Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Braxton v. United States

111 S. Ct. 1854

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1991-05-28
Topic: general

holding that Congress necessarily contemplated that the Commission would review the work of the courts and revise the Guidelines | holding that guilt of an attempted murder requires proof that the defendant “must have taken a substantial step towards that crime, and must also have had the requisite mens rea ” | holding that the sentencing commission has the power to decide whether amendments are retroactive | holding that to be responsible for the crime of attempting to kill a deputy marshal under 18 U.S.C. § 1114, the defendant “must have taken a substantial step towards that crime, and must have had the requisite mens rea ” | holding that to be responsible for the crime of attempting to kill a deputy marshal under 18 U.S.C. § 1114, the defendant “must have taken a substantial step towards that crime, and must have had the requisite mens rea” | observing that sentence based on more serious offense cannot stand unless defendant’s agreement to facts constitute a stipulation that specifically establishes the elements of the offense | stating that Congress gave the Sentencing Commission the explicit power to decide whether its amendments will be given retroactive effect | noting that the Commission imple mented that power through §1B1.10 | noting that the Commission implemented that power through § 1B1.10 | stating that Congress necessarily contemplated that the Sentencing Commission, in carrying out its duty under 28 U.S.C. § 994(o) to revise the Guidelines, would issue clarifying revisions in light of conflicting judicial decisions | stating that Congress necessarily contemplated that the Sentencing Commission, in carrying out its duty under 28 U.S.C. § 994(o) to revise the Guidelines, would issue clarifying revisions in light of conflicting judicial decisions | recognizing lower court accepted this interpretation of stipulation, but declining to define stipulation | explaining that an intent to kill is an element of attempted murder | declining to resolve circuit split regarding meaning of Guideline where Sentencing Commission was in process of amending Guideline in manner that would resolve conflict | noting the distinction between a finding of fact and a conclusion of law | noting the distinction between a finding of fact and a conclusion of law | explaining that attempted murder requires specific intent to kill | applying an earlier version of U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2 and looking to see whether a defendant had stipulated to facts that “specifically established” the elements of the offense the District Court sought to sentence the defendant under | refusing to resolve a legal question “on which the Circuits have fallen into disagreement” where “the Commission has already undertaken a proceeding that will eliminate circuit conflict” surrounding the issue | deferring to the Commission on legal interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines | Congress intended Sentencing Commission to play primary role in resolving conflicts over interpretation of Guidelines | "To be charged with attempt, a person must possess the intent to commit a specific crime" | “To be charged with attempt, a person must possess the intent to commit a specific crime” | "Congress has granted the [Sentencing] Commission the unusual explicit power to decide whether and to what extent its amendments reducing sentences will be given retroactive effect[.]" | Commission, and not Supreme Court, charged with primary responsibility to eliminate circuit splits in this area | Congress contemplated an unusually limited role for courts in deciding extent of Guidelines amendment retroactivity | “Although a murder may be committed without an intent to kill, an attempt to commit murder requires a specific intent to kill.” | “Congress itself can eliminate a conflict [in the circuits] concerning a statutory provision by making a clarifying amendment to the statute, and agencies can do the same with respect to regulations.” (emphasis added) | "Congress itself can eliminate a conflict [i

Citator

Cited by: 118 opinions

BRAXTON v. UNITED STATES,500 U.S. 344(1991)

111 S.Ct. 1854

BRAXTONv. UNITED STATES

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 90-5358

Argued March 18, 1991

Decided May 28, 1991

At a hearing at which petitioner Braxton pleaded guilty to assault and firearm counts, but not guilty to the more serious charge of attempting to kill a United States marshal, the Government presented facts — to which Braxton agreed — showing,inter alia, that, after each of two instances in which marshals kicked open his door, Braxton fired a gunshot "through the door opening," and the shots lodged in the door's front. Over Braxton's objections, the District Court later sentenced him as though he had been convicted of the attempt to kill count, relying on a proviso in §1B1.2(a) of the U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual. Although §1B1.2(a) ordinarily requires a court to apply the Sentencing Guideline most applicable to the offense of conviction, the proviso allows the court, in the case of conviction by a guilty plea "containing a stipulation" that "specifically establishes" a more serious offense, to apply the Guideline most applicable to the stipulated offense. The Court of Appeals upheld Braxton's sentence.Held:The court below misapplied the §1B1.2(a) proviso. Pp. 346-351.

