Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
American Fruit Growers, Inc. v. Brogdex Co.
Am. Fruit Growers, Inc. v. Brogdex Co., 283 U.S. 1 (1931)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1931-03-02
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- giving "anything made for use from raw or prepared materials" as one definition of "manufacture"
- cleaning a shell by acid and then grinding off a layer with an emery wheel did not convert it into a different product
- Patent Law, 35 U.S.C. 31, patentable “manufacture”
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed American Fruit Growers, Inc. v. Brogdex Co.. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 100 opinions
FRUIT GROWERS, INC.,v. BROGDEX CO.,283 U.S. 1(1931)
51 S.Ct. 328
AMERICAN FRUIT GROWERS, INCORPORATED,v. BROGDEX CO.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT.
No. 48.
Argued January 9, 12, 1931.
Decided March 2, 1931.
CERTIORARI,281 U.S. 709, to review a decree which affirmed
the District Court,21 F.2d 110, in adjudging that the patent
of the present respondent was valid and was infringed by the
petitioner.
These patentees have made a real invention of most substantial importance. The experts of the Department of Agriculture and also the practical citrus industry, working energetically over a period of more than two decades in the effort to minimize the losses due to blue mold decay, found and taught, in reiterated statements, two things: First, the only solution of the difficulty was to use careful handling; and that did not solve the problem. Second, chemicals were worse than useless.
It was not until after the invention of these patentees became known, that any other persons in the art worked with a view to finding inhibiting rather than killing substances, this being a different line of attack from those previously used.
The patentees found that borax was the best such substance; and it is the one which everybody now wants to use.
That this is not an obvious substance for this purpose is clear from the evidence. Its action is not yet thoroughly understood; it is only a mild disinfectant but it seems to have some influence not entirely understood on the rind of the fruit which enables the solution to prevent the development of decay.
Even after the invention was announced and demonstrated by the patentees, the experts did not say "ofPage 3course, that will work." Instead, they made elaborate and extended tests of their own and were, at first, cautious in their endorsement of the process, taking it up in a hesitant and tentative manner. Certainly that means that it was not an obvious solution of the problem. Such a situation is often cited as an indication of invention.Eibel Co. v.Minnesota O. PaperCo.,261 U.S. 45,55;Pyrene Mfg. Co. v.Boyce, 292 F. 480, 484;Westinghouse Air Brake Co. v.N.Y. Air Brake Co., 59 F. 581, 593;Gandyv.Main Belting Co.,143 U.S. 587,594.
The importance of the invention is widely recognized. It solved a problem of long standing and supplied a long felt want. There is, therefore, a strong presumption that what has been done amounts to patentable invention.McClurgv.Kingsland, 1 How. 202;Gandyv.Main Belting Co., supra; Eibel Co. v.Minnesota O. Paper Co., supra; Mowryv.Whitney, 14 Wall. 620;Heller Bros. Co. v.Crucible Steel Co., 297 F. 39;United Verde Copper Co. v.Peirce-Smith Converter Co.,7 F.2d 13;Trane Co. v.Nash Engineering Co.,25 F.2d 267.
The patent properly covers the invention. The process is covered by certain of the claims. It emphasizes the effective impregnation of the exposed rind or skin tissues (i.e., exposed by the inevitable, though often slight, mechanical injuries) with the borax solution, the fluidity, strength and temperature of the solution, and the duration of treatment, being such as to bring this about. Also, the borax, having impregnated the wounds in the skin, is not to be washed off, but is to remain there in effective quantity until the fruit is consumed. It is to continue to be present and continue to act to prevent the growth of the spores.
By the manufacturing process an article has been produced which never before existed — fruit, the rind of which carries borax. That article does not grow; it is made by using, as a part of the complete article, something whichPage 4has grown — much as one uses wood or other products of nature as a part of manufactured articles. This is a "manufacture."Riter-Conley Mfg. Co. v.Aiken, 203 F. 699, 703;ArmstrongSeatag Corp. v.Smith's Island Oyster Co., 254 F. 821.
The tariff cases cited by petitioner are not applicable to narrow the definition of an article of manufacture as contemplated by the patent statute. This is because the question of what is and what is not an article of manufacture under the highly technical provisions of tariff schedules is determined by the courts, in any given instance, upon a rule or underlying principle obviously very different from that controlling the question in patent law.Hartranftv.Wiegmann,121 U.S. 609;Anheuser-Buschv.United States,207 U.S. 556.
The patent to Bishop describes a procedure in which sealing or encasing fruit or other article of food in an air-excluding gelatin covering is the object sought, the article of food being initially washed with a boric acid solution to kill germs. The patent does not mention fresh fruit, or blue mold decay; nor does it deal in any way with the conditions to be met and the problems to be overcome in preventing blue mold or kindred decay in the commercial handling of fresh fruit to be marketed as such.
