Escallier v. Great Northern Ry. Co.

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is an action by the plaintiff for damages for the death of a son, seventeen years of age, resulting from injuries alleged *243 to have been caused by a collision with one of defendant company’s trains at a street crossing in the city of Butte. The complaint alleges: “Fifth. That on the 11th day of August, 1909, the said Albert Escallier, at .about the hour of 10 o’clock in the afternoon of said day, was proceeding along said Talbot avenue, and, while crossing defendant’s railroad at said Braund House crossing, was run into and over by one of defendant’s trains, consisting of an engine and caboose, and then and there was so injured by said train that he died the next day as the result thereof. That at the time of said accident and injuries aforesaid said defendants were negligently and carelessly running said train at an excessive, high and dangerous rate of speed, to-wit, about twenty miles an hour. That the defendants carelessly and negligently, as they approached and reached said crossing, omitted to give any signal by ringing the bell or blowing the whistle. That the gates at said crossing were negligently left open. That the defendants negligently failed to give the said Albert Escallier any notice or warning whatever of the approach of said train to said crossing.” The defenses tendered by the defendants are a denial that the injury was caused by them, and a plea of contributory negligence on the part of the deceased.

Five witnesses were examined on behalf of plaintiff. The first was the plaintiff himself. He was not present when the accident occurred, and testified only as to the age, habits, etc., of the deceased. The second was the undertaker who officiated at the funeral, and was questioned touching the expense of burial, etc. The examination of the third related entirely to the character of the “Braund House” crossing, and to the intelligence and physical condition of the deceased. He did not witness -the accident. The fourth witness was the defendant Davis, who was in charge of the train at the time of the accident. He testified that as he approached the crossing his headlight was burning; that there was an are-light over the crossing; that he was looking out ahead, and that he saw no one on or near the crossing, which, he said, would certainly have been the case had anyone been there. He stated, further, that besides causing the bell to be rung he sounded the whistle because a short distance be *244 yond the crossing to one going toward the west — the direction in which he was then going — there was a derailing switch, which, being kept open, barred his passage unless it was closed and signal given of the fact after the whistle had been sounded. He also stated that he approached and passed over the crossing at the rate of four or five miles an hour. He stated that he distinctly recollected the circumstances connected with his passage over the crossing, and detailed them as he remembered them. The fifth witness was one De Long. We quote all the material parts of his testimony:

“I was in the city of Butte on the 11th day of August, 1909. On that evening about the hour of 10 o’clock I was standing on the corner of the platform at 1259 Talbot avenue, which is right close to the Braund House crossing about twenty-five or thirty feet from the crossing. It was either between 10 and 10:20 — 10:10. I observed an engine and caboose run over that crossing on that evening about that time. As to remembering the injury to Albert Escallier, well, I picked the boy up off the crossing after the train had went through. * * * I think the number of the engine was 1139. Immediately after the engine and caboose went over the crossing, I see the boy there, and went and picked him up just at that time. Then the street-car came down, and a fellow by the name of Matt Benewick helped me pick the boy up, and put him on the platform, and I took my handkerchief and corded him up, and stopped the blood with my handkerchief. At the time the train consisting of the engine and caboose ran over the crossing the gates were up. I didn’t hear any engine bell or whistle. That train ran over the crossing between twenty and twenty-five miles an hour. There was nothing wrong with my hearing. If a whistle had been blown, I most assuredly would have heard.it, and, if a bell had been rung, I would have heard that. It was about a minute or minute and a half after the engine and caboose ran ■ over the crossing that I saw Albert Escallier. * * * He didn’t seem to me to be in very much pain. * * * His' leg kind of flopped around. . * * * He tried to get up. * # # He couldn’t get up on account of his leg being broke. Q. When *245 you picked the boy up, what did he say to you? A. The boy said: ‘ I was crossing the track, and the engine hit me. ’ * * * The boy was found on the saloon side of the railroad track. He was just about halfway between the street-car track and the gatepost, and by ‘gate-post’ I refer to the gate-post on the north side, or saloon side. * # * I don’t know how far that was from the gate-post. I suppose it would be about twenty or thirty feet from the gate-post near the saloon and on the north side of the track, or the right-hand [north] side of the track as you go to Butte.” The following are portions of his cross-examination: “As to whether I recall having stated at any time or at any place, in the presence of anybody, that the boy said to me * * * that he had been injured in stepping off from the train and struck something and rolled back; no, sir, he says he got hurt — the engine hit him as he crossed the track. You say you are not asking me now what he said. I don’t recall at any time or at any place * * * making statements in the presence of anybody to the contrary of that statement, not that I recollect of. As to whether I ever, at any time or at any place, in the presence of anyone, said that boy told me that he was struck as he stepped off from the train and rolled back, I stated that case to you as the boy told me. Q. I am asking you whether you have stated to anyone, at any time or at any place, that the boy told you that he was injured in stepping off from the train ? * # * A. I have told the attorney there that the engine hit the boy; what the boy told me. Q. Now, I am asking you about a fourth time whether, at any time, to anyone, you made any statements to the effect that the boy told you that he was hurt in stepping off from the train? A. Well, I don’t recollect of it if I did. I will not say that I didn’t because I don’t know. As to whether I will not say that I didn’t state to other persons that that boy told me that he was injured in stepping off from the train — he was hurt crossing the track is what he told me, see? Q. As I understand you, you don’t recall whether or not at any time you stated to anyone that that boy told you that he was hurt in stepping off from the train? A. I did not say I forgot whether I stated that or not. I would have to, I *246 suppose, recall it; but I didn’t say it, see, that I know of. I don’t know of having made any such statement that I know of. * * * Q. I am going to ask you whether you will swear positively that you did not make a statement to the effect that the boy had told you that he was injured in jumping off of the train? A. * * * Yes; he was not hurt jumping off the train. I don’t know as he jumped off. The Court: That is not the question. A. Well, that is what the boy told me. He got hurt crossing the track, the engine hit him. I do not know that at any time I stated that the boy told me he was hurt in jumping off the train. I do not know that I have ever made any statement of that kind. I don’t think I made such a statement. I don’t remember anything like that at all, but I can’t state positively that I made no such statement of that kind. * # * As to what I was doing at that saloon at that time, I was coming up the street — up to the saloon. I had just got there at that saloon when the train was coming up. I don’t know as I had been in the saloon at all. I was with nobody at the time. I suppose I would have went into the saloon if I hadn’t been watching the engine. As to where I had come from, I, when I was standing on this saloon corner, I think I had been up in town, I couldn’t say where all I had been — around town. I can’t state where I was coming from at that time, coming from town. I had been uptown somewheres around there. I was in Butte. As to whereabouts in Butte, I go a good many places around town. I couldn’t say exactly where I did come from on that night before I was on this saloon corner. * * * I was going down to this saloon. After that I suppose I would go home and go to bed. On August 11, 1909, I was here in Butte living, but I don’t exactly know whereabouts I was living, or in what house, or on what street. I don’t know exactly now where I was living. At the time I stood on the corner of that saloon, I intended, after leaving that saloon, to go home and go to bed. I know that I then intended to go home and go to bed. On that evening before I was standing in front of that saloon I think I was up in town. All I can say is that I was coming from somewhere in Butte, up in town. I don’t recollect now what *247 I did after I picked the boy up; went down the street to bed, I guess. I did’t pay much attention to it that way, where I went to. I can’t tell you in what direction I went in going to bed. As to whether I know along what street I went after the accident — it has been a long time. I have forgotten about it. As to whether I can tell what street or streets I went along after the accident in leaving the Braund House crossing, it would take a long time for me to study it up where I did go. I don’t remember where I went. * * * As to how I happen to remember this declaration of this boy to the effect that the engine hit him, when I don’t remember these other things, I can remember what a fellow says, what he told me. As to whether I can remember what somebody says better than I can remember where I was going, what I was doing, or where I was living, I can remember that, what he told me. As to how I account for my being able to remember that he used that one word, ‘ engine, ’ well, suppose I set it down in a book or on a paper— The Court: Never mind what you suppose. Just answer the question, if you can. A. Well, I can’t answer that.” It may be noted that while the witness was able to understand plaintiff’s counsel and answer readily upon direct examination, when it came to the cross-examination, he claimed that he could not understand English, and had to be assisted by an interpreter.

It appears that at the crossing and for a long distance toward the east the railroad is straight, and that trains coming from that direction can readily be seen by a pedestrian approaching the crossing on Talbot avenue, either from the north or south. The saloon referred to by De Long is on the north side of the track and fronts toward the south.

At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, the court directed a judgment of nonsuit. The plaintiff has appealed from the judgment and an order denying his motion for a new trial.