(a) This Court will not resolve the question whether Braxton's guilty plea "contain[ed] a stipulation" within the proviso's meaning. The Commission — which was specifically charged by Congress with thedutyto review and revise the Guidelines and given the unusual explicitpowerto decide whether and to what extent its amendments reducing sentences would be given retroactive effect — has already undertaken a proceeding that will eliminate a conflict among the Federal Circuits over the precise question at issue here. Moreover, the specific controversy before the Court can be decided on other grounds. Pp. 347-349.

(b) Assuming that Braxton's agreement to the Government's facts constituted a "stipulation," that stipulation does not "specifically establis[h]" an attempt to kill, as is required by the proviso. At best, the stipulation supports two reasonable readings — one that Braxton shot across the room at the marshals when they entered, and one that he shot before they entered to frighten them off. There is nothing in the latter reading from which an intent to kill — a necessary element of the attempt to kill count — could even be inferred. Pp. 349-351.

903 F.2d 292, reversed and remanded.Page 345

SCALIA, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.

Stephen J. Cribariargued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs wereFred Warren BennettandMary M.French.Stephen J. Marzenargued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief wereSolicitor General Starr, AssistantAttorney General Mueller, andDeputy Solicitor General Bryson.

JUSTICE SCALIA delivered the opinion of the Court.

At about 7 a.m. on June 10, 1988, four United States marshals arrived at Thomas Braxton's door with a warrant for his arrest. One of the marshals, Deputy Jenkins, knocked. There was no answer, though they could hear someone inside. Thirty minutes later, the officers returned with a key to Braxton's apartment. Jenkins knocked again; and again received no answer. He unlocked the door, only to find it secured with a chain lock as well — which he broke by kicking the door open. "[C]ontemporaneous with the door opening, a gunshot was fired through the door opening. The gunshot lodged in the front door just above the doorknob. That's the outside of the front door." App. 17. The door slammed shut, and the officers withdrew. A moment later, Jenkins again kicked the door open. Another shot was fired, this too lodging in the front of the door, about five feet from the floor. The officers again withdrew, and the area was barricaded. Braxton, who had fired the shots, eventually gave himself up, and was charged in a three-count indictment with (1) an attempt to kill a deputy United States marshal (18 U.S.C. § 1114), (2) assault on a deputy marshal (18 U.S.C. § 111), and (3) the use of a firearm during a crime of violence (18 U.S.C. § 924(c)).

These were the facts as presented by the Government during the course of a plea hearing, pursuant to Rule11(f) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, at which Braxton pleaded guilty to the assault and firearm counts of the indictment, and not guilty to the attempt to kill count. The pleasPage 346were not made pursuant to any plea agreement, and the Government did not dismiss the attempt to kill count at the plea hearing. The purpose of the hearing was simply to provide a factual basis for accepting Braxton's guilty pleas.

Braxton agreed with the facts as the Government characterized them, with two small caveats, neither of which is significant for purposes of this case. Subject to those "modifications," Braxton agreed that "what the Government say[s] that it could prove [happened] happened." App. 19. With this factual basis before it, the District Court accepted Braxton's guilty pleas, specifically noting that "there is no plea agreement."Ibid.

Two months later, Braxton was sentenced. Relying upon a proviso in §1B1.2(a) of the U.S. Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual (1990), and over Braxton's objections, the District Court in essence sentenced Braxton as though he had been convicted of attempted killing, the only charge to which Braxton had not confessed guilt. The Court of Appeals upheld the sentence,903 F.2d 292(CA4 1990), and we granted certiorari.498 U.S. 966, (1990).

Ordinarily, a court pronouncing sentence under the Guidelines applies the "offense guideline section . . . most applicable to the offense of conviction." §1B1.2(a). There is, however, one "limited" exception to this general rule, §1B1.2, comment., n. 1, consisting of the following proviso to §1B1.2(a):

"Provided, however, in the case of conviction by a plea of guilty ornolo contenderecontaining a stipulation that specifically establishes a more serious offense than the offense of conviction, [the court shall apply the guideline in such chapter] most applicable to the stipulated offense.

