Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Brown v. Board of Education

349 U.S. 294

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1955-05-31
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • noting that a defect of standing is considered a “defect[] in subject matter jurisdiction” (cleaned up)
  • ruling that racial school segregation is unconstitutional
  • remanding cases to the district courts because of their proximity to local conditions and the possible need for further hearings
  • addressing the role of “public education” generally, including at the university level, and harm of exclusion at all levels, in reaching its holding
  • continuing power of HUD to supervise rents even after projects completed
  • instructing school authorities how to comply with commands of Brown I.
  • “declaring the fundamental principle that racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional”
  • “Traditionally, equity has been characterized by a practical flexibility in shaping its remedies and by a facility for adjusting and reconciling public and private needs.”

Citator

Brown v. Board of Education is good law as far as the corpus records: followed by 1 later decision, and nothing recorded condemns it.

Authority status
positive
Cited by
1422 opinions
Followed
1 times
Distinguished
1 times

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Racial Discrimination in Public Education Racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional, and all provisions of federal, state, or local law requiring or permitting such discrimination must yield to this principle. 349 U.S. at 298 (citing 347 U.S. 483, 497)
  2. Education Law — Desegregation In implementing the constitutional prohibition on racial discrimination in public schools, school authorities bear the primary responsibility for elucidating, assessing, and solving the varied local school problems that full implementation may require, and courts must consider whether the action of school authorities constitutes good faith implementation of the governing constitutional principles. 349 U.S. at 299
  3. Civil Procedure — Removal Because of their proximity to local conditions and the possible need for further hearings, the courts that originally heard the cases are best suited to perform the judicial appraisal of school authorities' compliance, and remand to those courts is appropriate. 349 U.S. at 299
  4. Remedies — Equitable Principles in Desegregation Decrees In fashioning and effectuating desegregation decrees, courts are guided by equitable principles, which are characterized by a practical flexibility in shaping remedies and a facility for adjusting and reconciling public and private needs. 349 U.S. at 300
  5. Education Law — Personal Interest in Nondiscriminatory Admission At stake in these cases is the personal interest of the plaintiffs in admission to public schools as soon as practicable on a nondiscriminatory basis. 349 U.S. at 300
  6. Remedies — Equitable Consideration of Public Interest Courts of equity may properly take into account the public interest in the elimination, in a systematic and effective manner, of the variety of obstacles in making the transition to school systems operated in accordance with the constitutional principles prohibiting racial discrimination; however, the vitality of those constitutional principles cannot be allowed to yield simply because of disagreement with them. 349 U.S. at 300
  7. Education Law — Prompt and Reasonable Start Toward Compliance While giving weight to public and private considerations, courts must require that defendants make a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance with the ruling prohibiting racial discrimination in public schools. 349 U.S. at 300
  8. Education Law — Defendants' Burden to Justify Additional Time Once a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance has been made, courts may find that additional time is necessary to carry out the ruling in an effective manner; the burden rests upon the defendants to establish that such additional time is necessary in the public interest and is consistent with good faith compliance at the earliest practicable date. 349 U.S. at 300
  9. Education Law — Administrative Problems Relevant to Transition In fashioning relief, courts may consider problems related to administration arising from the physical condition of the school plant, the school transportation system, personnel, revision of school districts and attendance areas into compact units to achieve a nonracial system of admission, and revision of local laws and regulations necessary to solve those problems, as well as the adequacy of any plans the defendants propose to effectuate a transition to a racially nondiscriminatory school system. 349 U.S. at 300-301
  10. Civil Procedure — Retention of Jurisdiction During Transition During the period of transition to a racially nondiscriminatory school system, the courts will retain jurisdiction of the cases. 349 U.S. at 301
  11. Remedies — Remand with Directions to Admit on a Racially Nondiscriminatory Basis The judgments below, except that in the Delaware case, are reversed and the cases remanded to the District Courts to take such proceedings and enter such orders and decrees as are necessary and proper to admit the parties to public schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed. 349 U.S. at 301
  12. Education Law — Immediate Admission Under Prior Holding A judgment ordering the immediate admission of plaintiffs to schools previously attended only by white children is affirmed on the basis of the principles stated in the Court's prior opinion holding racial discrimination in public education unconstitutional, but the case is remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary in light of this opinion. 349 U.S. at 301 (citing 347 U.S. 483)
BROWNv. BOARD OF EDUCATION,349 U.S. 294(1955)
75 S.Ct. 753
BROWN ET AL.v. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA ET AL.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF
KANSAS.fn*
No. 1.
Reargued on the question of relief April 11-14, 1955.
Opinion and judgments announced May 31, 1955.
1. Racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional,347 U.S. 483,497, and all provisions of federal, state or local law requiring or permitting such discrimination must yield to this principle. P. 298.

