Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Barber v. Gonzales
347 U.S. 637
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1954-06-07
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- concluding that assault with a deadly weapon is a crime that involves moral turpitude
- stating that although the inhabitants of the Philippines during the territorial period were "nationals” of the United States, they were not "United States citizens”
- explaining that this definition codified a technical and historical understanding of the term “entry” as requiring “an arrival from some foreign port or place”
- discussing legislation that resulted in the independence of the Philippines
- Texas courts will recognize formally written and signed statements of settlement or their substantial equivalents.
- "The history of 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) indicates that the commerce requirement contained therein is to be broadly construed.”
- “While it is true that statutory language should be interpreted whenever possible according to common usage, some terms acquire a special technical meaning by a process of judicial construction”
- “It is conceded that respondent was born a national of the United States; that as such he owed permanent allegiance to the United States .... ”
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Barber v. Gonzales. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Authority status
- pending
- Cited by
- 178 opinions
BARBERv. GONZALES,347 U.S. 637(1954)
74 S.Ct. 822
BARBER, DISTRICT DIRECTOR, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE,
v. GONZALES.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.
No. 431.
Argued March 10, 1954.
Decided June 7, 1954.
(a) Respondent is not deportable under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917 unless he made an "entry" within the meaning of that provision, notwithstanding § 8(a)(1) of the Philippine Independence Act which provides that citizens of the Philippine Islands who are not citizens of the United States shall be considered aliens for immigration purposes. Pp. 639-640.
(b) When respondent came to the United States from the Philippine Islands as a national prior to enactment of the Philippine Independence Act of 1934, he did not make an "entry" into the United States within the meaning of § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917, since he did not come from some "foreign port or place." Pp. 640-643.207 F.2d 398, affirmed.
After respondent was taken into custody, he filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The petition attacked the validity of the deportation order on the ground, among others, that he was not subject to deportation under § 19(a) since he had not made an "entry" within the meaning of that section. The District Court dismissed the petition. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, with one judge dissenting, reversed the District Court's judgment and remanded the case with directions to order respondent's release from custody.207 F.2d 398. We granted certiorari.346 U.S. 914.
The sole question presented is whether respondent — who was born a national of the United States in the Philippine Islands, who came to the continental United States as a national prior to the Philippine Independence Act of 1934, and who was sentenced to imprisonment in 1941Page 639and 1950 for crimes involving moral turpitude — may now be deported under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917.
It is conceded that respondent was born a national of the United States; that as such he owed permanent allegiance to the United States, including the obligation of military service; that he retained this status when he came to the continental United States in 1930 and hence was not then subject to the Immigration Act of 1917 or any other federal statute relating to the exclusion or deportation of aliens.1The Government, however, contends that respondent's status as a national was changed by the Philippine Independence Act of 1934,48 Stat. 456, which provided for the eventual independence of the Philippines, subsequently achieved in 1946,60 Stat. 1352. Section 8(a)(1) of the 1934 Act provides:
"For the purposes of the Immigration Act of 1917, . . . this section, and all other laws of the United States relating to the immigration, exclusion, or expulsion of aliens, citizens of the Philippine Islands who are not citizens of the United States shall be considered as if they were aliens. For such purposes the Philippine Islands shall be considered as a separate country and shall have for each fiscal year a quota of fifty."Page 640
The Government urges that the reference in § 8(a)(1) to "citizens of the Philippine Islands" includes Filipinos then residing in the United States; that by virtue of this provision the respondent was assimilated to the status of an alien for purposes of "immigration, exclusion, or expulsion"; and that, having been twice convicted thereafter of crimes involving moral turpitude, he is deportable under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of 1917.
The Government's argument is premised on the assumption that respondent made an "entry" within the meaning of § 19(a). If he did not make such an "entry," then he is not deportable under that section, even assuming that the Government is correct in its broad construction of the 1934 Philippine Independence Act. Section 19(a) provides:
". . . except as hereinafter provided, any alien who is hereafter sentenced to imprisonment for a term of one year or more because of conviction in this country of a crime involving moral turpitude, committed within five years after the entry of the alien to the United States, or who is hereafter sentenced more than once to such a term of imprisonment because of conviction in this country of any crime involving moral turpitude,committed at any time afterentry. . . shall, upon the warrant of the Attorney General, be taken into custody and deported. . . ." (Italics added.)
The Court of Appeals sustained respondent's contention that he had never made the requisite "entry." With this conclusion, we agree.
The Government would have us interpret "entry" in § 19(a) in its "ordinary, everyday sense" of a "coming into the United States." Under this view, respondent's "coming into the United States" from the PhilippinePage 641Islands in 1930 would satisfy the "entry" requirement. While it is true that statutory language should be interpreted whenever possible according to common usage, some terms acquire a special technical meaning by a process of judicial construction. So it is with the word "entry" in § 19(a).E. g., Delgadillov.Carmichael,332 U.S. 388;United States ex rel. Claussenv.Day,279 U.S. 398;Di Pasqualev.Karnuth,158 F.2d 878;Del Guerciov.Gabot,161 F.2d 559. Cf.United States ex rel. Volpev.Smith,289 U.S. 422,425.2InUnited States ex rel.Claussenv.Day, supra, at 401, this Court stated the applicable rule:
"The word `entry' [in § 19(a)] by its own force implies a coming from outside. The context shows that in order that there be an entry within the meaning of the Actthere must be an arrival from someforeign port or place. There is no such entry where one goes to sea on board an American vessel from aPage 642port of the United States and returns to the same or another port of this country without having been in any foreign port or place." (Italics added.)
