Opinion · Ohio Supreme Court
Cater v. City of Cleveland
83 Ohio St. 3d 24
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Ohio Supreme Court
- Jurisdiction
- Ohio
- Date
- 1998-08-19
- Topic
- general
“Appellants further contend that R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) provides an independent basis for imposing liability on the city. We reject this contention.... R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) is a defense to liability; it cannot be used to establish liability.” | "Appellants further contend that R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) provides an independent basis for imposing liability on the city. We reject this contention.... R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) is a defense to liability; it cannot be used to establish liability.” | “Appellants further contend that R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) provides an independent basis for imposing liability on the city. We reject this contention.... R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) is a defense to liability; it cannot be used to establish liability.”
Citator
- Cited by
- 137 opinions
[This opinion has been published in Ohio Official Reports at83 Ohio St.3d 24
.]
CATER ET AL., APPELLANTS, v. CITY OF CLEVELAND, APPELLEE.
[Cite as Cater v. Cleveland, 1998-Ohio-421
.]
Municipal corporations—Tort liability—Operation of a municipal swimming
pool is subject to the exceptions to immunity set forth in former R.C.
2744.02(B) and to the available defenses enumerated in R.C. 2744.03.
The operation of a municipal swimming pool, although defined as a governmental
function in R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(u), is subject to the exceptions to immunity
set forth in former R.C. 2744.02(B) and to the available defenses
enumerated in R.C. 2744.03.
(Nos. 97-1261 and 97-1488—Submitted May 13, 1998–Decided August 19,
1998.)
APPEAL from and CERTIFIED by the Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga County, No.
70674.
__________________
{¶ 1} On June 14, 1993, twelve-year-old Darrall A. Cater lost
consciousness from nearly drowning in the city of Cleveland’s Alexander Hamilton
indoor swimming pool. As a result of the near drowning, Darrall developed acute
bronchial pneumonia and was declared brain dead four days later. He died in the
hospital after being removed from life support systems. Darrall’s mother, Valerie
Cater, as administrator of Darrall’s estate, along with Darrall’s father, Lawrence
Cater, plaintiffs-appellants, brought this lawsuit against the city of Cleveland,
defendant-appellee, alleging that the city acted negligently and/or recklessly in
operating the swimming pool and causing Darrall’s death. The city of Cleveland
argued that it was immune from liability under R.C. Chapter 2744 and filed two
motions for summary judgment. The trial court denied both of these motions, and
the case proceeded to trial before a visiting judge.
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
{¶ 2} At trial, the evidence established that the near drowning occurred on
the first day of the summer swim season at the Alexander Hamilton indoor
swimming pool. On that day, there were four Red Cross certified lifeguards on
duty. Lisa Hutson, a year-round physical director, was the senior guard. The other
lifeguards on duty were Willie Hodge, who was also an experienced year-round
physical director; Mark McDougall, who was hired as a summer lifeguard and had
ten years’ lifeguarding experience; and Damon Carter, who had recently been
certified as a lifeguard in May 1993, and was beginning his first day as a lifeguard.
{¶ 3} Open swim was scheduled to take place from 1:00 to 4:30 p.m. From
1:00 p.m. until about shortly after 3:00 p.m., all four guards patrolled the pool.
Hutson walked around the perimeter of the pool deck, while the other three guards
were stationed at the lifeguard chairs, two of which were located at the deep end
and one was located at the shallow end. At around 3:00 p.m., however, Hutson and
Hodge left their posts, and took an unauthorized lunch break. Even though it was
against pool policy to take lunch breaks during open swim periods, Hutson, who
was nearly nine months pregnant, asked Hodge to buy them lunch. When Hodge
returned around 3:30 p.m. with sandwiches, he and Hutson ate lunch in the lobby,
while the other two guards remained at the pool. Rookie guard Carter sat in the
high lifeguard chair at the deep end, while McDougall watched the shallow end of
the pool from his guard chair. A folding chair that was located at the deep end, and
which had previously been occupied by one of the other guards, was left empty.