Braxton's conviction was no doubt by a "plea of guilty." This case presents the questions whether it was also a convictionPage 347by a plea (1) "containing a stipulation" that (2) "specifically establishes" that Braxton attempted to kill the marshals who had been sent to arrest him. The Courts of Appeals have divided on the meaning of the first phrase, "containing a stipulation," and Braxton argues that, however that phrase is read, the court below misapplied the second, "specifically establishes a more serious offense." We consider each contention in turn.

As the District Court noted, there was no plea agreement in this case. Braxton argues that his plea did not "contai[n]" a stipulation because, by "containing a stipulation," the Guidelines mean a stipulation that is part of a formal pleaagreement. Some Circuits to consider the question have agreed with that interpretation, believing that the "stipulation" must be part of the "quid pro quo" for the Government's agreement not to charge a higher offense. See,e.g., UnitedStatesv.McCall,915 F.2d 811,816, n. 4 (CA2 1990);UnitedStatesv.Warters,885 F.2d 1266,1273, n. 5 (CA5 1989). But as the Government points out, §1B1.2does not, by its terms,limitits application to stipulations contained in pleaagreements;the language speaks only of "plea[s] . . . containing a stipulation." Since, the Government argues, any formal assent to a set of facts constitutes a stipulation, Braxton's guilty plea "contain[ed] a stipulation" upon which the court could rely in setting his base-offense level. That was the approach of the court below.

A principal purpose for which we use our certiorari jurisdiction, and the reason we granted certiorari in the present case, is to resolve conflicts among the Circuit courts of appeals and state courts concerning the meaning of provisions of federal law. See this Court's Rule 10.1. With respect to federal law apart from the Constitution, we are not the sole body that could eliminate such conflicts, at least as far as their continuation into the future is concerned. Obviously, Congress itself can eliminate a conflict concerning aPage 348statutory provision by making a clarifying amendment to the statute, and agencies can do the same with respect to regulations. Ordinarily, however, we regard the task as initially and primarily ours. Events that have transpired since our grant of certiorari in the present case have focused our attention on the fact that this may not be Congress' intent with respect to the Sentencing Guidelines.

After we had granted Braxton's petition for certiorari, the Commission requested public comment on whether §1B1.2(a) should be "amended to provide expressly that such a stipulation must be as part of a formal plea agreement,"56 Fed. Reg. 1891(1991), which is the precise question raised by the first part of Braxton's petition here. The Commission took this action pursuant to its statutory duty "periodically [to] review and revise" the Guidelines.28 U.S.C. § 994(o). The Guidelines are, of course, implemented by the courts, so in charging the Commission "periodically [to] review and revise" the Guidelines, Congress necessarily contemplated that the Commission would periodically review the work of the courts, and would make whatever clarifying revisions to the Guidelines conflicting judicial decisions might suggest. This congressional expectation alone might induce us to be more restrained and circumspect in using our certiorari power as the primary means of resolving such conflicts; but there is even further indication that we ought to adopt that course. In addition to thedutyto review and revise the Guidelines, Congress has granted the Commission the unusual explicitpowerto decide whether and to what extent its amendments reducing sentences will be given retroactive effect,28 U.S.C. § 994(u). This power has been implemented in USSG §1B1.10, which sets forth the amendments that justify sentence reduction.

We choose not to resolve the first question presented in the current case, because the Commission has already undertaken a proceeding that will eliminate circuit conflict over thePage 349meaning of §1B1.2, and because the specific controversy before us can be decided on other grounds, as set forth below.

Unlike the first question discussed above, which presents a general issue of law on which the Circuits have fallen into disagreement, Braxton's second question is closely tied to the facts of the present case. For the proviso in §1B1.2(a) to apply, there must be not simply a stipulation, but a stipulation that "specifically establishes" a more serious offense. Thus, even assuming that Braxton's agreement to facts constituted a "stipulation" for purposes of §1B1.2(a), unless it "specifically established" an attempt to kill under18 U.S.C. § 1114, the sentence based upon the Guideline for that offense cannot stand.

