Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Bozza v. United States

330 U.S. 160

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1947-02-17
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that a sentence may be increased without implicating double jeopardy when the original sentence did not conform to a statutory requirement
  • holding that the Federal Constitution "does not require that sentencing should be a game in which a wrong move by the judge means immunity for the prisoner”
  • holding that there is no double jeopardy concern when a judge corrects an erroneous sentence
  • holding that the imposition of a mandatory fine that had been inadvertently omitted from the original sentence “did not twice put petitioner in jeopardy for the same offense”
  • resentencing that imposes a more severe sentence to correct an omitted mandatory penalty does not violate the double jeopardy clause
  • holding that correction of an illegal sentence “only set[s] aside what [the sentencing court] had no authority to do, and substitute[s] directions required by the law to be done upon the conviction of the offender” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)
  • rejecting temporal limit “on the correction of an administrative mistake so that a lawful sentence can be served”
  • rejecting the government’s argument that the defendant could not have a legitimate expectation of finality in a sentence 48 that was the product of a reduction pursuant to Rule 35(b

Citator

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Cited by
614 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Criminal Law & Procedure — Sufficiency of the Evidence Where a statute defines each step or phase of an illicit distilling business as a separate offense, testimony to prove the separate offense of making and fermenting mash must point directly to conduct within the narrow margins the statute alone defines; one who neither engages in the conduct specifically prohibited nor aids and abets it does not violate the section prohibiting it. 330 U.S. at 163
  2. Criminal Law & Procedure — Possession or Custody of an Illicit Still Custody or possession of an illicit still is a distinct offense under 26 U.S.C. § 2810(a), and one who merely helps to operate a still, without exercising or aiding the exercise of control over the distillery, and without serving as caretaker, watchman, lookout, or in a similar capacity calculated to facilitate custody or possession, does not violate the section. 330 U.S. at 163-164
  3. Criminal Law & Procedure — Accomplice Liability Under 18 U.S.C. § 550, one who aids and abets another to commit a crime is guilty as a principal. 330 U.S. at 164
  4. Criminal Law & Procedure — Mens Rea Jurors may draw on their own experience and observations in inferring intent to defraud the Government of taxes, and may conclude that a person who actively helps to operate a secret, clandestine distillery knows that he is helping to violate the revenue laws. 330 U.S. at 164-165
  5. Constitutional Law — Double Jeopardy A sentence that does not comply with the criminal statute authorizing it—including one that omits a mandatory fine—may be set aside and corrected by the court of original jurisdiction, at least during the term in which the invalid sentence was imposed; such correction, even after the defendant has been detained under the invalid sentence, does not constitute double jeopardy. 330 U.S. at 165-167
  6. Constitutional Law — Double Jeopardy Where a defendant has not suffered any lawful punishment prior to correction of an invalid sentence, increasing the sentence to impose the full punishment required by law does not twice put him in jeopardy for the same offense. 330 U.S. at 167
BOZZAv. UNITED STATES,330 U.S. 160(1947)
67 S.Ct. 645
BOZZAv. UNITED STATES.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT.
No. 190.
Argued January 7, 1947.
Decided February 17, 1947.
1. In a trial on an indictment for making and fermenting mash for the production of alcohol in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 2834, the evidence showed thatCalone handled and mixed the ingredients of the mash and there was no evidence to indicate thatBever took any part in, or aided and abetted, this particular part of the process of operating an illicit distillery or that he was ever in the part of the premises where the ingredients were stored and the mash was made, although he helped to operate the still in a different part of the premises and to transport the product.Held:The Government's concession that the evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction ofBis accepted. P. 163Page 1612. In a trial on an indictment for having possession and custody of an illicit still in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 2810 (a), the evidence showed that the defendant helped to operate the still; but there was no evidence showing that he ever exercised any control over the still, aided in the exercise of any such control, or acted as a caretaker, watchman, lookout or in any similar capacity calculated to facilitate its custody or possession.Held:The Government's concession that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction is accepted. Pp. 163-164. 3. In a trial on an indictment for operating "the business of distiller . . . with intent wilfully to defraud" the Government of taxes in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 2833 (a), the evidence showed thatCsecretly carried on the business of a distiller in an apparently abandoned farmhouse, thatBassisted him, and that the products were transported to a city in a car which followed another car, sometimesB's.Held:The evidence was sufficient to sustainB'sconviction. Pp. 164-165. (a) Under18 U.S.C. § 550, one who aids and abets another to commit a crime is guilty as a principal. P. 164. (b) The jury could properly infer that one helping to operate a secret distillery in the manner here shown knew that it was operated with intent to defraud the Government of its taxes. Pp. 164-165. 4. Having been convicted of a crime carrying a mandatory minimum sentence of fineandimprisonment, defendant was sentenced to imprisonment only and placed in temporary detention awaiting transportation to a penitentiary. Five hours later, the judge recalled him, called attention to the mandatory provision for fineandimprisonment, and sentenced him to both.Held:This did not constitute double jeopardy contrary to the Constitution. Pp. 165-167.155 F.2d 592, affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Petitioner was convicted on five counts of an indictment for
violating the Internal Revenue Laws in connection with the
operation of a still. The Circuit Court of Appeals reversed on
two counts and affirmed on three counts.155 F.2d 592. This Court
granted certiorari.329 U.S. 698.Reversedon two counts and
affirmedon one count, p. 167.
Page 162
Harold Simandlsubmitted on brief for petitioner.W. Marvin Smithargued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief wereActing Solicitor General Washington,Robert S. ErdahlandPhilip R. Monahan.
MR. JUSTICE BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.
The petitioner and one Chirichillo were convicted in a Federal District Court on all counts of a five-count indictment against them which charged violation of the Internal Revenue laws in connection with the operation of a still. The Court of Appeals reversed petitioner's conviction on counts four and five because of insufficient evidence, but affirmed as to counts one, two, and three.155 F.2d 592. We granted certiorari.329 U.S. 698. Count one charged that the defendants had carried on "the business of distiller . . . with intent wilfully to defraud the . . . United States of the tax on . . . spirits so distilled. . . ." in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 2833 (a). Count two charged them with having had possession and custody of the still in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 2810 (a). Count three charged that they had made and fermented mash for the production of alcohol in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 2834. It is argued that the evidence was insufficient to support any of the three counts here at issue. The Government concedes its insufficiency as to counts two and three.