{¶ 4} At approximately 3:40 p.m., swimmers notified McDougall and
Carter that there was a boy at the bottom of the pool. The boy, later identified as
Darrall Cater, was found at the bottom of the deep end, in seven feet of water, in an
area within five to fifteen feet from the previously occupied folding guard chair.
Carter explained that he had not seen Darrall in distress because glare interfered
with his visibility. The glare was caused by sunlight that reflected off a glass-
paneled wall that ran along the side of the pool, directly behind the high lifeguard
2
January Term, 1998
chair where Carter sat. City employees, including the aquatics manager for the city
of Cleveland, were aware of the glare problem at the pool and conceded that there
was no training on how to deal with the glare.
{¶ 5} Upon seeing Darrall at the bottom of the pool, McDougall dove in the
water, pulled Darrall out of the pool and began CPR. Howard McKeller, the
recreation center manager for the pool, who was responsible for all pool employees
at that location, was returning to the facility when he heard the whistle blow. Upon
hearing the whistle and seeing commotion, McKeller ran to the pool area and
assisted McDougall with resuscitation attempts on Darrall.
{¶ 6} In the meantime, at least three city employees attempted to dial 911,
but were unable to get an outside phone line. Carter said that he tried to dial 911
five or six times but could not get through. Physical director Hutson and a
custodian made several attempts to dial 911, but they, too, did not know how to use
the phone system. These employees were never instructed on the use of 911 and
were never told that it was necessary first to dial a nine to get an outside line. When
asked about the lack of training, center manager McKeller testified that he just
assumed that the guards had been briefed how to get an outside line to dial 911.
Eventually, someone was able to make the 911 call. However, paramedics did not
arrive at the pool until about 4:10 p.m., nearly thirty minutes after Darrall’s body
was discovered at the bottom of the pool.
{¶ 7} One of Darrall’s treating physicians at the hospital testified that
Darrall had been deprived of oxygen for at least five minutes before resuscitation
attempts were underway. According to the coroner, Darrall died as a result of the
near drowning. Frank Pia, plaintiff’s aquatics expert, testified that without proper
oxygenation, irreversible brain damage occurs in a drowning within four to seven
minutes. In Pia’s expert opinion, the conduct of the physical directors and the
failure to have in place an effective rescue plan, including the proper use of 911,
3
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
was reckless. Pia also testified that the glare spot in the pool created a nuisance;
however, the trial court excluded that testimony.
{¶ 8} Following an internal investigation by the city, physical directors
Hutson and Hodge, and the center’s manager, McKeller, were found to have
violated several city policies by failing to ensure that the pool was properly staffed
at all times; wantonly or willfully neglecting the performance of their assigned
duties; leaving the job or work area during regular working hours without
authorization; failing to remain at their posts except in cases of emergency or when
properly relieved; failing to maintain required standards of performance; and failing
to observe official safety rules or common safety practices. 1 Due to their
misconduct, Hutson and Hodge were each suspended for forty-five days. McKeller
was suspended for three days.
{¶ 9} At the close of the plaintiffs’ case, defense counsel moved for a
directed verdict, again arguing that the city was immune from liability under R.C.
