Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Brown v. United States
256 U.S. 335
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1921-05-16
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- holding that retreat “is not a condition of immunity”
- acknowledging that retreat, or failure to retreat, is a fact to be considered in determining whether actions made in self-defense were reasonable
- noting that as the common law of self-defense has evolved over time, "it has tended in the direction of rules consistent with human nature”
- finding that trial court’s determination that trial could not be held in county where offense was committed without great inconvenience did not demonstrate an abuse of discretion
- noting that self-defense as a shield from criminal liability has never required ―that one in [a seemingly life-threatening] situation should pause to consider whether a reasonable man might not think it possible to fly with safety or to disable his assailant rather than to kill him‖
- approving instruction, which stated “If the Correctional Officer uses more force than appears reasonably necessary, the person stopped may defend against the excessive force .. ..” (emphasis added)
- “Rationally the failure to retreat is a circumstance to be considered with all the others in order to determine whether the defendant went farther than he was justified in doing; not a categorical proof of guilt.”
- “Detached reflection cannot be demanded in the presence of an uplifted knife.”
Citator
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- Cited by
- 176 opinions
BROWNv. UNITED STATES,256 U.S. 335(1921)
41 S.Ct. 501
BROWNv. UNITED STATES.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT.
No. 103.
Argued November 19, 1920.
Decided May 16, 1921.
CERTIORARI to review a judgment of the Circuit Court of
Appeals affirming a judgment of the District Court upon a
conviction of murder in the second degree. The facts are given in
the opinion,post, 341.
The court below erred in not holding that the indictment upon its face did not charge any offense either against the laws of the United States, or within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.
It was error to instruct the jury that petitioner, though in a place where he had a right to be and though the deceased was making a felonious assault upon him, with intent to kill him or do him some serious bodily injury, was obliged to retreat, though without fault on his part, before he could exercise his right of self-defense, and slay the deceased.
The duty to retreat did not exist in cases of justifiable homicide or justifiable self-defense at the common law. Russell on Crimes, 3d Amer. ed., pp. 508-521; 1 Bishop's New Criminal Law, §§ 849, 850, 851; 1 Hale's Pleas of the Crown, 479-481; 4 Blackstone's Comm. 185; 3 Coke's Inst. 55, 56; Foster's Crown Cases, p. 273; 1 East, Pleas of the Crown, p. 271; Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown, 7th ed., vol. 1, p. 172; 2 Wharton, Criminal Law, § 1019; Wharton, Homicide, § 485;Beardv.United States,158 U.S. 550;Allenv.United States,150 U.S. 551,562; s.c.164 U.S. 492-497;Rowev.United States,164 U.S. 546;Page 337Erwinv.State,29 Ohio St. 186;Runyanv.State,57 Ind. 80,83;United Statesv.Wiltberger, Fed. Cas. No. 16,738;United Statesv.Outerbridge, 5 Sawy. 620;Carpenterv.State,62 Ark. 286;Statev.Cain,20 W. Va. 679;Statev.Clark,51 W. Va. 457;Pondv.People,8 Mich. 150;Statev.Gentry,125 N.C. 733.
A man need not retreat from his place of business when feloniously assaulted, but may stand his ground. A servant or employer has the same right as the owner. If petitioner had owned the lot he would not have been obliged to retreat. He was at the place of his business or his master's business. We submit that this gave him the right to stand his ground.Andrewsv.State,159 Ala. 14;Caryv.State,76 Ala. 78;Statev.Goodager,56 Or. 198;Haynesv.State,17 Ga. 465;Suellv.Derricott,161 Ala. 259.
The right to defend one's home, even to the point of slaying a forcible intruder, or one who assaulted the owner therein, does not seem to have depended at the common law entirely upon the fact that the slayer was assaulted feloniously, that is, with an intent to kill him. 1 Bishop's New Criminal Law, § 858; 1 Hale's Pleas of the Crown, 458;Aldrichv.Wright,53 N.H. 398.Mr. Assistant Attorney General Stewart, with whomMr. W.C.Herronwas on the brief, for the United States:
The question first arises whether any charge as to the law of self-defense was necessary and whether, therefore, the charge as given and complained of by the petitioner may not be disregarded on this writ. Act of February 26, 1919, c. 48,40 Stat. 1181;Doremusv.United States, 262 F. 849, 853;Battlev.United States,209 U.S. 36,38;Addingtonv.United States,165 U.S. 184,187.