There was testimony to show the following: Chirichillo rented a farmhouse under an assumed name and installed a 300-gallon still with all equipment necessary to ferment mash and distill alcohol. The still was operated day and night. Chirichillo himself mixed the ingredients to make the mash in the attic of the 2 1/2-story frame building, but the alcohol distillation was carried on in another part of the building. Petitioner was at the house two or three times a week. When there he took instructions fromPage 163Chirichillo and helped him in the operation of the still; he helped manufacture the alcohol. When Chirichillo carried his products to Newark, the car in which he carried the illicitly distilled alcohol would follow along behind another car — sometimes petitioner's, sometimes another helper's. The farmhouse where the illicit business was carried on appeared from the outside to be deserted; the windows were without shades and the house had been practically stripped of furniture.

We accept the Government's concession that the evidence fails to show that this petitioner had made, or helped to make, the mash as charged in count three. All of the evidence showed that Chirichillo alone handled and mixed the ingredients of the mash, and there is nothing whatever to indicate that the petitioner ever took any part in, or aided and abetted, this particular part of the unlawful process in any manner, or, indeed, that he was ever in or around the attic where the mash was made from ingredients stored there. The Internal Revenue statutes have broken down the various steps and phases of a continuous illicit distilling business and made each of them a separate offense. Thus, these statutes have clearly carved out the conduct of making mash as a separate offense, thereby distinguishing it from the other offenses involving other steps and phases of the distilling business. Consequently, testimony to prove this separate offense of making mash must point directly to conduct within the narrow margins which the statute alone defines. One who neither engages in the conduct specifically prohibited, nor aids and abets it, does not violate the section which prohibits it.

The sufficiency of the evidence as to count two which charged that the petitioner had custody or possession of the still is a closer question. It might be possible that petitioner's helping to make the alcohol aided and abetted in its "custody or possession." But that would be a very strained inference under any circumstances. Here againPage 164the statutes treat custody or possession as a wholly distinct offense. Yet there was no testimony that the petitioner ever exercised, or aided the exercise of, any control over the distillery. His participation in carrying the finished product by car does not fit the category of "custody and possession" so nearly as it resembles the transportation of illegal liquor, 26 U.S.C. § 2803 — an offense which the Circuit Court of Appeals has found the evidence insufficient to prove. Nor was there any testimony that the petitioner acted in any other capacity calculated to facilitate the custody or possession, such as, for illustration, service as a caretaker, watchman, lookout, or in some other similar capacity. Under these circumstances, we accept the Government's concession that a judgment of guilty should not have been rendered on the second count.