Chapter 2744. Following oral arguments on this point, the trial court granted the
1. These individuals were cited for the following violations: leaving the job or work area during
regular working hours without authorization (Hodge); neglect or carelessness in signing in or out
(Hodge); recurrent failure to make required reports (Hutson); malicious mischief, horseplay,
wrestling, or other undesirable conduct (Hutson); failing to show reasonable care in the use or
operation of city property or equipment (Hutson); failing to observe department rules (Hodge,
Hutson); unsatisfactory work or failure to maintain required standards of performance (McKeller,
Hutson, Hodge); leaving post of continuous operations position prior to being relieved by employee
or incoming shift (Hodge); threatening, intimidating, coercing, or interfering with supervisors or co-
workers (Hutson); disregard or carelessness in observance of official safety rules, or disregarding
of common safety practices (Hodge, Hutson); wanton or willful neglect in the performance of
assigned duties in the care, use, or custody of any city property or equipment (Hodge, Hutson);
refusal to work at the scheduled time for the scheduled shift (Hutson); failure to remain ready as a
lifeguard (Hodge, Hutson); failing to remain at post except in cases of emergency or when properly
relieved (Hodge, Hutson); failing to ensure that the pool is properly staffed at all times (Hodge,
Hutson); failing to be responsible for and in charge of pool (Hutson); failing to see that all policies,
rules, and regulations are enforced by staff (Hutson); failing to perform as a lifeguard (Hodge,
Hutson); failing to establish the working schedule of staff (Hutson); failing to be responsible for the
actions and work of all personnel assigned to facility (Hutson); leaving pool guard chair or pool
deck without being properly relieved or dismissed (Hodge); failing to keep eyes on swimmers at all
times (Hodge); and leaving pool unguarded unless in an emergency, and then only after clearing the
pool (Hodge).
4
January Term, 1998
motion for directed verdict, noting that the city had hired qualified personnel, had
proper rules and regulations in place, and did not act in a reckless or wanton
manner.
{¶ 10} The court of appeals affirmed. In finding the city immune from
liability under R.C. 2744.02(A), the court reasoned that the operation of an indoor
municipal swimming pool is a governmental function under R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(u),
and that, therefore, no exceptions to immunity apply. Furthermore, the court held
that the city did not act in a wanton or reckless manner in its discretionary decision
making in the operation of the pool. See R.C. 2744.03(A)(5).
{¶ 11} This court accepted jurisdiction of this case in case No. 97-1261,
upon the allowance of a discretionary appeal. The case was then certified to this
court as being in conflict with Hall v. Ft. Frye Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn.
(1996), 111 Ohio App.3d 690
,676 N.E.2d 1241
, and Siebenaler v. Montpelier (1996),113 Ohio App.3d 120
,680 N.E.2d 654
, in case No. 97-1488, and is now
before this court upon our determination that a conflict exists.
__________________
Linton & Hirshman and Robert F. Linton, Jr.; Klein & Carney Co., L.P.A.,
and Larry S. Klein, for appellants.
Mark W. Ruf, urging reversal for amicus curiae, Ohio Academy of Trial
Lawyers.
Isaac, Brant, Ledman & Teetor, Mark Landes and Steven G. LaForge,
urging affirmance for amicus curiae, County Commissioners Association of Ohio.
John E. Gotherman and Daniel J. O’Loughlin, urging affirmance for amici
curiae, Ohio Municipal League and Ohio Municipal Attorneys Association.
R. Todd Hunt, urging affirmance for amicus curiae, Cuyahoga County Law
Directors Association.
__________________
FRANCIS E. SWEENEY, SR., J.
5
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
{¶ 12} The certified issue is “whether a governmental function and the
absolute immunity provided it under R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(u) [are] still subject to the
exceptions to immunity provided in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) and (4).” We find that the
operation of an indoor municipal swimming pool, although defined as a
governmental function under R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(u), is still subject to the exception
to immunity found in former R.C. 2744.02(B)(3), but not to the exception contained
in former R.C. 2744.02(B)(4).
{¶ 13} We also find that a directed verdict was improper in this case, since
reasonable minds can differ as to whether the city acted in a wanton or reckless
manner under R.C. 2744.03(A)(5), by failing to institute policies or training
regarding the use of 911.2 Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the court of
appeals and remand the cause to the trial court for a new trial.
{¶ 14} The Political Subdivision Tort Liability Act, as codified in R.C.
Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political
subdivision is immune from liability. First, R.C. 2744.02(A) sets forth the general
rule of immunity, that political subdivisions are not liable in damages for the
personal injuries or death of a person. R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) provides:
“For purposes of this chapter, the functions of political subdivisions are
hereby classified as governmental functions and proprietary functions. Except as
provided in division (B) of this section, a political subdivision is not liable in
damages in a civil action for injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly
caused by any act or omission of the political subdivision or an employee of the
political subdivision in connection with a governmental or proprietary function.”
(Emphasis added.)
2. Appellants and amicus curiae Ohio Academy of Trial Lawyers also challenge the
constitutionality of R.C. Chapter 2744. However, we need not address that issue based upon our
disposition of the issues raised.
6
January Term, 1998
{¶ 15} The immunity afforded a political subdivision in R.C. 2744.02(A)(1)
is not absolute, but is, by its express terms, subject to the five exceptions to
immunity listed in former R.C. 2744.02(B). Hill v. Urbana (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 130
,679 N.E.2d 1109
. Thus, once immunity is established under R.C.
2744.02(A)(1), the second tier of analysis is whether any of the five exceptions to
immunity in subsection (B) apply. Former R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) through (5).
Finally, under the third tier of analysis, immunity can be reinstated if the political
subdivision can successfully argue that one of the defenses contained in R.C.
2744.03 applies.
{¶ 16} Despite the structure of the Act, appellee, city of Cleveland,
maintained below that it had absolute immunity in this case, and that it was not
responsible for the negligent acts arising out of the operation of a municipal
swimming pool. Since the General Assembly has already classified the operation
of a municipal swimming pool as a governmental function under R.C.
2744.01(C)(2)(u), the city asserted that no consideration be given to the Act’s
exceptions. The court of appeals agreed with appellee and refused to apply the
potential exceptions to immunity. The court reasoned that the statutory provisions
conflict and that, pursuant to R.C. 1.51, the specific provision (R.C.
2744.01[C][2][u]) prevails over the general provisions (former R.C. 2744.02[B][3]
and [4]), which are exceptions to the general grant of immunity.
{¶ 17} The court of appeals mistakenly relied on R.C. 1.51 to reach its
result. R.C. 1.51 provides that if there are conflicting statutory provisions, effect
should be given to both the general provision and special or local provision, if
possible. Thus, under the cardinal rule of statutory construction, “all statutes which
relate to the same general subject matter must be read in pari materia.” Johnson’s
Markets, Inc. v. New Carlisle Dept. of Health (1991), 58 Ohio St.3d 28, 35
,567 N.E.2d 1018, 1025
. In construing statutes together, this court must give full
7
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
application to both statutes unless they are irreconcilable and in hopeless conflict.
Id.,
citing Couts v. Rose (1950),152 Ohio St. 458
,40 O.O. 482
,90 N.E.2d 139
.
{¶ 18} R.C. 1.51 is inapplicable here because there is no conflict between
R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(u) and former R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) or (4). R.C. 2744.01(C) is
simply a section of the Act that defines which activities are governmental and which
are proprietary. In that context, a municipal swimming pool is included within the
definition of governmental functions. The operation of a municipal swimming pool,
although defined as a governmental function in R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(u), is subject
to the exceptions to immunity set forth in former R.C. 2744.02(B) and to the
available defenses enumerated in R.C. 2744.03. Thus, the city’s assertion that it
has absolute immunity runs contrary to the express language of the Act. By
structuring the Act in the manner that it did, the General Assembly clearly did not
intend to immunize political subdivisions for all negligent actions that arise out of
a governmental function. Rather than absolve a municipality from all
responsibility, the General Assembly recognized that political subdivisions must be
held accountable for some of their actions. This case exemplifies one such
situation.
{¶ 19} Therefore, we agree with those appellate decisions certified as being
in conflict with this case that have held that even if an activity is defined as a
governmental function, it is still subject to the five exceptions of former R.C.