The common law never recognized two species of homicide in self-defense, one justifiable and the other excusable; one dispensing with avoidance of, or retreatPage 338from, an assault with a deadly weapon, the other requiring it; on the contrary, the common law, in every case where public interests,e.g., aid of justice, were not involved, required the assaulted person to avoid homicide, if he could do so without endangering the life of himself or another. 2 Pollock Maitland's History of English Law, pp. 476-481; 3 Stephen, History of Criminal Law, pp. 36-41, 47, 49; Beale, Retreat from Murderous Assault, 16 Harv. Law Rev. 567; Bracton (1250), Twiss ed., c. v, bk. 3, ff. 104b, 134, 144b; Britton (1290), c. vi, pp. 34et seq., 113; Bracton's Note Book Nos. 1084, 1215;Howel'sCase(1221), Kenny's Cas. on Crim. Law, pp. 139, 141, 142; Y.B. 30-31, Edw. I, 510, 512 (1302); 6 Edw. I, c. 9; Fitzherbert's Abridgement, Title Corone Nos. 261, 284-287, 305;Compton'sCase, 22 Lib. Ass. 97, pl. 55; 24 Henry VIII, c. 5;Cooper'sCase(1663), Cro. Car. 544; 3 Coke's Inst., c. 8, p. 55; 1 Hale's Pleas of the Crown, pp. 424, 425, 478et seq.; Daver'sCase(1623), Godbolt, 288;Calfieldv.The Keeper, Roll's Reps. 189.
Counsel rely largely upon Foster's view — that, in case of justifiable self-defense, the assaulted party may repel force with force and is not obliged to retreat — (Foster's Crown Cases, pp. 255, 267, 273), and uponBeardv.United States,158 U.S. 550,564, which sustains their view. But Foster's statement does not represent the common law. 1 Hawkins, Pleas of the Crown, pp. 104-115;Pondv.People,8 Mich. 150,177; Bracton,supra, f. 120b;Morse's Case, 4 Cr. App. Cas. 50;Aldrichv.Wright,53 N.H. 398,404,405. Though repeated as law many times, it has never had any effect on actual cases in the English courts. SeeRexv.Smith, 8 C. P. 160;Rexv.Bull, 9 C. P. 22;Rexv.Knock, 14 Cox Cr. Cas. 1;Rexv.Rose, 15 Cox Cr. Cas. 540;Rexv.Symondson, 60 J.P. 645. Foster has been often quoted and relied on by the courts of this country, but it is not clear that his view had any effect on the federal courts priorPage 339to theBeard Case(1895). SeeUnited Statesv.Wiltberger(1819),3 Wn. 515,521;United Statesv.Outerbridge(1868), 5 Sawy. 620;United Statesv.Mingo(1854), 2 Curt. 1, 5;United Statesv.King(1888), 34 F. 302, 307, 308;United Statesv.Lewis(1901), 111 F. 630, 635. InUnited Statesv.Travers(1814), 2 Wheeler Cr. Cas. 490, 497, 498, 507, the law is stated almost in Foster's language, but it is not clear that the point was important in the case or was called to the attention of the judges. In theBeard Case, the defendant was on his own premises, and, in view of the subsequent decisions inAllenv.United States,164 U.S. 492,497,498, andAlbertyv.United States,162 U.S. 499,507,508, that decision should be limited to the right not to retreat when assaulted in one's own house. It is not clear whether, inAddingtonv.United States,165 U.S. 184,187, the court meant to reaffirm the general statement of the right to kill without retreating, made in theBeard Case, or not, or to extend it beyond the exact case there presented.
The common law knew nothing of two kinds of homicide in self-defense, mutually destructive. If Foster's statement were correct it would follow that on an assault with manifest intent to commit a known felony on the person assaulted there would be (a) no duty to retreat generally, but (b) a duty to retreat if this manifest assault was part of a "chance medley." Such a distinction is clearly impracticable and impossible of application before a jury.
As it recognized only one species of homicide in self-defense, so the common law applied without question to all such homicides the rule that the person assaulted was under duty to avoid killing his assailant by retreating, if that was practically possible under the circumstances as they appeared to him. Even Foster admits it as to what he calls excusable homicide in self-defense; and when his distinction of two species of such homicides disappearsPage 340(as it does in so far as the common law is concerned), the rule, since its existence is admitted, must extend as well to his so-called justifiable homicide in self-defense.
Even assuming that Foster's statement can be taken as in any way representing the common law, it should not be extended to cases (like the present) where the assault from which the right to kill is derived is no more than, but, on the contrary, is exactly equivalent to the assault with manifest intent to commit a felony specified in the alleged rule. The doctrine of Foster, if adopted at all, should be limited to cases where the assault is merely a collateral means to carry out an independent intent to commit a felony, as where A lies in wait for B, to murder him, and on his approach attacks him. If the rule be so limited, it does not apply to the case at bar because there is no evidence of any independent intent on the part of Hermes to murder petitioner, but, on the contrary, the evidence of the latter himself shows that Hermes came to the excavation to haul dirt, and that the assault was induced by petitioner's statement in regard to such hauling.
In order to excuse or to justify the taking of human life, it must appear that the killing was reasonably necessary to protect other interests which for good reasons the law regards as more important, under all the circumstances, than the continued existence of the life in question. The difficulty lies in defining such "other interests." In so far as self-defense is concerned, the normal case of another interest is the life of a person other than the one killed. If the protection of that life makes necessary the homicide in question, there can be no doubt that the law must excuse or justify the killing. But one evident method of avoiding a homicide is to avoid a conflict from which it may arise, and hence to retreat if assaulted, provided such a retreat would, under all the circumstances as they present themselves to the person assaulted, accomplish the end desired by the law, viz., to preservePage 341human life if it can be done without seriously endangering other human lives. The rule of the common-law, therefore, that the person assaulted is bound to retreat provided such a retreat would not be dangerous to his personal safety, is clearly founded on a reasonable, sensible principle, and goes as far as such reasonable principle requires, if the only "other interest" had in mind is the life and personal safety of the one assaulted.