Moreover, as the testimony of defendant's experts conclusively establishes, if it be attempted to treat fresh fruit, following the directions given in that patent, the fruit is not only rendered commercially worthless because of its appearance and other physical characteristics, but is caused to spoil. The Bishop air-tight covering, which causes the spoilage, is a wholly different thing from the optionally applied film coating of paraffin, described in the patent in suit, which is not air-tight but permits the fruit to breathe.
The very volume of the prior art set up by the defendant serves to emphasize the patentable character of whatPage 5Brogden and Trowbridge did.Carnegiev.Cambria,185 U.S. 403,445;American Stainless Steel Co. v.Ludlum Steel Co., 290 F. 103, 105, 106;Westinghouse Air-Brake Co. v.GreatNorthern Ry. Co., 88 F. 258, 263;Fleischman Yeast Co. v.Federal Yeast Corp.,8 F.2d 186,197.
The defendant's theory seems to be that any prior patent or publication mentioning borax or boric acid as being used, or attempted or suggested to be used, as a preservative, is pertinent. What Brogden and Trowbridge did was to ascertain that borax was a particularly good inhibiting agent for their purposes, namely, controlling blue mold decay in the commercial large-scale handling of fresh fruit, when applied in their manner; and what they have patented is a process for applying it and the product resulting from such application.
The prior patents and publications show nothing of that. They disclose, what we fully admit, that borax and boric acid had, many years ago, been proposed as preservatives in canning and pickling processes — even before any problems had arisen in connection with the decay caused by blue mold on fresh citrus fruits, and also in subsequent years. But they do not disclose any process by which the results of the invention in issue could be attained.
The burden of proof is strongly on the defendant in attempting to prove prior use or prior invention, and every reasonable doubt should be resolved against him.
Both courts below held all of these claims valid and infringed; and directed that petitioner be enjoined from using any process therein specified, also from manufacturing, selling, or using "treated fruit embodying and containing the invention described in said letters patent and secured by any of said [product] claims."
Of the process claims, the following is characteristic —
"3. In the preparation of fresh fruit for market, the process which comprises subjecting fruit to the action of an aqueous solution of borax, the fluidity, strength and temperature of the treating solution, and the duration of the treatment, being such that exposed rind or skin tissues of the fruit are effectively impregnated with borax and rendered resistant to blue mold decay, while at the same time the fruit is not scalded nor is its freshness or edibility otherwise substantially impaired."
The following is typical of the product claims —
"26. Fresh citrus fruit of which the rind or skin carries borax in amount that is very small but sufficient to render the fruit resistant to blue mold decay."
"The claim of a patent must always be explained by and read in connection with the specification."Carnegie Steel Co. v.Cambria Iron Co.,185 U.S. 403,432.
The specification in respect of the patent states —
"This invention relates to art of preparing fresh fruit for market; and in particular it relates to processes for the treatment of citrus and other fruits in such manner that the development of molds and the like upon the fruit, and especially the development of blue mold and infection by blue mold spores, is prevented or arrested either wholly or to such large extent as greatly to prolongPage 7the marketable life of the fruit beyond what has been possible heretofore; the complete treatment most desirably also including a step of providing the fruit with a very thin film-like coating of protective material comprising a waxy substance such as paraffin; all as will more fully hereinafter appear.
"The greatest present utility of the invention is in the treatment of citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruit, lemons, tangerines, etc.; also apples and other fruits that are attacked by blue mold or the like. The invention is broad, however, and the term fruit as herein employed is to be understood as not necessarily restricted to fruit in the sense in which the word is usually employed, but is to be understood broadly as including not only fruit proper but also vegetables, such as tomatoes or the like, that can be treated to advantage in accordance with the principles of the invention to be hereinafter set forth.
"For the sake of a concrete example whereby the principles of the invention may be illustrated and explained, reference will be made hereinafter more particularly to the treatment of citrus fruit, especially oranges and lemons, which are especially subject to attack and destruction by blue mold. It is a well-known fact that a large part of the losses from decay in the marketing of various fruits, such as citrus fruits and apples, is attributable directly to the action of blue mold. The problem of how to suppress or control blue mold development on fruits has been the subject of extensive and careful investigation, but admittedly no thoroughly satisfactory solution of the problem has heretofore been offered. In spite of elaborate precautions taken in the handling and transportation of fruits to market, it is not uncommon for shipments of oranges and the like to arrive at marketing points showing in some cases as much as 30 to 40 per cent decay directly attributable to blue mold. The various investigations of the subject have shown that while blue moldPage 8does not ordinarily attack perfectly sound fruit that is free from bruises, cuts, thorn-pricks or punctures, the slightest surface cut or scratch affords a point of attack by providing lodgment for blue mold spores which develop with great rapidity and soon bring about complete destruction of the infected fruit. . . .