2744.02(B)(1) through (5). See Siebenaler v. Montpelier (1996), 113 Ohio App.3d 120
,680 N.E.2d 654
; Hall v. Ft. Frye Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn. (1996),111 Ohio App.3d 690
,676 N.E.2d 1241
.3
3. The current version of R.C. 2744.02(B)(3), effective June 30, 1997, omits any reference to
nuisance, and no longer refers to “public grounds.” The newly enacted version of R.C.
2744.02(B)(4) is now applicable only to negligence that occurs within or on the grounds of “and is
due to physical defects within or on the grounds of, buildings used in connection with the
performance of a governmental function * * *.” (Emphasis added.)
8
January Term, 1998
{¶ 20} In this case, appellants argue that two exceptions to immunity apply,
former R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) and (B)(4). Former R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) provided:
“Political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to persons or
property caused by their failure to keep public roads, highways, streets, avenues,
alleys, sidewalks, bridges, viaducts, or public grounds within the subdivisions open,
in repair, and free from nuisance * * *.”4
{¶ 21} Appellants contend that under former R.C. 2744.02(B)(3), a fact
issue is presented as to whether the glare conditions at the pool constitute a nuisance
on public grounds. Pursuant to this exception to immunity, a political subdivision
is obligated to keep its public grounds free from nuisance. The phrase “public
grounds” has been interpreted to include such areas as municipally owned and
controlled parks that are established and maintained for the general public.
Cleveland v. Ferrando (1926), 114 Ohio St. 207
,150 N.E. 747
. We find that an
indoor municipal swimming pool, which is open to the general public, also falls
within the definition of “public grounds.” We must next decide whether there was
sufficient evidence presented of a nuisance to overcome the city’s motion for a
directed verdict.
{¶ 22} The phrase “free from nuisance” in former R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) has
been interpreted most often by this court in the context of an alleged failure by a
political subdivision to keep its roads and highways free from physical obstructions
that interfere with visibility and create an unsafe condition. Classic examples of
nuisances include a malfunctioning traffic light, a pothole in the roadway, or an
overhanging tree limb. See Franks v. Lopez (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 345
,632 N.E.2d 502
.
4. In Siebenaler, a child lost his footing on the ladder of a high diving board and fell to the pool
deck while taking swimming lessons in a village swimming pool. Although the court of appeals
ultimately found that the village of Montpelier was immune from suit, due to a lack of evidence
regarding the presence of a nuisance, the court acknowledged that the nuisance exception of former
R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) was relevant.
9
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
{¶ 23} In Manufacturer’s Natl. Bank of Detroit v. Erie Cty. Rd. Comm.
(1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 318
,587 N.E.2d 819
, we held that a fact issue remained as
to whether corn growing in the road’s right-of-way was a nuisance, since it
obstructed the visibility of drivers on the roadway, making the roadway unsafe for
travel. Although factually distinguishable from the case at hand, we think that it is
pertinent since, in this case, we are also presented with the issue of an obstruction
to visibility. Here, there was evidence presented that glare emanating from the wall
of glass panels obstructed the lifeguard’s view and prevented him from seeing
Darrall struggling in the water and ultimately lying at the bottom of the pool.
Furthermore, had the court allowed appellants’ expert to testify, he would have
stated that the glare in this case was a nuisance. This expert testimony is relevant,
and the trial court improperly excluded it from the jury.
{¶ 24} Not only was there testimony that the glare obstructed the lifeguards’
view, but there was also evidence that the city was aware that glare was a problem
at the pool. Both the aquatics manager for the city of Cleveland and the recreation
center manager testified that they knew that glare was a problem and conceded that
lifeguards had not been instructed on how to deal with the glare. They also
acknowledged that there were no pool policies addressing this concern. For liability
to be imposed on a political subdivision for a nuisance, the political subdivision
must have had “ ‘either actual or constructive knowledge of the nuisance.’ ” Franks
v. Lopez, 69 Ohio St.3d at 349
,632 N.E.2d at 505
, quoting Vogel v. Wells (1991),57 Ohio St.3d 91, 97
,566 N.E.2d 154, 160
. There was sufficient evidence presented
to satisfy this notice requirement.
