Opinion · Supreme Court of North Carolina
Stith v. . Lookabill
Stith v. . Lookabill, 71 N.C. 25 (N.C. 1874)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of North Carolina
- Jurisdiction
- North Carolina
- Date
- 1874-06-05
- Topic
- general
PEARSON, C. J. Upon the motion to non-suit, the only question was, “had Camman such an estate as was subject to sale under execution by his creditors?” On this depended the right of the plaintiff, who was the purchaser, to maintain an action againt the defendant, who for the purposes of the motion, stands as a wrong-doer, without connection, either as assignee or agent, with the cestui que trusts for whom Camman is assumed to have held the legal estate. . Mr. Gilmer in a well considered argument admitted the general positions taken by Mr.
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STITHv. LOOKABILL,71 N.C. 25(1874)
N. L. STITH v. JACOB LOOKABILL.
Supreme Court of North Carolina
(June Term, 1874.)
A motion to non-suit a plaintiff in the midst of a trial on the ground that his evidence does not make out a case — the defendant's counsel at the time stating that "if his Honor should overrule the motion, he had evidence to offer, showing title in himself," is an unfair and loose mode of practice, and should not be tolerated.
Here, the plaintiff resting his case, the defendant moved the Court to non-suit the plaintiff, on the ground that Camman did not acquire such an interest as was the subject of attachment, levy and sale under execution; the defendant stating that if his Honor should overrule the motion, he had evidence to offer showing title in himself.
His Honor sustained the motion and non-suited the plaintiff. From this judgment the plaintiff appealed.
The provisions of the deed to Camman is sufficiently set forth in the opinion of the Chief Justice.
I. Camman held discharged of the trust,
(1) Because thecestui que trustswere not ascertained.
If regarded as alatentambiguity it amounts to apatentambiguity unless explained.
Under statute of uses it was necessary to the execution of the use that there should be acestui que useinesse, and therefore if a use was limited to a person not inesse, or aperson uncertain, the statute could have no operation. Sanders on Uses.
And although by the strict construction of the Judges, a use could not be limited upon a use and the ulterior limitation was upheld in equity by the name of a trust. Yet still the object of said ulterior limitation was acestui que usewhose case was not transferred into possession, and should be as certain a person as before.
An uncertain person could not sue orsubpoena.Page 34
(2) If it be treated as a foreign corporation (and it does not appear to have been incorporated under our laws) it is submitted that such a corporation cannot take a trust of land without a legislative license.
II. If either position be erroneous:
Camman's estate, treated as a naked legal title, was the subject of sale under execution as decided byGiles v. Palmer,49 N.C. 386;Rutherford v.Green,37 N.C. 121.
The text books impliedly state the same doctrine in the proposition that a purchaser, under an extent, holds subject to the trust as coming ininthe perand not thepost.
1. Was the interest of F. W. Camman levied on and sold in plaintiff's testator's attachment (upon judgment against said Camman (27) personally,) such an interest as could be sold under execution?
It was not. 2 Wasburn on Real Prop., 181, and cases then cited;Bostick v. Keiser, 4J. J. Marsh, 597;Williams v. Fullerton.20 Vt. 346.
(a) At one time, under our old system, while the legal and equitable jurisdictions of our Courts were separate, it would seem such an interest was subject to execution.Giles v. Palmer,49 N.C. 386. Yet this very case, in stating that a Court of Equity would interfere and prevent the purchaser from depriving thetrusteeof possession, confirms the principle contended for above.
(b) But since the establishment of our new system, the Courts sitting as Courts of both law and equity, no such rule will prevail, andGiles v.Palmer, it is submitted, is not now the law.Moore v. Byers,65 N.C. 242.Moore v. Byerswas the case of vendor and vendee of realty. The Court holds that the interest ofneitheris subject to levy and sale under execution. "The vendor holds the legal estate in trust for the vendee and is obliged specifically to perform the contract to make title, etc. And a levy and sale would divest him of the legal estate and would defeat the contract of the parties." To the same effect isBlackmer v. Phillips,67 N.C. 340. See also Wash. on Real Property, 188, (marg.) "Such equitable estate in this Court is the same as the land, and the trustee is considered as a mere instrument of conveyance." Wash. on Real Prop., 181,Cholmendely v.Clinton, 2 Jo. W., 148.
(c) Courts of Equity always limit judgment levies to theactualinterest of the judgment debtor, who in our case hadnone whatever, the land being held "for thesole and exclusiveuse" of others.BrownPage 35v. Pierce, 7 Wall. 205. Freeman on Judgments, sec. 357. A trustee cannotconfessa judgment so as to bind the trust estate. Freeman on Judgments, Sec. 545;Hunt v. Townsend, 31 (Md.) 366.