"The present applicants have discovered that by proper treatment of the fruit in the packing house it is possible to greatly reduce, and often to absolutely prevent, the growth or development of blue mold on fruit for long periods of time, and thus to materially lessen or even eliminate the heretofore unavoidable losses from decay. Moreover, it is possible to achieve these results without upsetting or greatly changing present practice so far as concerns the mechanical handling of fruit in packing houses of the modern type. Thorough practical tests of the novel processes have demonstrated conclusively that, by proceeding in accordance with the invention, blue mold development can be arrested, and fruit can be rendered immune to attack by blue mold spores, in a simple and effective manner without affecting the freshness and flavor of the fruit, the marketable life of the fruit being thus prolonged far beyond that of untreated fruit. In view of the well known persistent activity of blue mold spores even under conditions fatal to the parent mold, the importance of this achievement is obvious. In general, the process of the invention involves applying to the fruit a mold-inhibiting reagent comprising the boric acid radical, said compound being most desirably alkaline in reaction and being employed in concentration effective to render the surface of the fruit unfavorable as a medium for blue mold development. Ordinary borax (Na[1]B[4]O[7] + 1OH[2]O) has been found after extensive investigation, to be especially potent in its retarding and inhibiting action in this connection, and this substance is considered at present to be the most desirable to employPage 9in practicing the invention. A water solution of borax is alkaline in reaction, but is without corrosive or other deteriorating action upon fruit to which it is applied. Boric acid is not so effective as a mold-retarder as is borax; but compounds of boron, whether acid or alkaline, appear to have a specific inhibiting action upon blue mold; and hence it is not desired to limit the invention, so far as concerns compounds of boron, to the employment of an alkaline treating solution.
"The method of applying the treating solution to the fruit may assume various specifically different forms, the precise details of procedure being not essential to the invention in its broader aspects. However, where it is desirable, as may often be the case, to carry out the process without changing prior practice any more than is strictly necessary, the application of the mold-retarding agent may be effected as a part of or in conjunction with the usual washing operation to which the fruit is initially subjected in its handling according to modern packing house methods, especially as most of the mold-retarding agents herein contemplated also have excellent cleansing or detergent properties. Accordingly, in the practice of the invention, the mold-retarding agent, borax in a specific instance, may be added in proper mold-inhibiting quantity directly to the wash water in the usual soaking tank into which the fruit is dumped from the field boxes as it comes from the groves. . . .
"From this point on, the handling of the fruit in further preparation for boxing and shipment may or may not involve additional preservative treatment in accordance with the principles of the invention. This depends upon whether or not the fruit is to receive an application of protective coating material for the purpose of preventing or reducing shrinkage and withering and of ensuring conservation of the original freshness and flavor of the fruit for prolonged periods of time. Generally this furtherPage 10treatment is highly desirable, and if the benefits of the invention are to be realized to the fullest extent, this further treatment should be carried out. It consists in applying to the fruit a normally solid protective material, especially paraffin or like waxy material, in such condition that it can be spread all over the surface of the fruit to produce an extremely thin protective film which is not noticeable except by the expert eye and does not interfere with the so-called breathing or transpiration of the fruit to an undesirable extent, but which is effective to conserve the original plumpness and freshness of the fruit as above stated. . . .
"In the foregoing disclosure of the principles of the invention, reference has been made more particularly to blue mold as a source or cause of decay. Such reference to blue mold is to be taken, not as restrictive, but as generic and as intended, both in the specification and in the claims, to cover not only blue mold but all kindred rot and decay organisms and diseases generally amenable to treatment in accordance with the invention, to which fruit is or may be susceptible and by which it may be damaged under the conditions prevailing in packing and marketing. . . ."
Petitioner admits ownership of plants which pack and sell citrus fruits and that when preparing these for market it caused them to be dipped in a borax solution in order to prevent or retard decay incident to growth of blue mold. Under the treatment applied the raw fruit is immersed in a cold or warm solution of borax or boric acid, permitted to remain until thoroughly wet, then rinsed, dried and brushed. Infringement is admitted, if the patent is valid.
In defense petitioner maintains that the product claims of the patent fail to describe an article of manufacture within the meaning of the statute. Also that the processPage 11claims are invalid for various reasons, among them anticipation by United States Letters Patent No. 683,899, issued October 8, 1901, upon application of Simeon Bishop.
Is an orange, the rind of which has become impregnated with borax, through immersion in a solution, and thereby rendered resistant to blue mold decay, a "manufacture," or manufactured article, within the meaning of § 31, Title 35, U.S. Code?
"Any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvements thereof, not known or used by others in this country, before his invention or discovery thereof, and not patented . . . may . . . obtain a patent therefor."