{¶ 25} We recognize that glare can exist at all pools (as the aquatics
manager testified). Nevertheless, we are not testing the merits of the underlying
claim here. Instead, we are deciding whether the trial court erred in directing a
verdict for the city, which we believe it did. Consequently, we find that former
R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) is applicable here, and that it is for the trier of fact to determine
10
January Term, 1998
whether the city created an unreasonable risk of harm by maintaining hazardous
glare conditions in the pool.
{¶ 26} Appellants also argue that former R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) is applicable
to this case. This exception to immunity provides:
“Political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to persons or
property that is caused by the negligence of their employees and that occurs within
or on the grounds of buildings that are used in connection with the performance of
a governmental function, including, but not limited to, office buildings and
courthouses, but not including jails, places of juvenile detention, workhouses, or
any other detention facility, as defined in section 2921.01 of the Revised Code.”
{¶ 27} Although former R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) may be applicable to other
governmental functions not specifically listed in the statute, we believe that it does
not apply to an indoor swimming pool. (See, also, Mattox v. Bradner [Mar. 21,
1997], Wood App. No. WD-96-038, unreported, 1997 WL 133330
, which held that
the exception enumerated in R.C. 2744.02[B][4] is inapplicable to injuries
sustained in a municipal swimming pool.) Unlike a courthouse or office building
where government business is conducted, a city recreation center houses
recreational activities. Furthermore, if we applied former R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) to an
indoor swimming pool, liability could be imposed upon the political subdivision.
However, there would be no liability if the injury occurred at an outdoor municipal
swimming pool, since the injury did not occur in a building. We do not believe that
the General Assembly intended to insulate political subdivisions from liability
based on this distinction. Therefore, we reject appellants’ contention that former
R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) applies to an indoor municipal swimming pool.
{¶ 28} Appellants further contend that R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) provides an
independent basis for imposing liability on the city. We reject this contention. In
Hill v. Urbana, supra, 79 Ohio St.3d 130
,679 N.E.2d 1109
, a similar argument was
made. However, R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) is a defense to liability; it cannot be used to
11
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
establish liability. Id. at 135, 679 N.E.2d at 1113, fn. 2
(Lundberg Stratton, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); id. at 138-139,679 N.E.2d at 1116
(Moyer, C.J., dissenting). Therefore, appellants can only argue that the city is not
entitled to the defense of R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) because the city acted in a reckless or
wanton manner. Appellants do, in fact, contend that a jury question arises as to
whether the city acted recklessly in its use of its facility and equipment, in its failure
regarding the use of 911 on its emergency phone system.5
{¶ 29} R.C. 2744.03(A)(5) provides:
“The political subdivision is immune from liability if the injury [or] death
* * * resulted from the exercise of judgment or discretion in determining whether
to acquire, or how to use, equipment, supplies, materials, personnel, facilities, and
other resources unless the judgment or discretion was exercised with malicious
purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.”
{¶ 30} The evidence overwhelmingly established that three city employees
were unable to contact 911, despite several attempts to do so. It was further shown
that these employees were never trained on the use of the phone system. As a result
of their failure to contact 911, there was about a thirty-minute delay in Darrall’s
treatment.
{¶ 31} The fact that the city had no policy in place or training regarding 911
is appalling. The seriousness of these omissions is highlighted by the fact that more
than one hundred swimmers, mostly children unaccompanied by adults, frequented
the city pool that day. However, something as basic and important as dialing 911
5. Appellants also argue that the city was reckless or wanton in the use of its lifeguard personnel.
However, any negligence on the part of the lifeguards falls under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6), not
2744.03(A)(5). See Fabrey v. McDonald Village Police Dept. (1994), 70 Ohio St.3d 351, 356
,639 N.E.2d 31, 35
. Appellants further argue that the city was reckless or wanton in its use of its facility,
by failing to institute a policy concerning the recognition and monitoring of known glare spots.
