Spain v. Oregon-Washington R. & N. Co.

Mr. Justice McBride

delivered the opinion of the court.

1, 2. The question as to whether plaintiff was intoxicated or drinking intoxicating liquor is foreclosed by the verdict of the jury so far as this court is concerned. If plaintiff and his witness are to be believed, he was *360 utterly innocent of drinking any intoxicating liquor and was duly sober; while, on the other hand, several apparently reputable witnesses testified that he was not only drinking liquor, but was exceedingly drunk. The jury evidently accepted the testimony of plaintiff and his witness, and we must therefore assume that plaintiff was peacefully and soberly traveling on defendant’s train, and that defendant’s conductor seeing him drink ginger ale from a bottle assumed at once it was beer, and calling a deputy sheriff, who was also a watchman employed by defendant, to his assistance, had plaintiff ejected from the train and put under arrest. If plaintiff was drunk or drinking intoxicating liquor on the train, or if his conduct was such as to have induced a reasonable man to believe him drunk, it was not only his right but the duty of the conductor to place him under arrest. To be intoxicated or to drink intoxicating liquor in an ordinary passenger-car is a crime made punishable by Chapter 135, Laws of 1911, while Section 6959, L. O. L., declares that the conductor of a railroad train, while actually engaged as such, shall have the power of a sheriff in each county through which the train passes for the purpose of protecting the public peace and arresting violators thereof on or near such train. Accepting plaintiff’s testimony as true, as we must after verdict, it appears that the conductor, without stopping to investigate or ascertain the contents of the bottle, called an officer and caused a perfectly sober passenger to be put under arrest, as a consequence of which he was incarcerated in a cold and filthy prison, detained from his business, and suffered slings and arrows of outrageous fortune as detailed in the Iliad of his woes given in the preliminary statement. Whether the conductor acted in good faith was a question for the jury, *361 and it was fairly submitted by tbe instruction given by tbe court.

3-6. It is contended that the court erred in admitting testimony to tbe effect that plaintiff’s companions, who drank with bim from, tbe same bottle, were not disturbed by tbe conductor; but we think this is admissible, both as a part of tbe res gestae and as showing tbe good faith of tbe conductor in making the arrest. Tbe bearing of this testimony upon any phase of tbe case would necessarily be slight in any event if it bad any at all, but, while remote, we do not think it incompetent. Tbe testimony in regard to tbe condition of tbe Huntington jail was not improper. If defendant by its agents, tbe conductor and watchman, unlawfully or maliciously caused plaintiff’s arrest and incarceration, it was a continuing tort for tbe consequences of which tbe original wrongdoer should be held responsible. Tbe defendant’s trespass, if it was one, did not end when tbe plaintiff was banded over to its watchman, but continued during bis incarceration and up to bis release. Tbe complaint was drawn upon this theory, and tbe conditions in tbe jail are fully set forth as an element of plaintiff’s damage. While it is true that tbe conductor is given by tbe statute tbe powers of a sheriff, it is not conceived that when executing tbe duty of preserving order on tbe train be ceases to be a servant of bis company, or that tbe statute invests bim with any other or different power than that already possessed by bim as conductor beyond that of calling upon tbe bystanders for assistance in making an arrest, which but for tbe statute be would have no legal right to require. It is impossible to separate tbe peace officer from tbe conductor when the duties of both are vested in tbe same person, and practically tbe same duty, is required in each capacity. “I swear *362 as a private person and not as a bishop,” said a cleric when reproved by the king for profanity. “But,” said the king, “if the private person goes to hell for swearing, what becomes of the bishop?” So, if.the conductor negligently or willfully assaults a passenger or expels him from the train, what becomes of the peace officer wearing the same skin? The powers given by statute to the conductor are not for the purpose of enabling his employer to escape liability for his acts, but to enable him better to protect its property and passengers from the unlawful acts of others. The same may be said of Rooney, the man actually making the arrest. If, as he says, he saw plaintiff drinking beer on the train and found him on the train drunk, he was justified in arresting him and taking him to jail; but, while he had incidentally a deputy sheriff’s appointment, he was nevertheless an employee of defendant and in its service for the purpose of protecting its trains and depots from lawlessness. The deputyship and badge were, no doubt, given him for the purpose of enabling him the more efficiently to perform the duties of his employment. When Rooney, the deputy sheriff, led plaintiff from the train to the street and thence to the jail, Rooney, the watchman of defendant, also led him there, and it was Rooney the agent of defendant, who consented that plaintiff might be charged with a municipal offense instead of a violation of the state law. So that if these employees of defendant acted negligently or willfully in the premises and ejected and imprisoned a sober man who had not violated any law of the state, which fact they might have ascertained by reasonable diligence, the tort was a continuing one including all the discomforts of the jail in which he was confined; and the mere fact that the conductor and watchman were *363 also peace officers will not relieve the defendant of liability for their tortious acts. Another objection was to the ruling of the court permitting plaintiff to testify as to his sense of humiliation and mortification on account of being publicly ejected from the car. It is well settled that except in cases of slander, breach of promise and the like, a recovery for mental suffering unaccompanied by physical injury will not be permitted: Adams v. Brosius, 69 Or. 513 (139 Pac. 729, 51 L. R. A. (N. S.) 36). But the same authorities cited in the case last referred to hold, also, that where the tort is accompanied by physical injury mental suffering may be taken into account. In the case at bar the ejection was accompanied with some degree of physical force, and, if this was not justified, it constituted an assault and involved a false imprisonment of the plaintiff. Under these circumstances the testimony was relevant: 19 Cyc. 368.