Answering affirmatively, the Circuit Court of Appeals said: "The product claims define an article of manufacture, since the fruit is the result of a process which is defined and described and not a natural product. The product is a combination of the natural fruit and a boric compound carried by the rind or skin in an amount sufficient to render the fruit resistant to decay. The complete article is not found in nature and is thus an article of manufacture.Riter-Conley Mfg. Co. v.Aiken, et al., 203 F. 609."
This position, we think, is not tenable.
"Manufacture," as well defined by the Century Dictionary, is "the production of articles for use from raw or prepared materials by giving to these materials new forms, qualities, properties, or combinations, whether by hand-labor or by machinery." Also "anything made for use from raw or prepared materials."
Addition of borax to the rind of natural fruit does not produce from the raw material an article for use which possesses a new or distinctive form, quality, or property. The added substance only protects the natural articlePage 12against deterioration by inhibiting development of extraneous spores upon the rind. There is no change in the name, appearance, or general character of the fruit. It remains a fresh orange fit only for the same beneficial uses as theretofore.
InHartranftv.Wiegmann,121 U.S. 609,613,615, this Court considered the meaning of the words "manufactures of shells" and held that "cleaning off the outer layer of the shell by acid, and then grinding off the second layer by an emery wheel, so as to expose the brilliant inner layer," did not convert it into a manufacture. "The shells in question here were not manufactured, and were not manufactures of shells, within the sense of the statute imposing a duty of 35 per centum upon such manufactures, but were shells not manufactured, and fell under that designation in the free list. They were still shells. They had not been manufactured into a new and different article, having a distinctive name, character or use from that of a shell. The application of labor to an article, either by hand or by mechanism, does not make the article necessarily a manufactured article, within the meaning of that term as used in the tariff laws. Washing and scouring wool does not make the resulting wool a manufacture of wool. Cleaning and ginning cotton does not make the resulting cotton a manufacture of cotton."
And inAnheuser-Busch Assn. v.United States,207 U.S. 556,562, where it was claimed that corks for bottles which had undergone special treatment after importation thereby became articles manufactured in the United States, this Court said: "Manufacture implies a change, but every change is not manufacture, and yet every change in an article is the result of treatment, labor and manipulation. But something more is necessary, as set forth and illustrated inHartranftv.Wiegmann,121 U.S. 609.Page 13There must be transformation; a new and different article must emerge `having a distinctive name, character or use.'"
If it be assumed that the process claims under consideration cover an invention, we think this lacked novelty when application was made for the patent, August 13, 1923. The underlying conception had been adequately revealed in Bishop's Patent of 1901.
He claimed —
"1. The method of treating articles of food to preserve and enhance their value, which consists in washing them with a solution of boracic acid and then applying a coating of gelatin, substantially as described.
"2. The method of treating articles of food to preserve and enhance their value, which consists in washing them with a solution of boracic acid and then applying a coating of gelatin, and finally wrapping the article in tissue paper which has been impregnated with a solution of boracic acid, substantially as specified."
And in the specification he affirmed —
"This invention aims to prolong the period of usefulness of fruit, vegetables, eggs, and the like as articles of food and prevent their usual rapid decay and deterioration, thereby benefiting the grower, the shipper, the merchant, and the consumer.
"The invention consists in subjecting the article of food to an antiseptic bath to purify, cleanse, and kill all germs, then treating it to a coat of air-excluding material. This process not only preserves the articles of food, but enhances its value. . ..
"The application of boracic acid is advantageous in that it prevents decay and adds to the appearance of the article and is perfectly harmless to the human system. The gelatin, besides excluding the air, also adds to the appearance of the article. . . ."Page 14
That boracic (boric) acid — a weak acid — and borax, with an alkaline reaction, inhibit the rapid development of blue mold has long been known. Both are compounds of boron and contain the "boric acid radical." Their antiseptic quality is due to the presence of that element. For present purposes, the two must be regarded as equivalents, and the mere substitution of one for the other would not involve invention or avoid infringement. Walker on Patents, 6th ed. § 426.
Read together, the claims and specification of the Bishop patent show that he intended it should have wide application and cover treatment of citrus, as well as other, fruits. He distinctly states the application of boracic acid prevents the usual rapid decay, and upon this basic fact respondent endeavors to support the patent in suit.
True, Bishop proposed as a secondary step the application of gelatine, which he averred would exclude the air and enhance the appearance of the article. But Brogden and Trowbridge also said in their specification that "if the benefits of the invention are to be realized to the fullest extent," the fruit after being soaked should receive an application of protective coating material, such as paraffin, or like waxy material. If the claims of the patent in suit are valid, one operating under the process described by Bishop would infringe — and considering the circumstances here disclosed, that is enough to show invalidity of the later patent.Knappv.Morss,150 U.S. 221,228. It lacks novelty. The substance of its disclosures had been revealed by Bishop twenty years earlier.Sewallv.Jones,91 U.S. 171,182,et seq.Reversed.Page 15