Opinion · New York Court of Appeals
Miller v. . Lockwood
32 N.Y. 293
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- New York Court of Appeals
- Jurisdiction
- New York
- Date
- 1865-03-05
- Topic
- general
Davies, J. The principal questions presented for consideration in this case arise upon the motion for a nonsuit. It is claimed on the part of the appellant, that such motion should have been granted for the following reasons: 1. That the mortgage was presumptively fraudulent, in consequence of the continued possession of the property in the mortgagor, and that the plaintiff failed to remove the presumption. 2. The amount or consideration mentioned in the mortgage being $25,000, and the actual amount of liabilities and indebtedness at the date of the mortgage being only $13,700, the including of the sum of $11,300 beyond the actual liability was an act of bad faith toward the creditors, intended to deceive and keep them at bay. 3.
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MILLERv. LOCKWOOD,32 N.Y. 293(1865)
CHARLES G. MILLER, Respondent,v. ORRIN LOCKWOOD, Sherriff, c.,
Appellant.
Court of Appeals of the State of New York.
March Term, 1865
Page 294
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.]Page 298
It is claimed on the part of the appellant, that such motion should have been granted for the following reasons:
1. That the mortgage was presumptively fraudulent, in consequence of the continued possession of the property in the mortgagor, and that the plaintiff failed to remove the presumption.
2. The amount or consideration mentioned in the mortgage being $25,000, and the actual amount of liabilities and indebtedness at the date of the mortgage being only $13,700, the including of the sum of $11,300 beyond the actual liability was an act of bad faith toward the creditors, intended to deceive and keep them at bay.
3. That the agreement to sell for cash only, and for the plaintiff's exclusive benefit, rendered the mortgage void.
As to the first ground, it is clear that the question of fraudulent intent belonged exclusively to the jury, as a question of fact, and it would have been improper for the court to have withdrawn it from their consideration. The burden was cast upon the plaintiff to make it appear to the jury that the mortgage was made in good faith, and without any intent to defraud creditors or subsequent purchasers. Evidence had been given of thebonafidesof the parties to the transaction, and it was for the jury to determine whether or not the plaintiff had removed the presumption of fraud. The verdict of the jury on that question is conclusive in plaintiff's favor.Page 299
Neither was the amount or consideration named in the mortgage, being larger than the actual amount of indebtedness and liabilities existing at the date thereof, any legal evidence that the same was fraudulent. If that amount was put in there with a fraudulent intent to magnify the plaintiff's debt or liability beyond the actual amount thereof, and to keep the creditors of Ramsdell at bay, such circumstance was a proper element for the consideration of the jury in determining thebona fidesof the transaction. It afforded no legal presumption of fraud, coupled as it was with the declaration upon the face of the mortgage, that it was given and intended as a security, not only for any debt, demand or liability then incurred or held, but such as might thereafter be incurred or held by the plaintiff on account of Ramsdell. This was full notice that the sum named did not cover, and was not intended to cover only the actual indebtedness or liabilities existing at the date of the mortgage, but in addition, such as might thereafter be incurred by the mortgagee on account of the mortgagor. But on a security of this character, the sum or amount named as the consideration is of no moment, as the mortgage stands as a security for the amount of liabilities or indebtedness, whatever the sum may be, and it is not essential even that any amount should be named in the security. This point was distinctly ruled inRobinsonv.Williams(22 N.Y., 380). The consideration named in the mortgage given in that case was $1, and it was given to the Hollister Bank to secure further discounts and advances by the bank to the mortgagor. We then held, that a mortgage of land to secure further advances, the limit of which is not defined, is good for the amount of the advances thus made, as against a creditor by judgment recovered before such advances become due. The cases referred to in the opinion in that case abundantly sustain the doctrine enunciated.Shirrasv.Craig(7 Cranch, 34), is not unlike the present case. In that case, the real transaction did not appear on the face of the mortgages. The trust deed in that case purported to secure a debt of £ 30,000, due to all the mortgagees. It was really intended to secure different sums,Page 300due at the time to particular mortgagees, advances afterwards to be made and liabilities to be incurred to an uncertain amount. Chief Justice MARSHALL said that it is not denied that a deed which misrepresents the transaction it recites, and the consideration on which it is executed, is liable to suspicion. It must sustain a rigorous examination. It is certainly always advisable, fairly and plainly to state the truth. But if, upon investigation, the real transaction shall appear to be fair, though somewhat variant from that which is described, it would seem to be unjust and unprecedented to deprive the person claiming under the deed, of his real equitable rights, unless it be in favor of a person who has been in fact injured or deceived by the misrepresentation. The doctrine of these cases has been approved inMcKinsteev.Babcock(26 N.Y., 378). The party claiming under the mortgage had a right to go to the jury to establish the good faith of the transaction, and if it appeared to them on a rigorous examination, that all that had been done was honest and fair, and that the parties claiming adversely had not been injured or deceived by anything contained in the mortgage inconsistent with the truth, then the jury were warranted in finding that there was no fraud.