However, we find dispositive the issue of the city’s allegedly reckless or wanton use of its
equipment, in failing to institute a training policy regarding the use of the 911 emergency phone
system.
12
January Term, 1998
was not within the city employees’ grasp. Not only did two of the senior lifeguards
create a dangerous situation by leaving the pool area during an open swim session,
but the city, in its admitted failure to train its employees on the use of 911, left them
without the knowledge necessary to handle the emergency as it arose. We are
unwilling to grant immunity to the city under this provision, and to find, as argued,
that the city did nothing wrong on the day Darrall suffered a near drowning.
{¶ 32} This court has defined the term “reckless” to mean that the conduct
was committed “ ‘knowing or having reason to know of facts which would lead a
reasonable man to realize, not only that his conduct creates an unreasonable risk of
physical harm to another, but also that such risk is substantially greater than that
which is necessary to make his conduct negligent.’ ” Marchetti v. Kalish (1990),
53 Ohio St.3d 95, 96
,559 N.E.2d 699, 700, fn. 2
, quoting 2 Restatement of the Law
2d, Torts (1965) 587, Section 500. The conduct by the city regarding its lack of
training on the use of 911 presents a question of fact for the jury to consider, which
was improperly disposed of by granting the city’s motion for directed verdict.
{¶ 33} The standard for directing a verdict is well established. Civ.R.
50(A)(4) provides:
“When a motion for a directed verdict has been properly made, and the trial
court, after construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the party against
whom the motion is directed, finds that upon any determinative issue reasonable
minds could come to but one conclusion upon the evidence submitted and that
conclusion is adverse to such party, the court shall sustain the motion and direct a
verdict for the moving party as to that issue.”
{¶ 34} In deciding a motion for a directed verdict, neither the weight of the
evidence nor the credibility of the witnesses is to be considered. Strother v.
Hutchinson (1981), 67 Ohio St.2d 282, 284
,21 O.O.3d 177
, 179,423 N.E.2d 467, 469
. Instead, “[w]hen a motion for a directed verdict is entered, what is being tested
is a question of law; that is, the legal sufficiency of the evidence to take the case to
13
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
the jury.” Ruta v. Breckenridge-Remy Co. (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 66, 68
,23 O.O.3d 115, 116
,430 N.E.2d 935, 938
. The motion for directed verdict must be denied “if there is substantial competent evidence to support the party against whom the motion is made, upon which evidence reasonable minds might reach different conclusions.” Hawkins v. Ivy (1977),50 Ohio St.2d 114, 115
,4 O.O.3d 243, 244
,363 N.E.2d 367, 368
.
{¶ 35} Since reasonable minds can differ as to whether the city allowed a
nuisance to exist and as to whether the city acted in a wanton or reckless manner in
its use of its facilities and equipment under R.C. 2744.03(A)(5), by failing to
institute policies or training regarding the use of the 911 emergency number, we
find that the trial court erred in directing a verdict for the city.
{¶ 36} Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and
remand the cause to the trial court for a new trial.
Judgment reversed
and cause remanded.
PFEIFER, J., concurs and concurs separately.
MOYER, C.J., HADLEY and LUNDBERG STRATTON, JJ., concur in syllabus
and judgment.
DOUGLAS and RESNICK, JJ., concur in judgment only.
RONALD E. HADLEY, J., of the Third Appellate District, sitting for COOK, J.
__________________
Pfeifer, J., concurring.
{¶ 37} I concur because of my belief that Ohio’s sovereign immunity statute
is unconstitutional. See Garrett v. Sandusky (1994), 68 Ohio St.3d 139, 141
,624 N.E.2d 704, 706
(Pfeifer, J., concurring).
__________________
MOYER, C.J., concurring in syllabus and judgment.
14
January Term, 1998
{¶ 38} I believe, as does the majority, that the certified issue should be
answered in the affirmative, thereby establishing the legal principle that “a
governmental function and the absolute immunity provided it under R.C.
