Nash, C. J. On the part of the defendant it is contended that he, the defendant, and the plaintiffs were tenants in common of the vessel, and therefore this action cannot be maintained for any misuse of it; and secondly, if any can be brought, it must bo on the contract and not in tort. That an action can be sustained by one tenant in common against another for a misuser of the property is proved by many cases. In Cubit and Pender, 15th East R. 216, Littledale, Justice, says if two persons are tenants in common of a tract of land on which there is a brick wall, and one refuses to repair and the other pulls it down and sells the materials and builds a better wail, it may be said there.is total destruction of the old wall, and an action of trespass will lie.
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BOND AND WILLISv. HILTON,44 N.C. 308(1853)
THOMAS BOND AND E. H. WILLIS v. JAMES B. HILTON.
Supreme Court of North Carolina
1. Tenants in common, and partners, may make a contract with one of their number, concerning the use of the property so held; and its violation gives a good cause of action at law, to those injured.
2. Where the law from a given statement of facts, raises an obligation to do a particular act, and there is a breach of that obligation, and consequent damage, an action on the case, founded on thetort, is the proper action.
(The cases ofAnders v. Meredith,20 N.C. 339;Williamson v. Dickens,27 N.C. 259;Ledbetter v. Torney,33 N.C. 294, andRobinson v.Threadgill,35 N.C. 39, cited and approved.)
THIS was an action on the case intort, tried before his Honor,Battle,J., at Spring Term, 1852, of the Superior Court for WASHINGTON County. The following are the facts sent up from the court below:
"On the trial, the plaintiffs proved that in the month of December, 1848, they and the defendant were owners of a vessel; the plaintiffs owning three-fourths, the defendant, one-fourth. The plaintiffs also proved that on 26 December, 1850, the said vessel had a cargo on board of her, at the landing in the town of Plymouth, when the defendants specially and expressly undertook, and promised the plaintiffs that he would, as master of the said vessel, with proper diligence, conduct her to the West India Islands, sell the cargo, and on his return account with the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs further showed that in pursuance of said contract, the defendant, on the day it was made, signed bills of lading in the usual form, took charge of the vessel, and left Plymouth. They showed that the defendant carried the vessel to the town of New Bern, N.C. They then proved that a voyage to the West Indies and back usually occupied about two months.
"Plaintiffs contended that the delay, mismanagement, and abandonment of the vessel, were breeches of duty for which the master was liable, in his capacity of master, notwithstanding his part ownership.
"The court intimated an opinion that the facts proved were not sufficient to sustain the action. Upon this the plaintiffs submitted to a nonsuit. A rulenisiwas obtained — rule discharged, and the plaintiffs appealed to the Supreme Court."
(309)Rodman, with whom was Moore, for plaintiffs, argued:
1. The defendant, by his contract to serve as master of the vessel, became liable to be sued in case, for breach of duty. It is no answerPage 291to say that he was a tenant in common of the vessel. The contract created relations paramount to those arising out of the tenancy in common. He might have been sued inassumpsit, on the contract.Ouston v. Ogle, 13 East., 538; Brown on Actions, 143; or in case, for breach of the duties arising out of the relations created by the contract.Herrin v. Eaton, 1 Shep., 193;Robinson v. Threadgill,35 N.C. 39.
2. One tenant in common may sue another for a misuse of the common property. 1 Chit. Pl., 91;Anders v. Meredith,20 N.C. 339;Oviorne v.Suford, 9 N. Hamp., 502.
Heath and Hines for defendant.
NASH, C.J.