It is also claimed that the mortgage was rendered fraudulent by the agreement between the mortgagor and mortgagee that the latter should sell the mortgaged property for cash only, for the exclusive benefit of the mortgagee.
The precise point covered by this objection was decided by this court inFordv.Williams(24 N.Y., 359), when it was held that an agreement upon the mortgage of chattels, that the mortgagor should keep possession of the mortgaged property, and retail the goods for cash only, paying over the proceeds toward the discharge of the debt which the mortgage was given to secure, is not fraudulent in law, but presents a question of good faith for the jury, and was also held that when the transaction, through suspicion, was capable of a construction consistent with fairness and the absence of fraud, it must be passed upon by the jury.Page 301
These views dispose of the motion for a nonsuit, and show that it was properly refused.
I am unable to perceive any error in the exclusion of the offer by the defendant to prove that before and at the time of the dissolution of the firm of Ramsdell Miller, and from thence down to, and at the time of the trial, the plaintiff was indemnified by said David S. Miller, against any loss by reason of his indorsements and liabilities for said firm of Ramsdell Miller, and for said Ramsdell, and also against any loss by reason of the indebtedness of said firm and of said Ramsdell to him, including the debts and indorsements which had been proved at the trial. Assuming the fact to be that the plaintiff had such indemnity, it would not follow that he could not enforce the rights secured to him by this mortgage. Nothing appears which would have justified the court in holding that the existence of such indemnity would preclude him from looking to his mortgage security. It may well be that such indemnitor for the liabilities of Ramsdell, — and it was proven on the trial that he held the mortgage for Ramsdell's individual indebtedness, — could have compelled the plaintiff to have resorted to his mortgage security, before calling on him on his indemnity. However that may be, the fact of such indemnity existing created no obstacle to the right of the plaintiff to claim the security of his mortgage, neither would the proof of the fact that such indemnity had been given by the brother of the plaintiff, have warranted the jury in discrediting the testimony given by the plaintiff on the trial. The offer was, therefore, properly overruled. The charge to the jury seems to be unobjectionable. It stated the principles of law correctly, which should govern the jury, and the legal result, if they should find that the mortgage was not fraudulent in fact.
The two requests to charge were properly refused upon the authority heretofore commented upon. The verdict of the jury disposing of the question of fraud in fact adversely to the defendants, the judgment was correct, and should be affirmed.
And it further provided, that upon default being made by said Ramsdell to pay any debt or obligation held by said Miller, or on which he might be liable when presented for payment or at maturity, said Miller might take possessionPage 303of the said property and sell the same at public auction after giving five days' notice thereof in any daily paper in the city of Buffalo, or might sell the same at private sale, at such time and on such terms and in such manner as said Miller might deem most advantageous to the parties. There was no time fixed by the terms of the mortgage for the payment of the sum named in it, other than is expressed above, nor was the character of the indebtedness otherwise given than naming the consideration to be $25,000. When the mortgage was given, the amount due to the plaintiff by Ramsdell, as proved by plaintiff on the trial, was between $5,000 and $6,000. The plaintiff was liable beyond this as indorser for him to the amount of $8,000 or $9,000; the aggregate of debt and contingent liability was $13,700.