For Braxton to be guilty of an attempted killing under18 U.S.C. § 1114, he must have taken a substantial step towards that crime, and must also have had the requisitemensrea. See E. Devitt, C. Blackmar, M. Wolff, Federal Jury Practice and Instructions § 14.21 (1990 Supp.). A stipulation by Braxton that he shot "at a marshal," without any qualification about his intent, would suffice to establish a substantial step towards the crime, andperhapsthe necessary intent. The stipulation here, however, was not that Braxton shot "at a marshal." As the Government appears to concede, Brief for United States 19, n. 10, citingUnited Statesv.Guerrero,863 F.2d 245,248(CA2 1988), the only stipulation relevant to our inquiry is (at most) that which occurred at the Rule 11(f) hearing, since §1B1.2refers not to a stipulation in isolation, but to "a plea . . .containinga stipulation." (Emphasis added.) All Braxton agreed to at the Rule 11(f) hearing was that he shot "through the door opening [and that] [t]he gunshot lodged in the front door just above the doorknob. That [is] the outside of the front door." App. 17.

The Court of Appeals affirmed the District Court's judgment that this "specifically established" a violation ofPage 35018 U.S.C. § 1114, primarily because it believed that at least the District Court was not "clearly erroneous" in so concluding. That is, of course, the standard applied, when reviewing a sentence, to findings of fact.18 U.S.C. § 3742(e). Determination of the meaning and effect of a stipulation, however, is not a factual finding: We review that just as we would review a determination of meaning and effect of a contract, or consent decree, or proffer for summary judgment. See,e.g., Washington Hospitalv.White,889 F.2d 1294,1299(CA3 1989);Frostv.Davis,346 F.2d 82,83(CA5 1965). The question, therefore, is not whether there is any reasonable reading of the stipulation that supports the District Court's determination, but whether the District Court was right.

We think it was not. The stipulation does not say that Braxton shot at the marshals; any such conclusion is an inference at best, and an inference from ambiguous facts. To give just one example of the ambiguity: the Government proffered (and Braxton agreed) that Braxton shot "through the door opening," and that the bullet lodged in the "front [of the] door." App. 17. It is difficult to understand howbothof these facts could possibly be true, at least on an ordinary understanding of what "door opening" consists of. One does not shootthrougha door opening and hit the door, any more than one walks through a door opening and bumps into the door. But in any case, if one accepts the stipulation that both shots lodged in the front of the (inward-opening) door, it would be unreasonable to conclude that Braxton wasshootingatthe marshals unless it was also stipulated that the marshals had entered the room. That was not stipulated, and does not appear to have been the fact. But even if one could properly conclude that the stipulation "specifically established" that Braxton had shot "at the marshals," it would also have to have established that he did so with the intent of killingPage 351them.^fn*Not only is there nothing in the stipulation from which that could even beinferred, but the statements of Braxton's attorney at the hearing flatly deny it.

"Of course, there is lurking in the background the allegation of an attempted murder. You can gather from Mr. Braxton's position, and probably from [the Government's] statement of facts, that Mr. Braxton admits he assaulted someone and used a handgun, but, obviously, is not admitting he attempted to specifically murder anyone.Id., at 22.

Braxton claims to have intended to frighten the marshals, not shoot them, and that claim is certainly consistent with the stipulation before us.

We of course do not know what actually happened that morning in June, but that is not the question before us. The only issue for resolution is whether a stipulation that at best supports two reasonable readings — one that Braxton shot across the room at the marshals when they entered, and one that he shot across the room before they entered to frighten them off — is a stipulation that "specifically establishes" that Braxton attempted to murder one of the marshals. It does not.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.It is so ordered.Page 352

Since the statute does not specify the elements of "attempt to kill," they are those required for an "attempt" at common law, seeMorissettev.United States,342 U.S. 246,263(1952), which include a specific intent to commit the unlawful act. "Although a murder may be committed without an intent to kill, an attempt to commit murder requires a specific intent to kill." 4 C. Torcia, Wharton's Criminal Law § 743, p. 572 (14th ed. 1981). See also R. Perkins R. Boyce, Criminal Law 637 (3d ed. 1982); W. LaFave A. Scott, Criminal Law 428-429 (1972). ↩