See alsoUnited States ex rel. Stapfv.Corsi,287 U.S. 129,132;Carmichaelv.Delaney,170 F.2d 239,242-243. This concept of "entry" was codified by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952.3
At the time respondent came to the continental United States, he was not arriving "from some foreign port or place." On the contrary, he was a United States national moving from one of our insular possessions to the mainland. It was not until the 1934 Philippine Independence Act that the Philippines could be regarded as "foreign" for immigration purposes. Having made no "entry," respondent is not deportable under § 19(a) as an alien who "after entry" committed crimes involving moral turpitude. The Government warns that this conclusion is inconsistent with a broad congressional purpose to terminate the United States residence of alien criminals. But we believe a different conclusion would not be permissible in view of the well-settled meaning of "entry" in § 19(a). Although not penal in character, deportation statutes as a practical matter may inflict "the equivalent of banishment or exile,"Fong Haw Tanv.Phelan,333 U.S. 6,10,Page 643and should be strictly construed. SeeDelgadillov.Carmichael,332 U.S. 388,391. In the absence of explicit language showing a contrary congressional intent, we must give technical words in deportation statutes their usual technical meaning.4
The judgment of the Court of Appeals isAffirmed.
The effect of the Court's opinion is to construe the Act strictly in favor of the convicted criminal sought to be deported for his criminal acts, rather than in favor of the United States in protection of its citizens. I know of no good reason why we should by strained construction of an Act compel the United States to cling onto alien criminals. It is not the public policy of this country to construe its statutes strictly in favor of alien criminals whose convictions have already been established of record. Why should we give a strained construction to the word "entry" in the instant case? The least we should do is to give the word "entry" its ordinary meaning.Page 644
In construing this very statute, this Court said inUnited States ex rel. Volpev.Smith,289 U.S. 422,425:
"An examination of the Immigration Act of 1917, we think, reveals nothing sufficient to indicate that Congress did not intend the word `entry' in § 19 should have its ordinary meaning."
Cf.Eichenlaubv.Shaughnessy,338 U.S. 521.
The case ofDelgadillov.Carmichael,332 U.S. 388, lends no authority to this case. In that case, the alien had never voluntarily left the United States for foreign land. His ship was torpedoed. He was blown into the sea. He was rescued and taken to Cuba, from whence he came back to the United States by way of Miami, Florida. This Court said:
"In this case petitioner, of course, chose to return to this country, knowing he was in a foreign place. But the exigencies of war, not his voluntary act, put him on foreign soil. It would indeed be harsh to read the statute so as to add the peril of deportation to such perils of the sea. We might as well hold that if he had been kidnapped and taken to Cuba, he made a statutory `entry' on his voluntary return. Respect for law does not thrive on captious interpretations." P. 391.
There is nothing captious or fortuitous about this petitioner's "entry" into the United States. He came to this country from outside, as all aliens do. No case by this Court supports the special construction given by the Court to the word "entry."
Because of the Court's strict construction of this statute, which has the effect of putting a liberal construction on the statute in favor of the alien criminal, which I believe to be contrary to the public policy of this country, I dissent.Page 645
- Page 639 From the Spanish cession in 1898 until final independence in 1946, the Philippine Islands were American territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. SeeHooven Allison Co. v.Evatt,324 U.S. 652,674-676. Persons born in the Philippines during this period were American nationals entitled to the protection of the United States and conversely owing permanent allegiance to the United States. They could not be excluded from this country under a general statute relating to the exclusion of "aliens." SeeGonzalesv.Williams,192 U.S. 1,12-13;Toyotav.United States,268 U.S. 402,411. But, until 1946, neither could they become United States citizens. SeeToyotav.United States, supra;60 Stat. 416. ↩
- Page 641 In theVolpecase, the Court stated: "We accept the view thatthe word `entry'. . . [in § 19(a)] . . .includes any coming of an alien from a foreign country into the UnitedStateswhether such coming be the first or any subsequent one. And this requires affirmance of the challenged judgment. . . . That the secondcoming of an alien from a foreign country into the UnitedStatesis an entry within the usual acceptation of that word is clear enough fromLewisv.Frick,233 U.S. 291;Claussenv.Day,279 U.S. 398. An examination of the Immigration Act of 1917, we think, reveals nothing sufficient to indicate that Congress did not intend the word `entry' in § 19 should have its ordinary meaning." (Italics added.) The context of the latter sentence makes it clear that the Court regarded the word's "ordinary meaning" as being "any coming of an alien from a foreign country." In theDelgadillocase,supra, the Court narrowed this definition even further by holding that a resident alien does not make an "entry" from a foreign country if his arrival in the foreign country was unintentional. ↩
- Page 642 Section 101(a) (13) of the 1952 Act,66 Stat. 167,8 U.S.C. § 1101(a) (13), provides in pertinent part: "The term `entry' means any coming of an alien into the United States, from a foreign port or place or from an outlying possession . . . ." Section 101(a) (29),66 Stat. 170,8 U.S.C. § 1101(a) (29), defines "outlying possessions" as American Samoa and Swains Island. By a special provision in the 1952 Act, the exclusion process is made applicable to any alien coming to the continental United States from Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands.66 Stat. 188,8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(7). ↩
- Page 643 The respondent also attacks the validity of the deportation order on the grounds: (1) that he made no "entry" because he was not an alien when he came to this country; (2) that § 8(a)(1) of the 1934 Philippine Independence Act did not apply to Filipinos already residing here and that hence he was not an alien in 1941 when he was sentenced for one of the two crimes involved in this proceeding; (3) that he is not an alien today because Congress lacked the power to deprive him of his status as a national. Our disposition of the case makes it unnecessary to consider these contentions. ↩