The case alleged in the complaint is that of a person fatally injured by a railroad train while he was in the act of passing over a crossing protected by gates, which had negligently been left open. No one saw the accident. The only evidence upon which plaintiff relies to fix liability upon the defendants is the *248 testimony of De Long, disclosing the declaration of the deceased at the time he was found lying in the street, a few minutes after the passing of the train, viz., “I was crossing the track and the engine hit me. ’ ’ When this evidence was offered, counsel for defendants objected to it on the ground that the declaration was neither a part of the res gestae, nor within any exception to the hearsay rule. They now argue that it should have been excluded on both grounds. We shall not determine this contention, but shall assume, as counsel for plaintiff contend, that it was admissible because not open to objection for either reason urged against it, and that, other considerations aside, when taken in connection with the proof of the injury, the condition of the gates, etc., it made a case for the jury upon the question whether the negligence of the defendants was the proximate cause of the injury.

Speaking generally, this character of evidence is the weakest 'and least satisfactory of any in persuasive value. “With respect [1] to all verbal admissions, it may be' observed that they ought to be received with great caution. The evidence, consisting as it does in the mere repetition of oral statements, is subject to much imperfection and mistake; the party himself either being misinformed, or not having clearly expressed his own meaning, or the witness having misunderstood him. It frequently happens, also, that the witness by unintentionally altering a few of the expressions really used gives an effect to the statement completely at variance with what the party actually did say.” (1 Greenleaf on Evidence, 16th ed., sec. 200.) The weakness of this character of evidence is recognized by the statute, and it is thereby made the duty of a trial court on all proper occasions to instruct the jury that it is to be viewed with caution. (Rev. Codes, sec. 8028; McCrimmon v. Murray, 43 Mont. 457, 117 Pac. 73.) It is a quality which attaches to all oral testimony as to declarations or admissions which are relevant to the issues on trial, and are competent because they are against the interest of the party making them or fall within some other rule of admissibility. Though the witness who testifies to the oral statement may be honest, his memory may be at fault, or he may *249 have failed to comprehend and interpret the statement as it was intended to be understood by the speaker. In ease it was involuntary, as here, he may not recall the words used, and in endeavoring to relate what he heard, give the statement a -meaning which the words actually used did not import. Moreover, so easy is it to fabricate such evidence that there is strong temptation to a dishonest, interested witness to do so. (17 Cyc. 806, and notes.) After enumerating these elements of weakness, the author of the article in Cyc. on this subject, at page 808, remarks: “Exposed to all the infirmities just mentioned is the testimony to oral statements of dead men, which is invariably subjected to the closest scrutiny in view of the impossibility in most cases of convicting the witness of perjury if his testimony is willfully false.” He then proceeds to enumerate the circumstances which have been noticed by the courts as tending to impair the credibility of such testimony. Among these are the following: “That the testimony is improbable in view of other facts in the case; that the alleged statement is inconsistent with proved facts in the case, absurd, or demonstrably false; that the statement is not in harmony with the conduct of the witness or of the declarant, or that it conflicts with the declarant’s statements to other persons at other times; that the witness is uncorroborated by any independent circumstance in the case; that the-witness # * * is grossly ignorant, or has slight appreciation of the force of words and little skill in expressing in his own language what others have said; that better and available evidence to prove the fact admitted in the alleged statement is not produced; * * * that other persons present when the alleged statement was made are not produced nor their absence accounted for; that witnesses testifying to the statement are interested parties or otherwise biased; that*the alleged statement was made in the presence of the witness alone; * * * that the memory of the witness is in a confused condition; * * * that discrepancies in the examination of the witness in chief and his cross-examination, although immaterial, betray inaccuracy or confusion of memory; that the witness’ testimony is loose, uncertain, and contradictory; * * * that *250 the manner of the witness does not inspire confidence; that the witness is unable to locate definitely the time of the conversation, * * * nor how he happened to come in contact with the declarant on the occasion; that the witness pretends to repeat verbatim a casual conversation after many years; * * * that the credibility of the witness is seriously impaired by other parts of his testimony; that the witness is seriously discredited as to part of his testimony by the opposing testimony of several witnesses. * # # ”