This chattel mortgage under which the plaintiff claims title to the property in question had no schedule attached, nor was there any other enumeration of theitemsof property claimed to be covered by it. There was only in the body of the mortgage a general description of the character or nature of the property in which the mortgagor was dealing. This character of property was the necessary consequence of his business as a wholesale or retail dealer, and would necessarily be constantly changing. The items of goods on hand on any given day, to wit, on a day on which a mortgage was given, would not, of course, if business of buying and selling continued, be the same on any other or subsequent day. Though the quantity of goods in store might be increased by purchases, the articles mortgaged must of course be constantly diminishing by sales, so that, at the end of two or three weeks, there would be no absolute certainty that any one single item of the mortgaged property remained; and yet it will be seen that such an indefinite and general description as this mortgage contains, would cover just as well an entirely different and even a larger stock of goods of the same character, as it did the goods on hand at its date. If such a mortgage is not void for uncertainty of description of the property, it at least throws the burden of proof upon the party claiming under it, to show that the articles of property taken by aPage 304judgment creditor are the same property that is covered by his mortgage. This was not done by the plaintiff; he produced no proof that the property levied upon was the property mortgaged. Besides, interpreting this mortgage by its own terms, which stated "that it was to be a continuing security" for $25,000, when there was only a contingent liability of the plaintiff for $13,700, no day of payment of the sum mentioned being named, being given to secure the plaintiff, not only for existing demands and liabilities, but such as might thereafter be incurred, and being given also as security for indorsements for Ramsdell which plaintiff might thereafter make, it must be held to have been intended by the parties to it that Ramsdell should continue to purchase and sell goods as a merchant, as he had done for years previous, under other and prior mortgages held by the plaintiff, either for cash or on credit; and that the mortgage should "be a continuing security" and lien, all the time on all goods of such description as was mentioned in the mortgage, as at any time might be and remain in the possession of the mortgagor. If this is to be held to be the legal intent of this written agreement, it was void as to creditors, and the judge erred in not nonsuiting the plaintiff on the trial.
The terms of the mortgage necessarily implies an intent, and the circumstantial proof confirms it, that the mortgagor was to continue to buy and sell goods according to the ordinary custom of wholesale and retail merchants; and to receive the proceeds to his own use, as he had done for years, with plaintiffs' knowledge and assent. And in this respect I cannot distinguish this case, in principle, from the case ofEdgellv.Hart(9 N.Y., 213). As was said in that case, "The doubt, if there be one, is whether the law tolerates such an arrangement where the rights of creditors are concerned." "There was no traversable question respecting the intention of the parties." This was a question for the court in giving interpretation to the agreement. This is not theintentwhich the statute casts upon the jury to determine by reason of there being no change of possession of the goods; it was the legal intent, by fair interpretation, of the agreement.Page 305It was further said in the case cited: "The law adjudges that they intended what the writing expresses." I think we may add that this is so, whether it is expressed in terms, or by necessary implication, and the court may look at the surrounding circumstances in aid of such interpretation. It would be incompetent for either party to show, if they were possessed of the most persuasive evidence, the instrument to have a different operation from the one the law assigns to it." The argument of DENIO, J., in the case cited, pages 217, 218, is conclusive of this case. It is but a repetition of the same doctrine that was held inGriswoldv.Sheldon(4 N.Y. [Comst.], 581), by BRONSON, J., concurred in by RUGGLES, JEWETT and McCOUN, JJ. He said, page 587: "If it is apparent, from the face of the deed, that the plaintiff intended that Burdick (the mortgagor) should not only have possession, but should be allowed to deal with the property as though he were the owner, no one will pretend that the mortgage can stand as against creditors and purchasers." That was also a case of a mortgage on a store of goods, where the goods were placed, and for the purpose of using it as a store. RUGGLES, JEWETT and McCOUN concurred with BRONSON on the ground that such a mortgage was void on its face. True, there was an equal division of the court on that question in that case, but the rule I have cited has been, as I regard it, established inEdgellv.Hart,confirming the same principle, as it was laid down in the case ofWoodv.Lowry(17 Wend., 492), and holding that the case ofSmithv.Acker23 Wend., 658), does not establish a different rule. There is no case that has gone so far as to hold that the legal interpretation to be given to written agreements is a question for the jury. The case that has gone farther than any other in this direction, isFordv.Williams(24 N.Y., 359). On the question of thebona fidesof the mortgage, it was shown that the mortgagor continued