Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Boykin v. Alabama
23 L. Ed. 2d 274
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1969-06-02
- Topic
- general
holding that a guilty plea is an express waiver of the constitutional right to confrontation | holding that due process requires state courts to make an affirmative showing that a guilty plea is intelligent and voluntary | holding that guilty plea is invalid unless defendant makes affirmative showing on record that plea is knowing and voluntary | holding that guilty plea is invalid unless defendant makes affirmative showing on record that plea is knowing and voluntary | holding that, on direct review, court cannot presume waiver of rights from silent record resulting in guilty plea | holding that a valid conviction resulting from a guilty plea cannot be presumed from a silent record | holding that "[a] plea of guilty ... is itself a conviction ... [after which] nothing remains but to give judgment and determine punishment" | holding that “[a] plea of guilty ... is itself a conviction ... [after which] nothing remains but to give judgment and determine punishment” | holding that the trial record must affirmatively disclose that a defendant entered his guilty plea understandingly and voluntarily | holding that the trial record must affirmatively disclose that a defendant entered his guilty plea understandingly and voluntarily | holding that it was plain error for the trial court to fail to engage defendant in a colloquy regarding defendant's right to testify | holding that facts establishing the voluntariness of a plea must appear in the record to facilitate appellate review | holding that a defendant was not entitled to Boykin warnings when he entered an NGI plea because, under Michigan law, an NGI plea did not itself incriminate the defendant | holding that guilty pleas must be accompanied by a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver | holding that guilty pleas must be accompanied by a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver | holding that an appellate court “cannot presume a waiver of ... [the defendant’s] rights from a silent record” | ruling that trial court cannot accept a guilty plea without affirmatively establishing on the record the validity of such a plea | holding that, on direct review, the waiver of rights resulting from a guilty plea cannot be presumed from a silent record | holding that for a trial judge to accept a defendant's guilty plea without an affirmative showing that it was intelligent and voluntary violates the defendant's constitutional rights | holding that for a trial judge to accept a defendant’s guilty plea without an affirmative showing that it was intelligent and voluntary violates the defendant’s constitutional rights | recognizing that a defendant's decision to plead guilty involves the simultaneous waiver of several constitutional rights and, hence, waiver must be knowingly and voluntarily made by defendant | holding that due process is violated where a state court accepts a guilty plea in criminal proceedings without an affirmative showing, placed on the record, that the defendant voluntarily and understandingly entered the guilty plea | holding that a silent record is insufficient for a waiver of certain specified rights not at issue here | holding that the court “cannot presume a waiver of . . . important federal rights from a silent record” | holding that the defendant and “not just his counsel” must knowingly waive an objection to dual juries | holding that the defendant and “not just his counsel” must knowingly waive an objection to dual juries | holding that a defendant must have "a full understanding of what the plea connotes and of its consequence" | recognizing that waiver of federal constitutional rights involved when entering a plea of guilty cannot be presumed on silent record | holding that due process requires that a plea cannot be accepted without “an affirmative showing that it was intelligent and voluntary” | holding that due process requires that 13 a plea cannot be accepted without “an affirmative showing that it was intelligent and 14 voluntary” | holding that the def
Citator
- Cited by
- 5415 opinions
delivered the opinion of the Court.
In the spring of 1966, within the period of a fortnight, a series of armed robberies occurred in Mobile, Alabama. The victims, in each case, were local shopkeepers open at night who were forced by a gunman to hand over money. While robbing one grocery store, the assailant fired his gun once, sending a bullet through a door into the ceiling. A few days earlier in a drugstore, the robber had allowed his gun to discharge in such a way that the bullet, on ricochet from the floor, struck a customer in the leg. Shortly thereafter, a local grand jury returned five indictments against petitioner, a 27-year-old Negro, for common-law robbery — an offense punishable in Alabama by death.
Before the matter came to trial, the court determined that petitioner was indigent and appointed counsel1 to represent him. Three days later, at his arraignment, petitioner pleaded guilty to all five indictments. So far as the record shows, the judge asked no questions of petitioner concerning his plea, and petitioner did not address the court.
Alabama provides that when a defendant pleads guilty, “the court must cause the punishment to be determined by a jury” (except where it is required to be fixed by the court) and may “cause witnesses to be examined, to ascertain the character of the offense.” Ala. Code, Tit. 15, §277 (1958). In the present case a trial of that dimension was held, the prosecution presenting its ease largely through eyewitness testimony. Although counsel for petitioner engaged in cursory cross-examination, petitioner neither testified himself nor presented testimony concerning his character and background. There was nothing to indicate that he had a prior criminal record.
In instructing the jury, the judge stressed that petitioner had pleaded guilty in five cases of robbery,2 defined as “the felonious taking of money . . . from another against his will ... by violence or by putting him in fear . . . [carrying] from ten years minimum in the penitentiary to the supreme penalty of death by electrocution.” The jury, upon deliberation, found petitioner guilty and sentenced him severally to die on each of the five indictments.