7. Another alleged error was the ruling of the court permitting one Workman to answer the following question: ‘‘What are your habits as to the use of intoxicating liquor!” The witness replied: “I claim to be a good, clean athlete, and I don’t drink any liquor.” Ordinarily the question would have been irrelevant, though it can hardly be seen how the answer could have affected the case one way or the other; but in this particular instance the witness had testified that he was the person who furnished a bottle of ginger ale from which plaintiff drank and which the conductor claimed to have been beer. Upon cross-examination he was asked where he got the ale, what sized bottle it was in, and how many bottles he had brought with him; the counsel asking him this question, among others: “Was that really ginger ale, or was it a sort of dry-county'ginger ale!” The tendency of the cross- *364 examination was to suggest a doubt as to the truth of the witness’ statement that the contents of the bottle he was carrying and from which plaintiff drank were really nonintoxicating. Under the circumstances there was no impropriety in allowing the witness to state that he did not drink liquors as tending to show the improbability of the assumption that hé was carrying intoxicating liquor in his grip or drinking it upon the occasion in question.

8,9. The next objection is that the court’s statement of the issues to the jury did not cover all the material issues. Either in the preliminary statement or during the charge the court covered all the material issues made in the pleadings. That presented by defendant in the way of a request for instructions was too lengthy to be of value to the jury, being practically a summary of the pleadings, which the jury had with them and could read for themselves. The fact that the plaintiff pleaded guilty to a charge of being drunk and disorderly in the City of Huntington was not a material averment in the answer, and the denial thereof in the reply raised no material issue; and the record not being of a matter between the same parties is not conclusive either as evidence or as an estoppel. Its sole value is as evidence of an admission contrary to the plaintiff’s present contention. This is supported by the following authorities: Freeman, Judgments (4 ed.), § 319; Black, Judgments (3 ed.), § 529; Young v. Copple, 52 Ill. App. 547; Clark v. Irvin, 9 Ohio, 131; Jones v. Cooper, 97 Iowa, 735 (65 N. W. 1000); Corbley v. Wilson, 71 Ill. 209 (22 Am. Rep. 98). In Freeman, Judgments (4 ed.), § 319, the rule and reason for it are thus stated:

“So a judgment of conviction founded upon a plea of guilty may be received in a civil action as an admis *365 sion by the defendant of the facts confessed by his plea; but this is manifestly only a mode of proving such admission, and cannot be regarded as estopping the defendant from showing that notwithstanding such confession and conviction he was not guilty. ’ ’

To the same effect it is said in Black, Judgments (3 ed.), § 529:

“In the next place, a criminal sentence may be admissible in evidence as a species of admission, although, strictly, it is not proper to be received as res judicata. Thus, in a civil action for assault and battery, the defendant gave in evidence, in mitigation of damages, the record of his conviction in a criminal court on an indictment for the same assault and a receipt of the sheriff for the fine and costs of the prosecution. The judge charged that, the record of such conviction having been given in evidence by the defendant himself, it was no longer a matter of doubt that an assault had been committed, and the plaintiff would be entitled to some damag-es. And herein, it was held, there was no error. On the same principle, if the defendant in a criminal prosecution pleads ‘guilty,’ the record of such prosecution and plea may be used as evidence against him in a subsequent civil action involving the same subject matter as tending to prove the act or fact on which the indictment was framed. But since it is not the criminal judgment, but the plea, or rather the fact of his having so pleaded, that thus becomes evidence, it is not conclusive upon him. It is receivable as an admission or confession, but it may be controverted, and must be weighed by the jury. ’ ’

Respectable authority is found supporting a contrary doctrine, but it is believed that the better rule is that herein enunciated. Most of the authorities will be found cited in Erie R. Co. v. Reigherd, 166 Fed. 247 (92 C. C. A. 590), as reported in 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 295 (16 Ann. Cas. 459).

*366 10. Other objections as to rulings and instructions of the court are raised, but we consider all of them without substantial merit, save the exception to the instruction of the court submitting to the jury the question as to reinfection of the wound arising from exposure in the jail and the damages caused by reamputation and loss of business. Plaintiff’s original injury, as shown by the testimony, occurred early in July, 1912, and was occasioned by his hand becoming entangled in a rope (presumably attached to a horse), whereby his wrist was cut to the bone and all the arteries severed, necessitating the amputation of his right hand at the wrist. The wound never completely healed and continued to discharge pus and pieces of necrosed bone up to the time he started to Boise, about the 17th of October, 1912. Plaintiff stayed at Boise one day and started back the next evening, and was arrested at Huntington about 11 o’clock p. m. of the 19th of October. He states that he had some horses out on the track at Boise which he had leased out, and did quite a lot of running around, and was pretty tired when he got on the train; that there was a spot on his arm which was unhealed and discharging pus, but there was no inflammation, and the arm felt all right until he got to Huntington; that he took cold in the wound in the jail, and it began to swell and got worse; and that finally it had to be reamputated. Workman, the next witness called, stated that when plaintiff got on the train at Boise he was perfectly sober, but said he was tired out, and took a nap once in a while. Mrs. Simms, of Union, testified that she dressed plaintiff’s arm when he was starting to Boise, and had dressed it several times before; that it was healing'nicely; that there was an unhealed spot about as large' as a ten-cent piece from which a little pus exuded at times, but *367 no swelling or inflammation; that when plaintiff returned his arm was a great deal worse and was running ‘ ‘ quite a little bit, ’ ’ and continued to grow worse until the second amputation; that it never at any time after the first amputation ceased entirely from discharging pus. Dr. Myers, of Union (who is to be distinguished from Dr. Myer, of Baker, who performed the first amputation), was called as a witness for plain tiff, and testified that he saw the plaintiff’s arm on July 7th, before the first amputation, but was not present when it was amputated; that he dressed the wound frequently in August and possibly for the last time early in September, though he hardly thought he did so at so late a date as that; that several small pieces of necrosed bone came from the wound, and it was still discharging some pus the last time he dressed it, which indicated some kind of infection; that at that time he advised plaintiff not to have the arm reamputated for a while, believing that when all the dead bone came out it would heal of itself. He was then asked these questions on direct examination:

“Now, doctor, assuming that on the 16th or 17th of October, 1912, Mr. Spain’s arm had healed over with the exception of a spot about the size of a dime which was scabbed over and occasionally some pus would come from that, but there was no indication of swelling or inflammation; and further assuming that on the twentieth day of October, or about three days later, this scab on the end of his arm was inflamed, swollen, and sore — what would that, in your opinion as a physician and surgeon, indicate?

“A. It would indicate it was reinfected from some source .or another; that might indicate a lack of drainage, the drainage might have got stopped.

“Q. One or the other, or both?

“A. Yes, sir.