in possession of the store from the time of executing it, and made sales of portions of the property apparently in the same manner as he had done before the mortgage; and it was proved by both parties to the mortgage, on the trial, and the judge allowed the proof, thatPage 306when it was executed, it was agreed between them that the mortgagor should sell as he could find purchasers, for cash only, and that the whole proceeds of the sales should be applied upon the note to secure which the mortgage was given. DENIO, J., in commenting upon this evidence, says: "But if the debtor was permitted not only to retain the possession of the property mortgaged, but to sell it out by retail on his own account, as he had been doing before the mortgage, we think, with the judge who tried the case, that the arrangement would be fraudulent and the security void;" and after saying he would not advise creditors to resort to such a suspicious kind of security, he adds, "whether in a given case it was fair or fraudulent, would be a fact for a jury to determine;" he says, "it would be otherwise if the question depended upon the effect of a written instrument, as we held inEdgellv.Hart" (supra). In the case before us, there was no such agreement in or out of the written mortgage between the parties, though the plaintiff was permitted to prove, under objection, a conversation between the plaintiff and his mortgagor on the day of executing the mortgage, after its execution, as follows: "I (plaintiff) told him I wanted him to confine his sales to sales for cash, and apply the receipts to the payment of the paper on which I was liable as indorser, and I advised him to apply the receipts from collections to other confidential debts, and let the other debts go until his confidential ones were paid. He said he would do so; he seemed to assent to my views of the matter. He said he did not mean that I should lose a dollar by him, and was willing to secure me and execute the mortgage." If such conversation was admissible as evidence, it did not amount to an agreement between the parties. It amounts at most to mere advice given by the one, and an assent by the other, to follow the advice. Conversations and propositions made before or after a written agreement cannot be proved to explain it, or to add to that which is to be, or has been reduced to writing. The written agreement between the parties to it appears to be a complete agreement. The well established rule of law applicable to such agreements is, thatPage 307the parties can neither add to, contradict or explain it by parol evidence. It is also a rule that instruments which give details or particulars are to be presumed to be complete. (Filkinsv.Whyland,24 N.Y., 338; 1 Wend., 424.) If this conversation could amount to a valid agreement, and is either the important part of the written one, or is a separate agreement as is claimed, it is void as against creditors for not being filed. If our statute in relation to fraudulent conveyances is worth preserving, the courts have gone quite far enough in the direction of a judicial repeal of its provisions, and of impairing a confidence in its policy. If there is one provision of the statute that is clear, it is that which requires all such agreements to be in writing. (2 R.S., 136, § 3.)
And it is only suchwrittenagreements that have beenfiledthat are good against creditors. (Sess. Laws, 1833, p. 402;Bankof Rochesterv.Jones,4 Comst., 498;Thompsonv.Blanchard,4 id., 308.) No one will question the position, that with full knowledge of all the terms of the mortgage, any party purchasing goods of the mortgagor, by items or in gross, for cash or on credit, would obtain good title to the article purchased of the mortgagor. The statute puts creditors upon an equality of rights with purchasers. The case ofMcKinsteev.Babcock(26 N Y, 378), has no bearing upon this question. It holds that evidence may be given to show what was the real consideration of a mortgage. This had long been settled law in regard to the consideration of deeds. Nor is the case ofFordv.Williams(24 N.Y., 359), in conflict with the rule we hold in this. That case approaches this only as far as it presented a similar question as one ofbona fidesfor the determination of a jury.
I think the judge on the trial erred in the admission of the evidence offered by the plaintiff, of conversations between himself and the mortgagor, at various times, before the execution of the mortgage, and on the same day, and on days subsequent. These conversations related to matters of business of the mortgagor, of advice to him by the plaintiff about his manner of conducting his business in future. ThesePage 308conversations were objected to as evidence by the defendant, the objections overruled by the judge, and the defendant duly excepted. We are furnished with no authority to sustain these rulings. Acts, and even sometimes declarations of the parties to a transaction, may be proved as forming part of the "resgestae," showing the character of the principal fact. This evidence does not come within that rule, it is put upon no such ground, nor could it be. It seems to me to be clearly error. If, against a case of presumptive fraud, a party can prove his own avowal of integrity to establish hisbona fides,he would never be defeated, he would be sure to make them strong. The evidence of presumptions could never avail against him. The error, it seems to me, to be too palpable to admit of discussion. I think the judgment should be reversed, a new trial ordered, costs to abide the event.
BROWN, J., concurred with POTTER.
Judgment affirmed.Page 309