We think there was adequate evidence to support a finding of guilt on the first count which charged operation of the business of distilling to defraud the Government of taxes. There was certainly ample evidence to show that Chirichillo carried on the business of a distiller and that the petitioner helped him to do it.18 U.S.C. § 550provides that one who aids and abets another to commit a crime is guilty as a principal. Consequently, the jury had a right to find, as it did, that the petitioner and Chirichillo were equally guilty of operating the business of the distillery. SeeUnited Statesv.Johnson,319 U.S. 503,515,518.

But, it is argued, there was no evidence that the petitioner acted with knowledge that the distillery business was carried on with an intent to defraud the Government of its taxes. The same evidence as to knowledge of this guilty purpose, however, that applied to Chirichillo was almost, if not quite, equally persuasive against both defendants. Petitioner assisted in the manufacture of alcohol in Chirichillo's still which was operated under conditionsPage 165of secretiveness in an apparently abandoned farmhouse. The finished alcohol was carried to Newark in a car which followed another car, sometimes the petitioner's. The members of the jury could properly draw on their own experience and observations that lawful stills, unlike the still in which petitioner worked, usually are not operated clandestinely and do not deliver their products in the fashion employed here. The members of the jury were not precluded from drawing inferences as to fraudulent purposes from these circumstances, nor were they compelled to believe that this petitioner was oblivious of the purposes of what went on around him. Men in the jury box, like men on the street, can conclude that a person who actively helps to operate a secret distillery knows that he is helping to violate Government revenue laws. That is a well known object of an illicit distillery. Doubtless few who ever worked in such a place, or even heard about one, would fail to understand the cry: "The Revenuers are coming!" We hold that the verdict of guilty on the first count must stand.

The only statute for violation of which petitioner's conviction is sustained by us carries a minimum mandatory sentence of fine of one hundred dollarsandimprisonment, 26 U.S.C. § 2833 (a). In announcing sentence at a morning session, the trial judge mentioned imprisonment only. Thereafter the petitioner was taken briefly to the U.S. Marshal's office and then to a local federal detention jail awaiting transportation to the penitentiary where he was finally to be confined. But about five hours after the sentence was announced, the judge recalled the petitioner and, according to stipulation, stated in the presence of petitioner and his counsel that "in the imposition of sentence this morning . . . it has been called to my attention that there are certain mandatory fines and penalties which I omitted to impose. For the record now minimum mandatory fines and penalties will be imposed." Thus a onePage 166hundred dollar fine was fixed, as required by law, along with the imprisonment sentence. Petitioner charges that this action constituted double jeopardy forbidden by the Federal Constitution.

It is well established that a sentence which does not comply with the letter of the criminal statute which authorizes it is so erroneous that it may be set aside on appeal,Reynoldsv.United States,98 U.S. 145,168-169;Murphyv.Massachusetts,177 U.S. 155,157, or in habeas corpus proceedings.In re Bonner,151 U.S. 242. But in those cases it was recognized that an excessive sentence should be corrected, even though the prisoner had already served part of his term, not by absolute discharge of the prisoner, but by an appropriate amendment of the invalid sentence by the court of original jurisdiction, at least during the term of court in which the invalid sentence was imposed.1Cf. De Benquev.UnitedStates,66 App.D.C. 36,85 F.2d 202. In the light of these cases, the fact that petitioner has been twice before the judge for sentencing and in a federal place of detention during the five-hour interim cannot be said to constitute double jeopardy as we have heretofore considered it. Petitioner contends, however, that these cases are inapplicable here because correction of this sentence so as to make it lawful increases his punishment.Cf.United Statesv.Benz,282 U.S. 304,309. If this inadvertent error cannot be corrected in the manner used here by the trial court, no valid and enforceable sentence can be imposed at all.Cf. Jordanv.United States,60 F.2d 4,6, withBarrowv.United States,54 App.D.C. 128,295 F. 949. This Court has rejected the "doctrine that a prisoner, whose guilt is established, by a regular verdict, is to escape punishment altogether, because the court committed an error in passing the sentence."In re Bonner, supraat 260. The Constitution does not require that sentencing should be a gamePage 167in which a wrong move by the judge means immunity for the prisoner. SeeKingv.United States,69 App.D.C. 10,15,98 F.2d 291,296. In this case the court "only set aside what it had no authority to do and substitute[d] directions required by the law to be done upon the conviction of the offender."In reBonner, supraat 260. It did not twice put petitioner in jeopardy for the same offense.2The sentence, as corrected, imposes a valid punishment for an offense instead of an invalid punishment for that offense.