(d) It is further submitted that the declaration of trust in the deed of Lisle to Camman, being an essential and important (28) recital in that deed, it constitutes a part of the title conveyed, and even if plaintiff could sell it, he could never deny that he held in pure trust for thecestui que trustsmentioned in the deed, and therefore he could show nothing beyond what he has shown, and upon his own case, he cannot recover.Crane v. Lessees, etc., 6 Peters, 611 and 612.
Mr. Gilmer in a well considered argument admitted the general positions taken by Mr. Bailey, in respect to "uses and trusts," to-wit:
1. This case did not come within the operation of Stat. 27th, Henry 8. So the legal title was in Camman, subject to the trust, set out in the deed "for the sole and exclusive benefit of the members of a company called and known as the "Conrad Hill Gold and Copper Company," there successors and assigns forever.
2. Camman, in the Courts of law, was considered to be the owner of the land, and no notice was taken of the trust, to which he was subject.
3. Camman had power to assign the legal estate, and it could be sold under an execution against him, the purchaser taking subject to the trust, and notice being presumed.
4. Under the old system the plaintiff would have been entitled to judgment on a demurrer to the evidence.
Mr. Gilmer then "proved by the books," that although the plaintiff was in a Court of law, (under the old system,) treated as the absolute owner of the estate, still being a trustee, on the face of the deed by which he derives title, he and his assignee, whether by his (29) own sake, or that of the sheriff, is subject to the control of the Courts of equity, by which thesetrusts estateswere upheld and treated, as thereal ownership. See the reasoning inBlackmer v. Phillips,67 N.C. 340.
The trustee or his assignee will be enjoined from enforcing his mere legal right in order to take possession of the land. From these premisesPage 36he drew the conclusion that under our new system, the Court acting both as a Court of Equity and a Court of law the assignee of the trustee by sale on execution will not be allowed to take judgment for the recovery of the possession of the land.
The argument is well constructed, but it fails in this: under the old system the Court of Equity only interfered by injunction to prevent the trustee or his assignee from taking possession as against thecestui quetrusts, or their assignee or agent, but did not interfere in favor of a wrong-doer, who fails to connect himself in any way with thecestui quetrusts. Such is the law under the new system. In our case, for the purposes of the motion to non-suit, thecestui que trustsare not before the Court, and the defendant stands as a wrong-doer, withholding the possession from the plaintiff, who is the owner of the legal estate.
If Camman had brought the action, the defendant, so far, as for the purposes of the motion, as the matter now stands, would not have under the old system, entitled himself to an injunction; neither can he do so under the new system, by which the equity of the case as well as the law is administered in the sameforum, for the plain reason that he stands as a wrong-doer, withholding the possession from one having the legal estate, and does not in any way connect himself with the supposedcestui quetrusts.
There is error. Judgment reversed andvenire de novo.
We cannot even by implication give sanction to the novel practice of allowing amotion to non-suit the plaintiff, in the midst of a trial, on the ground that his evidence does not make out a case; the (30) counsel of defendantstating that if his Honor should over rulethe motion he had evidence to offer, showing title in himself.
By a demurrer to the evidence the defendant puts the case, which means theexitusissue, or end of the case, upon the sufficiency of the evidence. The judgment of the Court decides the action one way or the other. But by this novel practice the defendant has two chances to one, which is not "fair play."
When it is decided that on the trial of a State case the defendant has no right to make a motion to dismiss the proceeding and for his discharge, upon the ground that the bill of indictment was fatally defective, and there could consequently be no judgment, even if the jury should find him guilty.
We cannot tolerate this loose mode of trial. C. C. P. dispenses with the formal mode of commencing actions and of pleading, but it does not dispense with the rules for conducting trials which have been heretofore established, as essential to the fair administration of the law. After a jury is empanneled both sides should, in the words ofPage 37Lord Mansfield, "play out their cards;" so, in our case, Lookabill is not at liberty to hold back his defense and "fish for" the opinion of the Court, upon the case made by the plaintiff by a motion to nonsuit.
The established rules of practice require that he shall put himself upon that "issue" as decisive of the action.
New trial. This opinion will be certified.
PER CURIAM.Venire de novo.Cited: Tally v. Reed,74 N.C. 469;Crawley v. Woodfin,78 N.C. 5;Isler v. Koonce,81 N.C. 381;McCurry v. McCurry,82 N.C. 299;Riley v.Stone,169 N.C. 422;Godfrey v. Coach Co.,200 N.C. 42;Batson v.Laundry,202 N.C. 561.
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