2744.01(C)(2)(U) [are] still subject to the exceptions to immunity provided in R.C.
2744.02(B)(3) and (4).” I therefore concur in the syllabus.
{¶ 39} In applying that syllabus to the case before us, however, I do not
believe that the facts of this case fall within the scope of the exception in former R.C.
2744.02(B)(3) for nonliability based on a city’s failure to keep public grounds free
from nuisance. I disagree with the majority that the existence of glare on the pool
water surface establishes a question of fact as to the existence of a nuisance. As
acknowledged by the majority, the existence of glare on the water of swimming pools,
whether operating in direct or indirect sunlight, is a common and nearly universal
phenomenon. While failure to provide procedures to accommodate glare so as to
promote safe swimming might arguably constitute negligent operation of a pool, I
cannot subscribe to the conclusion that the existence of glare on a swimming pool
surface can itself constitute a legal nuisance. To do so would be to effectively endorse
the proposition that operation of any swimming pool may be equivalent to maintaining
a nuisance.
{¶ 40} Rather, I believe that the city’s potential liability is based in former
R.C. 2744.02(B)(4), which provided at the time of Cater’s drowning: “Political
subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to persons or property caused by the
negligence of their employees and that occurs within or on the grounds of buildings
that are used in connection with the performance of a governmental function * * *.”
(Emphasis added.) As the lead opinion acknowledges, operation of a swimming pool
has been expressly designated a governmental function. R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(u). It
follows that liability potentially exists where death is caused by the negligence of city
employees on swimming pool property. Although I acknowledge the existence of
case law from the courts of appeals to the contrary, in my view both indoor and
15
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
outdoor pools exist “within or on the grounds” of buildings used in connection with
the performance of the governmental function of operating a pool. Indoor pools
clearly are “within” buildings. Outdoor pools, while not located within buildings
themselves, invariably are located on land that includes buildings, such as bathhouses,
shelters, restrooms, storage areas, and offices. I therefore do not accept the conclusion
of the majority that application of (B)(4) to this case would result in our creation of an
artificial distinction between indoor and outdoor pools in applying the relevant
immunity statutes.
{¶ 41} I write separately, as well, to express my disagreement with the
majority’s analysis of the applicability of the defense provided by R.C. 2744.03(A)(5)
to this case. That statute provides immunity to a political subdivision where injury or
death “result[s] from the exercise of judgment or discretion in determining whether to
acquire, or how to use, equipment, supplies, materials, personnel, facilities, and other
resources unless the judgment or discretion was exercised with malicious purpose, in
bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.” (Emphasis added.) It follows that
where decisions as to these matters are made recklessly, the “judgment or discretion”
defense is not available to a political subdivision.
{¶ 42} The majority concludes that reasonable minds might find recklessness
on the part of the city based solely on its alleged failure to effectively instruct
employees in the use of pool telephones to contact emergency services by dialing 911.
{¶ 43} I need not endorse such a conclusion on this record. Determining the
point at which behavior rises from the merely negligent to the level of reckless
behavior is in every instance problematic. In this case, the plaintiffs produced a litany
of facts of decisions and acts demonstrating questionable decision-making on the part
of city employees as to, e.g., understaffing of lifeguards, failure to compensate for the
existence of glare on the water, and inadequate training in emergency procedures. The
decision need not be made in this case whether each of these circumstances, standing
alone, rises to the level of recklessness. Here a jury viewing all of the facts in their
16
January Term, 1998
totality might well conclude that the city had acted recklessly in exercising judgment
or discretion in connection with the use of pool equipment, personnel, and facilities,
thereby precluding application of the defense provided by R.C. 2744.03(A)(5).
{¶ 44} I therefore concur in the syllabus and the judgment only.
HADLEY and LUNDBERG STRATTON, JJ., concur in the foregoing concurring
opinion.
__________________
17