Other contentions here do not merit our discussion. The judgment as to count one is affirmed. The judgment is reversed as to counts two and three.It is so ordered.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, MR. JUSTICE MURPHY, and MR. JUSTICE RUTLEDGE dissenting as to the affirmance of the judgment on count one.
We are of the view that to convict one as an aider and abetter in engaging in or carrying on a distillery business with intent "to defraud" the United States of the tax on the distilled spirits,53 Stat. 319, 26 U.S.C. § 2833 (a), evidence is necessary which shows that by some act of concealment he promoted the fraud, or by counsel and advice furthered the unlawful scheme, or in fact hadPage 168some interest in the project.1SeeUnited Statesv.Cooper, 25 Fed. Cas. 627, 629;United Statesv.Logan, 26 Fed. Cas. 990, 992;Seidenv.United States,16 F.2d 197,199;Partsonv.United States,20 F.2d 127,129;Andersonv.United States,30 F.2d 485,487. Aiding and abetting in the illicit manufacture of liquor is one thing.2Aiding and abetting in carrying on the business with intent to defraud the United States of a tax is quite a different matter, and requires a different test, if the two offenses are not to be blended. The evidence in the case and the instructions given the jury3seem to us inadequate to sustain a convictionPage 169under count one, charging Bozza with aiding and abetting in a tax fraud scheme.

In view of this conclusion, MR. JUSTICE RUTLEDGE reserves expression of opinion concerning the legality of the sentence.
  1. Page 166 Compare Rule 45c, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. ↩
  2. Page 167 InEx parte Lange, 18 Wall. 163, relied on by petitioner here, the defendant had been sentenced to fineandimprisonment for violation of a statute which authorized a sentence only of fineorimprisonment. Since he had paid his fine and therefore suffered punishment under a valid sentence, it was held that his sentence had been "executed by full satisfaction of one of the alternative penalties of the law. . . ."Murphyv.Massachusetts, supraat 160. Therefore, Lange's plea, that the trial court could not correct the sentence without causing him to suffer double punishment, was sustained.Cf. In re Bradley,318 U.S. 50. But here the petitioner had not suffered any lawful punishment until the court had announced the full mandatory sentence of imprisonmentandfine. ↩
  3. Page 168 Judge Learned Hand, after reviewing the various definitions of aiding and abetting, said: "It will be observed that all these definitions have nothing whatever to do with the probability that the forbidden result would follow upon the accessory's conduct; and that they all demand that he in some sort associate himself with the venture, that he participate in it as in something that he wishes to bring about, that he seek by his action to make it succeed. All the words used — even the most colorless, `abet' — carry an implication of purposive attitude towards it."UnitedStatesv.Peoni,100 F.2d 401,402. ↩
  4. Page 168 Thus § 2833(a) makes it an offense to "carry on the business of a distiller without having given bond as required by law." Section 2834 makes it unlawful to make or ferment mash, fit for distillation, in any building or on any premises other than an authorized distillery. ↩
  5. Page 168 ". . . if you find that he was merely an underling, serving at the beck and call of an employer and nothing more than [sic] that would not justify your finding him to be engaged in the business of a distiller. But if from the evidence you conclude logically that he aided and abetted in the carrying on of this business, then he would be chargeable as a principal. . . . Aiding and abetting is something more than merely committing an act which may have the effect of assisting or furthering a criminal transaction. Before a defendant can be held as an aider and abetter the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed an act which furthered or assisted the criminal transaction, and at the time he committed the act he knew that a crime was in process of commission, and with that knowledge he acted with intent to aid and abet in the criminal transaction." While the above charges were requested by defendant, we nevertheless feel that the failure of the instructions to satisfy the standard we suggest is an error which we should notice.Sibbachv.Wilson Co.,312 U.S. 1,16. ↩