. Subject to the vote of a district of their own choice, the petitioners' designation is absolute. The commissioners' court has no power to modify or deny; it is bound to grant the petition.Hugginsv.Vaden, (Tex Civ. App.)253 S.W. 877,878;259 S.W. 204,206;Meurerv.Hooper, (Tex.Civ.App.)271 S.W. 172,176. And when the required vote is given, the court, once for all, must make a levy on the taxable property of the district sufficient to pay the entire debt as it matures. The opinion of the District Court states that the road district "was composed of two of the precincts of Archer County — `political subdivisions' of the county well recognized and ascertained long before the controversy." We find nothing in the record to support the statement. But, if true, it does not tend to show that the legislature created the road district. A political subdivision is not a "defined district" within the meaning of the Texas Constitution (Art.III, §52) or of the act. It has been held by the Texas Court of Civil Appeals that a "defined district" means a defined area in a county, and less than a county, other than a political subdivision of a county.Bell Countyv.Hines, supra, 557. The fact that the metes and bounds describing the road district happened to coincide with the external boundaries of two adjoining commissioners' precincts does not support the contention that the road district was created by the legislature. For the election of commissioners, each county is divided into four precincts, from each of which a commissioner is elected. These precincts are not defined by the legislature, but by the commissioners' courts. Art. 1356; Constitution, Art.Page 405V, § 18. They are political subdivisions, but, unlike road districts, they are not bodies corporate. SeeEx parte Haney,51 Tex.Crim. 634;Cofieldv.Britton, (Tex.Civ.App.)109 S.W. 493,496. They are not taxing or assessment districts; their powers and functions are wholly different from those of a road district. And plainly, the authority granted (Art. 627) to issue road bonds up to one-fourth the assessed valuation and to levy taxes ratably to pay them is not a legislative determination of the rate or amount of the tax imposed on appellants' property. The amount of the bonds to be issued and the property to be taxed are the elements which determine the burden. These were fixed by the petition and election. The legislature may make assessments for local improvements ratably on the basis of property valuation (Valley Farms Co. v.Westchester,261 U.S. 155); but, where the amount to be raised is determined and the property to be assessed is selected as in this case, the requirement that the burden shall be so spread is not a legislative assessment.
Where a local improvement territory is selected, and the burden is spread by the legislature or by a municipality to which the State has granted full legislative powers over the subject, the owners of property in the district have no constitutional right to be heard on the question of benefits.Valley Farms Co. v.Westchester, supra; Hancockv.Muskogee,250 U.S. 454,459;Withnellv.Construction Co.,249 U.S. 63,69;Wrightv.Police Jury, 264 F. 705. But it is essential to due process of law that such owners be given notice and opportunity to be heard on that question where, as here, the district was not created by the legislature, and there has been no legislative determination that their property will be benefited by the local improvement. Appellants were denied all opportunity to be heard. No officer or tribunal was empowered by the law of the State to hear them, or toPage 406consider and determine whether the road improvements in question would benefit their lands. The act is repugnant to the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.Embreev.KansasCity Road District, supra, 251.Decree reversed.