2. The judgments below (except that in the Delaware case) are reversed and the cases are remanded to the District Courts to take such proceedings and enter such orders and decrees consistent with this opinion as are necessary and proper to admit the parties to these cases to public schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed. P. 301.
(a) School authorities have the primary responsibility for elucidating, assessing and solving the varied local school problems which may require solution in fully implementing the governing constitutional principles. P. 299.
(b) Courts will have to consider whether the action of school authorities constitutes good faith implementation of the governing constitutional principles. P. 299.
(c) Because of their proximity to local conditions and the possible need for further hearings, the courts which originally heard these cases can best perform this judicial appraisal. P. 299.
(d) In fashioning and effectuating the decrees, the courts will be guided by equitable principles — characterized by a practical flexibility in shaping remedies and a facility for adjusting and reconciling public and private needs. P. 300.
Page 295
(e) At stake is the personal interest of the plaintiffs in admission to public schools as soon as practicable on a nondiscriminatory basis. P. 300.
(f) Courts of equity may properly take into account the public interest in the elimination in a systematic and effective manner of a variety of obstacles in making the transition to school systems operated in accordance with the constitutional principles enunciated in347 U.S. 483,497; but the vitality of these constitutional principles cannot be allowed to yield simply because of disagreement with them. P. 300.
(g) While giving weight to these public and private considerations, the courts will require that the defendants make a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance with the ruling of this Court. P. 300.
(h) Once such a start has been made, the courts may find that additional time is necessary to carry out the ruling in an effective manner. P. 300.
(i) The burden rests on the defendants to establish that additional time is necessary in the public interest and is consistent with good faith compliance at the earliest practicable date. P. 300.
(j) The courts may consider problems related to administration, arising from the physical condition of the school plant, the school transportation system, personnel, revision of school districts and attendance areas into compact units to achieve a system of determining admission to the public schools on a nonracial basis, and revision of local laws and regulations which may be necessary in solving the foregoing problems. Pp. 300-301.
(k) The courts will also consider the adequacy of any plans the defendants may propose to meet these problems and to effectuate a transition to a racially nondiscriminatory school system. P. 301.
(l) During the period of transition, the courts will retain jurisdiction of these cases. P. 301.


3. The judgment in the Delaware case, ordering the immediate admission of the plaintiffs to schools previously attended only by white children, is affirmed on the basis of the principles stated by this Court in its opinion,347 U.S. 483; but the case is remanded to the Supreme Court of Delaware for such further proceedings as that Court may deem necessary in the light of this opinion. P. 301.98 F. Supp. 797,103 F. Supp. 920,103 F. Supp. 337and judgment in No. 4, reversed and remanded.91 A.2d 137, affirmed and remanded.Page 296
Robert L. Carterargued the cause for appellants in No. 1.Spottswood W. Robinson, III, argued the causes for appellants in Nos. 2 and 3.George E. C. HayesandJames M. Nabrit, Jr. argued the cause for petitioners in No. 4.Louis L. Reddingargued the cause for respondents in No. 5.Thurgood Marshallargued the causes for appellants in Nos. 1, 2 and 3, petitioners in No. 4 and respondents in No. 5.