*368 “Q. You say it might indicate it had been reinfected?

“Yes, sir.

“Q. In what way would it be possible to reinfect it?

“A. It might be externally from getting in contact with the dirt, or it might get reinfected through manipulation of any kind that would cause a scattering of the infection already present.

“Q. Assuming he had been handled with more or less violence to the extent of loosening and removing the bandage so either it might have become reinfected or added infection arise from that cause?

“A. That would depend upon whether the wound was actually hurt or not at the time from an internal standpoint, and, if the bandage was removed from' an external standpoint, it would probably be reinfected externally.

‘ ‘ Q. Explain to the jury how this would get infected by a removal of this bandage.

“A. That could be done simply by getting external dirt into the wound. Dirt is infectious that has not been sterilized.

“Q. What do-you mean by a scattering of the infection ?

- “A. If you have a pocket of pus, for instance, there is a granulated tissue will grow that will envelope the pus; if you get that injured so it breaks up that granulated tissue, then the infection will travel into new uninjured tissue.

“Q. What would bring that about?

“A. By rough usage of any kind.

“Q. Would it require very rough usage to do it?

“A. That depends on the stage of the granulation.”

In answer to questions propounded on cross-examination, witness stated that, if the wound was unhealed and discharging pus on the 17th of October, the same condition would probably continue until the 20th; that if the dressing applied was not surgically clean, that is, was not sterilized, the dressing itself might cause *369 infection; that a virulent infection might manifest itself in 24 hours, while a more simple type might run 4 or 5 days and then manifest itself very suddenly. Now, from this testimony, which is wholly from plaintiff’s witnesses, there may be drawn several inferences: (1) That the inflammation which ensued upon the 21st was a mere phase of an infection already shown to exist in the wound; (2) that it arose from plaintiff’s activities around the race-track at Boise; (3) that it came from unsterilized dressings applied by Mrs. Simms before plaintiff’s departure to Boise; or (4) that it arose from unsanitary condition existing in the jail at Huntington. There is no evidence which has a tendency to show from which of these causes the-subsequent aggravated condition arose. It might have been from any one of them, or, if there exists any reason to differentiate, the first of the possible causes would seem the most probable, as there can be no question under plaintiff’s own testimony but that some infection resulting in a discharge of pus existed at the time he left for Boise. That his arm was not in an entirely satisfactory condition while at and returning from Boise is shown by his complaint, which alleges that he was ‘ ‘ suffering from a recently amputated arm and was then on h-is way to consult his regular physician.” When the evidence leaves the case in such a situation that the jury will be required to speculate and guess which of several possible causes occasioned the injury, that part of the case should be withdrawn from their consideration: Armstrong v. Town of Cosmopolis, 32 Wash. 110. (72 Pac. 1038). So far as the wrongful arrest, detention and imprisonment, and the filthy condition of the jail, are concerned, the plaintiff made a case sufficient to go to the jury; but the court should have withdrawn from their consideration *370 the subject of the effects of these acts upon the condition of plaintiff’s arm as constituting an.element in plaintiff’s recovery.

11,12. There is one other objection urged to which, as it involves a question of general interest, we will advert. This is the attempt by defendant to show by the affidavit of three dissenting jurors that the verdict was arrived at by taking’ the aggregate of each juror’s estimate of damages and dividing it by nine; the quotient thus obtained having been previously agreed upon as the amount that should stand as a verdict. It has been so often held a quotient verdict is illegal that a citation of authorities on that point is unnecessary. Neither is it necessary to cite authorities to the effect that the affidavits of jurors will not be received to impeach such a verdict. The distinction attempted to be made by counsel between affidavits made by jurors where a unanimous verdict is required, and cases where the affidavits are made by nonconcurring jurors under statutes such as ours, where three fourths of the jurors may return a verdict, finds no support in the authorities. The rule is the same in either case: Marvin v. Yates, 26 Wash. 50 (66 Pac. 131); Saltzman v. Sunset Telephone & Telegraph Co., 125 Cal. 501 (58 Pac. 169).

For the error heretofore noted, the judgment is reversed and a new trial directed.

Reversed and Remanded.