These observations are pertinent here. Assuming that the declaration was made by the deceased as stated by De Long, [2] the case was left to go to the jury upon the bare inference that the deceased, having observed the condition of the gates, was thrown off his guard and went upon the crossing without taking the precaution of looking and listening and stopping for this purpose, if necessary, which, under other conditions, he would have been required to do. (Hunter v. Montana C. Ry. Co., 22 Mont. 525, 57 Pac. 140.) De Long’s statement, when subjected to analysis in the light of the testimony of the engineer and the circumstances attending the accident, is impeached in so many particulars that in our opinion it should not be regarded as of any persuasive value. He was watching the engine; yet he failed to state that he saw the deceased until after the train had passed. Prom his position he must have had a clear view, for it is not disputed that the headlight of the engine was burning and that there was an arc-light over the crossing. He stated that neither the bell nor whistle was sounded. In this he is flatly contradicted by the engineer, who was positive that both signals were given, predicating his statement both upon his personal recollection of the incident and the conditions rendering it imperative that he sound the whistle. This evidence tends to show that the deceased was not on the crossing, and therefore that he could not have made the statement. At least one other person, Benewick, was present when the declaration was made by the deceased. Though he must have been cognizant of all that transpired, he was not called as a witness nor was his absence accounted for. De Long is contradicted by *251 the engineer as to the rate of speed at which the train was going. His memory is so defective as to render his story improbable. "While recalling the declaration so distinctly that he was able to say that the deceased used the word “engine,” he could not recall where he came from to the place of the accident, how he happened to be there, or where he went after he and Benewick picked up the deceased. He did not remember even where he was living or where he slept that night. It is apparent, too, from his cross-examination that he was inclined to be impudent to counsel, and was uncertain as to whether he had not given different versions of the incident to other persons at other times. •A witness who is desirous of telling the truth cannot have any uncertainty as to the version of the same story given by him at different times. On the whole, his story, as it is presented in the printed record, is so far impeached by its own inherent improbability, in view of the other circumstances admitted or proven, that it suggests fabrication. Furthermore, the trial judge had an opportunity to observe his manner and conduct. This is always an important element to be given weight by a trial court, and if the manner and conduct of the witness, added to other matters of impeachment, so far destroy his credit as to render his testimony too unsubstantial to support a verdict, a trial judge is justified in refusing to submit the case to the jury; for, though the general rule is that on a motion for nonsuit the evidence of the plaintiff is regarded as proving every [3] material fact which it tends to prove, there must be substantial evidence — more than a mere scintilla — in order to justify a verdict. (Pierce v. Great Falls & C. Ry. Co., 22 Mont. 445, 56 Pac. 867; Tudor v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 45 Mont. 456, 124 Pac. 276.) This rule obtains where the evidence is in such a condition that, if the case should be submitted to the jury and a verdict for the plaintiff returned, it would be the duty of the court to set it aside. (Pierce v. Great Falls & C. Ry. Co., supra; Bean v. Missoula Lumber Co., 40 Mont. 31, 104 Pac. 869; Gunther v. Liverpool Ins. Co., 134 U. S. 110, 33 L. Ed. 857, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 448; Schofield v. Chicago etc. Ry. Co., 114 U. S. 615, 29 L. Ed. 224, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1125; Ketterman v. Dry Fork *252 R. Co., 48 W. Va. 606, 87 S.E. 683; Dunnington v. Syfers, 157. Ind. 458, 62 N. E. 29; Linkauf v. Lombard, 137 N. Y. 417, 33 Am. St. Rep. 743, 20 L. R. A. 48, 33 N. E. 472; Simmons v. Chicago R. Co., 110 Ill. 340; Hillyer v. Dickinson, 154 Mass. 502, 28 N. E. 905; Connor v. Giles, 76 Me. 132; 6 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. 678.) In the case last cited it is said: “The old rule that a ease must go to the jury if there is a scintilla of evidence has been almost everywhere exploded. There is no object in permitting a jury to find a verdict which a court would set aside as often as found. The better and improved rule is, not to see whether there is any evidence, a scintilla, a crumb, dust of the scales, but whether there is any upon which a jury can, in any justifiable view, find for the party producing it, upon whom the burden of proof is imposed.” Whether there is any substantial evidence in the case made by the party upon whom the burden rests is always a question of law. If there is not, the court ought to withdraw the case from the jury and direct judgment. (Rev. Codes, sec. 6761.) If the testimony of I)e Long is excluded, there is no fact shown justifying an inference that the deceased was injured by collision with the engine. As counsel for the defendants suggest, he may have been injured in an attempt to jump from the train, or by some other means with which defendants were not in any way concerned. But, be the fact as it may, a verdict for plaintiff upon the evidence before us could not have been sustained. The action of the district court was proper.

The judgment and order are affirmed.

Affirmed.

Mr. Justice Holloway concurs. Mr. Justice Smith, being absent, did not hear the argument,, and takes no part in the foregoing decision.