The rule laid down by Foster and approved in theBeard Casemust be supported by a respect for some interest which the law ought to protect other than human life or personal safety, since the latter are sufficiently protected by the very terms of the common-law rule. The only "other interest" which can be had in mind is the self-respect and honor of the person assaulted. The question therefore is whether such self-respect and honor are in the eye of the law sufficient to weigh down the balance as against human life. We submit that they are not.
The other question concerns the instructions at the trial. There had been trouble between Hermes and the defendant for a long time. There was evidence that Hermes had twice assaulted the defendant with a knife and had made threats communicated to the defendant that the next time, one of them would go off in a black box. On the day in question the defendant was at the place above mentioned superintending excavation work for a postoffice. In view of Hermes's threats he had taken a pistol with him and had laid it in his coat upon a dump. Hermes was driven up by a witness, in a cart to be loaded, and the defendant said that certain earth was not to be removed, whereupon Hermes came toward him, the defendant says, with a knife. The defendant retreated some twenty or twenty-five feet to where his coat was and got his pistol. Hermes was striking at him and the defendant fired four shots and killed him. The judge instructed the jury among other things that "it is necessary to remember, in considering the question of self-defense, that the party assaulted is always under the obligation to retreat, so long as retreat is open to him, provided he can do so without subjecting himself to the danger of death or great bodily harm." The instruction was reinforced by the further intimation that unless "retreat would have appeared to a man of reasonable prudence, in the position of the defendant, as involving danger of death or serious bodily harm" the defendant was not entitled to stand his ground. An instruction to the effect that if the defendant had reasonable grounds of apprehension that he was in danger of losing his life or of suffering serious bodily harm from Hermes he was not bound to retreat was refused. So the question is brought out with sufficient clearness whether the formulaPage 343laid down by the Court and often repeated by the ancient law is adequate to the protection of the defendant's rights.
It is useless to go into the developments of the law from the time when a man who had killed another no matter how innocently had to get his pardon, whether of grace or of course. Concrete cases or illustrations stated in the early law in conditions very different from the present, like the reference to retreat in Coke, Third Inst. 55, and elsewhere, have had a tendency to ossify into specific rules without much regard for reason. Other examples may be found in the law as to trespassab initio,Commonwealthv.Rubin,165 Mass. 453, and as to fresh complaint after rape.Commonwealthv.Cleary,172 Mass. 175. Rationally the failure to retreat is a circumstance to be considered with all the others in order to determine whether the defendant went farther than he was justified in doing; not a categorical proof of guilt. The law has grown, and even if historical mistakes have contributed to its growth it has tended in the direction of rules consistent with human nature. Many respectable writers agree that if a man reasonably believes that he is in immediate danger of death or grievous bodily harm from his assailant he may stand his ground and that if he kills him he has not exceeded the bounds of lawful self-defense. That has been the decision of this Court.Beardv.United States,158 U.S. 550,559. Detached reflection cannot be demanded in the presence of an uplifted knife. Therefore in this Court, at least, it is not a condition of immunity that one in that situation should pause to consider whether a reasonable man might not think it possible to fly with safety or to disable his assailant rather than to kill him.Rowev.United States,164 U.S. 546,558. The law of Texas very strongly adopts these views as is shown by many cases, of which it is enough to cite two.Cooperv.State,49 Tex.Crim. 28,38.Baltripv.State,30 Tex. Ct. App. 545,549.Page 344
It is true that in the case of Beard he was upon his own land (not in his house), and in that of Rowe he was in the room of a hotel, but those facts, although mentioned by the Court, would not have bettered the defence by the old common law and were not appreciably more favorable than that the defendant here was at a place where he was called to be, in the discharge of his duty. There was evidence that the last shot was fired after Hermes was down. The jury might not believe the defendant's testimony that it was an accidental discharge, but the suggestion of the Government that this Court may disregard the considerable body of evidence that the shooting was in self-defence is based upon a misunderstanding of what was meant by some language inBattlev.United States,209 U.S. 36,38. Moreover if the last shot was intentional and may seem to have been unnecessary when considered in cold blood, the defendant would not necessarily lose his immunity if it followed close upon the others while the heat of the conflict was on, and if the defendant believed that he was fighting for his life.
The Government presents a different case. It denies that Hermes had a knife and even that Brown was acting in self-defence. Notwithstanding the repeated threats of Hermes and intimations that one of the two would die at the next encounter, which seem hardly to be denied, of course it was possible for the jury to find that Brown had not sufficient reason to think that his life was in danger at that time, that he exceeded the limits of reasonable self-defence or even that he was the attacking party. But upon the hypothesis to which the evidence gave much color, that Hermes began the attack, the instruction that we have stated was wrong.Judgment reversed.
MR. JUSTICE PITNEY and MR. JUSTICE CLARKE dissent.Page 345