On the part of the defendant it is contended that he, the defendant, and the plaintiffs were tenants in common of the vessel, and therefore this action cannot be maintained for any misuse of it; and secondly, if any can be brought, it must be on the contract and not intort. That an action can be sustained by one tenant in common against another for a misuser of the property is proved by many cases. InCubit and Porter, 15th East. R., 216,Littledale, J., says if two persons are tenants in common of a tract of land on which there is a brick wall, and one refuses to repair and the other pulls it down and sells the materials and builds a better wall, it may be said there is total destruction of the old wall, and an action of trespass will lie. But if he sold the old materials for the purpose of building a new one, an action of trespass will not lie. "Such an act is more properly the subject-matter of an action on the case, because it is in the nature of a partial injury, and not of a total destruction of the subject-matter of the tenancy in common." AndBailey, J., in the same case says, when there has not been a total destruction of the subject-matter of the tenancy in common, "but only a partial injury to it, an action on the case will lie by one tenant against the other." See, also,Anders v. Meredith20 N.C. 339. It may then be safely laid down as a principle governing actions between tenants in common, that when there is a total destruction of the article held in common, an action oftroveror trespass may be (310) sustained; but where there has been simply an abuse of it whereby its value is impaired, an action on the case may be brought. As to the second point contended for by the defendant, we think it untenable. The plaintiffs have not declared on the contract, but intort, making the neglect of duty on the part of the defendant the gravamen of their claim. Two questions are presented to us: the first, can tenants in common contract with each other concerning the subject-matter of the tenancy? and if so, can they desert the contract and declare intort?Page 292The case ofOuston v. Ogle, 13 East., 538, is a direct authority upon the first branch of the inquiry. There the plaintiff declared upon a special agreement in writing, made between himself and the defendant and several others by name, part owners of a ship, whereby they and each and every of them agreed to and with the others and each and every of the others, among other things, that the ship should proceed on a voyage to the West Indies, and should be under the sole management and control of the defendant as husband thereof, etc. To this declaration the defendant demurred and filed special causes; the first was, that the plaintiff and defendant were, with certain other persons, part owners and partners in the ship, and that the action was brought on a partnership account; the fourth was, that by reason of any duty relating to a partnership in the ship, independent of the agreement, the defendant is not liable to an action at law. The court would not suffer Abbott who appeared for the plaintiff to make any argument; the demurrer was overruled, and judgment given for the plaintiff. That case very clearly recognizes the principle that tenants in common and partners may make a contract with one of their number concerning the use of the property so held, and its violation gives a good cause of action at law to those injured. Upon the second branch of the inquiry, we are of opinion the action is properly brought intort;where the law, from a given statement of facts raises an obligation to do a particular act, and there is a breach of that obligation and a consequent damage, an action on the case, founded on thetort, is the proper action. InGovettand Radnidge, 3 East., 70,Lord Ellenboroughobserves, there is no inconvenience in suffering a plaintiff to allege his gravamen as (311) consisting in a breach of duty arising out of an employment for him, and bringing the action for that breach rather than upon a breach of promise. SoBailey, J., inBurnett and Lynch, 5th Barn. and Adol., 609, says, although there be a special contract, a party is not bound to resort to it, but he may declare on thetortand say that the defendant has neglected to perform his duty. See Saunders on Pl. and Ev., 338. This doctrine is recognized in this State in the cases ofWilliamsonv. Dickens,25 N.C. 259;Ledbetter v. Torney,33 N.C. 294, and inRobinson v. Threadgill,35 N.C. 39. The plaintiff was entitled to sue intort, and if the evidence showed that there had been a breach of duty on the part of the defendant in performing his contract, the plaintiff would have been entitled to a verdict. This was a matter of inquiry for the jury, under the proper instructions of the court. But his Honor did not submit the question to the jury, but nonsuited the plaintiffs. In this there was error.
PER CURIAM. Judgment reversed, andvenire de novoawarded.Page 293Cited: Bond v. Hilton,47 N.C. 150;Solomon v. Bates,118 N.C. 315;Fisher v. Water Co.,128 N.C. 375;Peanut Co. v. R. R.,155 N.C. 165;Mule Co., v. R. R.,160 N.C. 220;Roberts v. Roberts,185 N.C. 570.