Taking an automatic appeal to the Alabama Supreme Court, petitioner argued that a sentence of death for common-law robbery was cruel and unusual punishment within the meaning of the Federal Constitution, a suggestion which that court unanimously rejected. 281 Ala. 659, 207 So. 2d 412. On their own motion, however, four of the seven justices discussed the constitutionality of the process by which the trial judge had accepted petitioner’s guilty plea. From the order affirming the
Respondent does not suggest that we lack jurisdiction to review the voluntary character of petitioner’s guilty plea because he failed to raise that federal question below and the state court failed to pass upon it.3 But the question was raised on oral argument and we conclude that it is properly presented. The very Alabama statute (Ala. Code, Tit. 15, § 382 (10) (1958)) that provides automatic appeal in capital cases also requires the reviewing court to comb the record for “any error prejudicial to the appellant, even though not called to our attention in brief of counsel.” Lee v. State, 265 Ala. 623, 630, 93 So. 2d 757, 763. The automatic appeal statute “is the only provision under the Plain Error doctrine of which we are aware in Alabama criminal appellate review.” Douglas v. State, 42 Ala. App. 314, 331, n. 6, 163 So. 2d 477, 494, n. 6. In the words of the Alabama Supreme Court:
“Perhaps it is well to note that in reviewing a death case under the automatic appeal statute, . . . we may consider any testimony that was seriously prejudicial to the rights of the appellant and may*242 reverse thereon, even though no lawful objection or exception was made thereto. [Citations omitted.] Our review is not limited to the matters brought to our attention in brief of counsel.” Duncan v. State, 278 Ala. 145, 157, 176 So. 2d 840, 851.
It was error, plain on the face of the record, for the trial judge to accept petitioner’s guilty plea without an affirmative showing that it was intelligent and voluntary. That error, under Alabama procedure, was properly before the court below and considered explicitly by a majority of the justices and is properly before us on review.
A plea of guilty is more than a confession which admits that the accused did various acts; it is itself a conviction; nothing remains but to give judgment and determine punishment. See Kercheval v. United States, 274 U. S. 220, 223. Admissibility of a confession must be based on a “reliable determination on the voluntariness issue which satisfies the constitutional rights of the defendant.” Jackson v. Denno, 378 U. S. 368, 387. The requirement that the prosecution spread on the record the prerequisites of a valid waiver is no constitutional innovation. In Carnley v. Cochran, 369 U. S. 506, 516, we dealt with a problem of waiver of the right to counsel, a Sixth Amendment right. We held: “Presuming waiver from a silent record is impermissible. The record must show, or there must be an allegation and evidence which show, that an accused was offered counsel but intelligently and understanding^ rejected the offer. Anything less is not waiver.”
We think that the same standard must be applied to determining whether a guilty plea is voluntarily made. For, as we have said, a plea of guilty is more than an admission of conduct; it is a conviction.4 Ignorance,
Several federal constitutional rights are involved in a waiver that takes place when a plea of guilty is entered in a state criminal trial. First, is the privilege against compulsory self-incrimination guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment and applicable to the States by reason of the Fourteenth. Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U. S. 1. Second, is the right to trial by jury. Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U. S. 145. Third, is the right to confront one’s accusers. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U. S. 400. We cannot presume a waiver of these three important federal rights from a silent record.5
What is at stake for an accused facing death or imprisonment demands the utmost solicitude of which courts
The three dissenting justices in the Alabama Supreme Court stated the law accurately when they concluded that there was reversible error “because the record does not disclose that the defendant voluntarily and understandingly entered his pleas of guilty.” 281 Ala., at 663, 207 So. 2d, at 415.
Reversed.
Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U. S. 52; Ala. Code, Tit. 15, §§ 318 (1) — (12) (Supp. 1967).
The elements of robbery in Alabama are derived from the common law, but the possible penalties are fixed by statute. Ala. Code, Tit. 14, §415 (1958).
This is unlike Cardinale v. Louisiana, 394 U. S. 437, in which the state court was perhaps unacquainted with the federal question at issue. For, as already stated, four of the seven justices on the court below (a majority) discussed the matter and its implications for Alabama law.
“A plea of guilty is more than a voluntary confession made in open court. It also serves as a stipulation that no proof by the
In the federal regime we have Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure which governs the duty of the trial judge before accepting a guilty plea. See McCarthy v. United States, 394 U. S. 459. We said in that case:
“A defendant who enters such a plea simultaneously waives several constitutional rights, including his privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, his right to trial by jury, and his right to confront his accusers. For this waiver to be valid under the Due Process Clause, it must be 'an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege.’ Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U. S. 458, 464 (1938). Consequently, if a defendant’s guilty plea is not equally voluntary and knowing, it has been obtained in violation of due process and is therefore void. Moreover, because a guilty plea is an admission of all the elements of a formal criminal charge, it cannot be truly voluntary unless the defendant possesses an understanding of the law in relation to the facts.” Id., at 466.
Among the States requiring that an effective waiver of the right to plead not guilty appear affirmatively in the record are Colorado, Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 39-7-8; Illinois, Ill. Rev. Stat., c. 38, §§ 113-1 to 114-14; Missouri, State v. Blaylock, 394 S. W. 2d 364 (1965); New York, People v. Seaton, 19 N. Y. 2d 404, 407, 227 N. E. 2d 294, 295 (1967); Wisconsin, State v. Burke, 22 Wis. 2d 486, 494, 126 N. W. 2d 91, 96 (1964); and Washington, Woods v. Rhay, 68 Wash. 2d 601, 605, 414 P. 2d 601, 604 (1966).
“A majority of criminal convictions are obtained after a plea of guilty. If these convictions are to be insulated from attack, the trial court is best advised to conduct an on the record examination of the defendant which should include, inter alia, an attempt to satisfy itself that the defendant understands the nature of the charges, his right to a jury trial, the acts sufficient to constitute the offenses for which he is charged and the permissible range of sentences.” Commonwealth ex rel. West v. Rundle, 428 Pa. 102, 105-106, 237 A. 2d 196, 197-198 (1968).