On the briefs wereHarold Boulware, Robert L. Carter,Jack Greenberg, Oliver W. Hill, Thurgood Marshall, LouisL. Redding, Spottswood W. Robinson, III, Charles S.Scott, William T. Coleman, Jr., Charles T. Duncan,George E. C. Hayes, Loren Miller, William R. Ming, Jr.,Constance Baker Motley, James M. Nabrit, Jr., Louis H.PollakandFrank D. Reevesfor appellants in Nos. 1, 2 and 3, and respondents in No. 5; andGeorge E. C. Hayes,James M. Nabrit, Jr., George M. Johnson, Charles W.Quick, Herbert O. Reid, Thurgood MarshallandRobertL. Carterfor petitioners in No. 4.Harold R. Fatzer, Attorney General of Kansas, argued the cause for appellees in No. 1. With him on the brief wasPaul E. Wilson, Assistant Attorney General.PeterF. Caldwellfiled a brief for the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, appellee.S.E. RogersandRobert McC. Figg, Jr. argued the cause and filed a brief for appellees in No. 2.J. Lindsay Almond, Jr., Attorney General of Virginia, andArchibald G. Robertsonargued the cause for appellees in No. 3. With them on the brief wereHenry T. Wickham, Special Assistant to the Attorney General,T. JustinMoore, John W. RielyandT. Justin Moore, Jr.Milton D. Kormanargued the cause for respondents in No. 4. With him on the brief wereVernon E. West,Chester H. GrayandLyman J. Umstead.Page 297Joseph Donald Craven, Attorney General of Delaware, argued the cause for petitioners in No. 5. On the brief wereH. Albert Young, then Attorney General,ClarenceW. Taylor, Deputy Attorney General, andAndrew D.Christie, Special Deputy to the Attorney General.

In response to the Court's invitation,347 U.S. 483,495-496,Solicitor General Sobeloffparticipated in the oral argument for the United States. With him on the brief wereAttorney General Brownell, Assistant Attorney GeneralRankin, Philip Elman, Ralph S. SpritzerandAlan S.Rosenthal.

By invitation of the Court,347 U.S. 483,496, the following State officials presented their views orally asamici curiae: Thomas J. Gentry, Attorney General of Arkansas, with whom on the brief wereJames L. Sloan, Assistant Attorney General, andRichard B. McCulloch, Special Assistant Attorney General.Richard W. Ervin, Attorney General of Florida, andRalph E. Odum, Assistant Attorney General, both of whom were also on a brief.C. Ferdinand Sybert, Attorney General of Maryland, with whom on the brief wereEdward D. E. Rollins, then Attorney General,W. Giles Parker, Assistant Attorney General, andJames H. Norris, Jr., Special Assistant Attorney General.I. Beverly Lake, Assistant Attorney General of North Carolina, with whom on the brief wereHarry McMullan, Attorney General, andT. Wade Bruton,Ralph MoodyandClaude L. Love, Assistant Attorneys General.Mac Q. Williamson, Attorney General of Oklahoma, who also filed a brief.John Ben Shepperd, Attorney General of Texas, andBurnell Waldrep, Assistant Attorney General, with whom on the brief wereBilly E.Lee, J. A. Amis, Jr., L. P. Lollar, J. Fred Jones, JohnDavenport, John ReevesandWill Davis.Phineas Indritzfiled a brief for the American Veterans Committee, Inc., asamicus curiae.Page 298
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WARREN delivered the opinion of the Court.
These cases were decided on May 17, 1954. The opinions of that date,1declaring the fundamental principle that racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional, are incorporated herein by reference. All provisions of federal, state, or local law requiring or permitting such discrimination must yield to this principle. There remains for consideration the manner in which relief is to be accorded.

Because these cases arose under different local conditions and their disposition will involve a variety of local problems, we requested further argument on the question of relief.2In view of the nationwide importance of the decision, we invited the Attorney General of the UnitedPage 299States and the Attorneys General of all states requiring or permitting racial discrimination in public education to present their views on that question. The parties, the United States, and the States of Florida, North Carolina, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Maryland, and Texas filed briefs and participated in the oral argument.

These presentations were informative and helpful to the Court in its consideration of the complexities arising from the transition to a system of public education freed of racial discrimination. The presentations also demonstrated that substantial steps to eliminate racial discrimination in public schools have already been taken, not only in some of the communities in which these cases arose, but in some of the states appearing asamici curiae, and in other states as well. Substantial progress has been made in the District of Columbia and in the communities in Kansas and Delaware involved in this litigation. The defendants in the cases coming to us from South Carolina and Virginia are awaiting the decision of this Court concerning relief.

Full implementation of these constitutional principles may require solution of varied local school problems. School authorities have the primary responsibility for elucidating, assessing, and solving these problems; courts will have to consider whether the action of school authorities constitutes good faith implementation of the governing constitutional principles. Because of their proximity to local conditions and the possible need for further hearings, the courts which originally heard these cases can best perform this judicial appraisal. Accordingly, we believe it appropriate to remand the cases to those courts.3Page 300

In fashioning and effectuating the decrees, the courts will be guided by equitable principles. Traditionally, equity has been characterized by a practical flexibility in shaping its remedies4and by a facility for adjusting and reconciling public and private needs.5These cases call for the exercise of these traditional attributes of equity power. At stake is the personal interest of the plaintiffs in admission to public schools as soon as practicable on a nondiscriminatory basis. To effectuate this interest may call for elimination of a variety of obstacles in making the transition to school systems operated in accordance with the constitutional principles set forth in our May 17, 1954, decision. Courts of equity may properly take into account the public interest in the elimination of such obstacles in a systematic and effective manner. But it should go without saying that the vitality of these constitutional principles cannot be allowed to yield simply because of disagreement with them.

While giving weight to these public and private considerations, the courts will require that the defendants make a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance with our May 17, 1954, ruling. Once such a start has been made, the courts may find that additional time is necessary to carry out the ruling in an effective manner. The burden rests upon the defendants to establish that such time is necessary in the public interest and is consistent with good faith compliance at the earliest practicable date. To that end, the courts may consider problems related to administration, arising from the physical condition of the school plant, the school transportation system, personnel, revision of school districts and attendance areas into compact units to achieve a system of determining admission to the public schoolsPage 301on a nonracial basis, and revision of local laws and regulations which may be necessary in solving the foregoing problems. They will also consider the adequacy of any plans the defendants may propose to meet these problems and to effectuate a transition to a racially nondiscriminatory school system. During this period of transition, the courts will retain jurisdiction of these cases.

The judgments below, except that in the Delaware case, are accordingly reversed and the cases are remanded to the District Courts to take such proceedings and enter such orders and decrees consistent with this opinion as are necessary and proper to admit to public schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed the parties to these cases. The judgment in the Delaware case — ordering the immediate admission of the plaintiffs to schools previously attended only by white children — is affirmed on the basis of the principles stated in our May 17, 1954, opinion, but the case is remanded to the Supreme Court of Delaware for such further proceedings as that Court may deem necessary in light of this opinion.It is so ordered.Page 302
  1. Page 294 Together with No. 2,Briggs et al. v.Elliott et al.,on appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of South Carolina; No. 3,Davis et al. v.County School Board of Prince EdwardCounty, Virginia, et al.,on appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia; No. 4,Bolling et al. v.Sharpe et al.,on certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit; and No. 5,Gebhart et al. v.Beltonet al.,on certiorari to the Supreme Court of Delaware. ↩
  2. Page 298347 U.S. 483;347 U.S. 497. ↩
  3. Page 298 Further argument was requested on the following questions,347 U.S. 483,495-496, n. 13, previously propounded by the Court: "4. Assuming it is decided that segregation in public schools violates the Fourteenth Amendment "(a) would a decree necessarily follow providing that, within the limits set by normal geographic school districting, Negro children should forthwith be admitted to schools of their choice, or "(b) may this Court, in the exercise of its equity powers, permit an effective gradual adjustment to be brought about from existing segregated systems to a system not based on color distinctions? "5. On the assumption on which questions 4 (a) and (b) are based, and assuming further that this Court will exercise its equity powers to the end described in question 4 (b), "(a) should this Court formulate detailed decrees in these cases; "(b) if so, what specific issues should the decrees reach; "(c) should this Court appoint a special master to hear evidence with a view to recommending specific terms for such decrees; "(d) should this Court remand to the courts of first instance with directions to frame decrees in these cases, and if so what general directions should the decrees of this Court include and what procedures should the courts of first instance follow in arriving at the specific terms of more detailed decrees?" ↩
  4. Page 299 The cases coming to us from Kansas, South Carolina, and Virginia were originally heard by three-judge District Courts convened under28 U.S.C. § 2281and2284. These cases will accordingly be remanded to those three-judge courts. SeeBriggsv.Elliott,342 U.S. 350. ↩
  5. Page 300 SeeAlexanderv.Hillman,296 U.S. 222,239. ↩
  6. Page 300 SeeHecht Co. v.Bowles,321 U.S. 321,329-330. ↩