Thomas v. Missouri Pacific Railway Co.

Sherwood, C. J.

Action for damages brought by plaintiff as widow for injuries received by her deceased husband while in the service of the defendant company, resulting in his death.

The deceased had been in the employ of the company as night switchman in that particular locality since the preceding August, but prior to that time, and during the winters of 1884-5 and up to April of the latter year, he was employed as a switchman in the same yards.

The accident in question occurred about three o’clock in the morning of February 17,1886, in the yards of.the defendant at Nevada. Defendant, at the date aforesaid, had a number of sidetracks and switches at said place, and what is commonly known as a pass-track, for storing cars that were to be distributed for various points. The switch, which enabled cars to be removed from the main line onto said pass-track, was north of defendant’s depot. The yard, from the north part of said switch, gradually sloped towards the south end of the yard; so that when cars were switched in *191 from the main, track on the north onto the pass-track they would run down of their own momentum to the south part of said yard, unless stopped with the brakes thereon. The Lexington & Southern road runs from Pleasant Hill,'Missouri, while the Missouri, Kansas & Texas runs from Hannibal, Missouri, through Nevada, to Denison, Texas. Nevada was a distributing point for all cars coming over either of said lines, which were to be transferred from one to the other. The station agent of said city of Nevada had superintending control over said yards, and there was also employed by him at said date a night yardmaster and two night switchmen, who were required, among other things, to couple and switch cars and make tip trains in said yard after said cars were distributed as aforesaid. Defendant also had at that time a car inspector at Nevada, whose duty it was to inspect all cars, coupling apparatus, etc. Cars coming from other roads were switched off and transferred by defendant at said point, and it was apart of deceased’s duty to assist in coupling and uncoupling the same, the petition expressly alleging that it was the duty of the deceased, as night switchman, to manage switches and couple cars and engines together.

Among the cars which came into defendant’s yard at Nevada for distribution, at and prior to said date, were what are commonly called fruit cars, containing the Miller patent coupler. These cars usually have platforms about three feet wide, running clear across each end of the car, and if the drawheads pass each other when a ear of this kind is coupled to an ordinary freight car there is nothing to prevent the platform from coming in contact with the end of the freight car, in consequence of which a person between said cars, under the circumstances, would necessarily be injured. The Miller coupler is used, so that the cars containing same *192 may be attached to either freight or passenger coaches.. It is in use on all passenger coaches, and is so arranged that when two cars, both of which contain the Miller-patent coupler, come together, they will couple themselves. It is necessary to use a link and pin to couple an ordinary freight car and the Miller coupler together. On the Miller coupler there is a groove into which the drawhead of the other car containing a similar coupler fits, when the cars come together. These couplers are fitted with a spring which presses them to the left, and when they come in contact they slip past each other until they come to a catch. In this way they act automatically, and couple themselves. The ordinary freight cars have a drawhead with a large pocket on the top, flaring wide, so that when the ears come together they cannot well miss each other. The Miller coupler has a small pocket, and it slopes to the outside and lets the link run around it.

The undisputed evidence shows that the coupling of an ordinary freight car to the Miller coupling is attended with greater danger than an ordinary coupling of freight cars, and that a switchman who once uses the Miller'' coupler will readily recognize that there is great danger in making such couplings, unless made with care and caution.

All the witnesses who testify upon the question agree that the only safe way to make a coupling like that attempted- when deceased was killed is to put the link in the Miller drawhead, fasten it with the pin, properly adjust the link, and then couple to the freight car.

It was in evidence that the fruit car in question came in to Nevada about half an hour before the accident happened, and was loaded with oranges from the state of California, and at each end and at the sides of this car were the customary wire screens for its ventila *193 tion, which were obvious to ordinary observation, and the fragrance from the oranges was readily discernible at a considerable distance from the car. It is in evidence, also, that the orange season in 1885 began in the month of December, and from January 15, to the seventeenth of February, some twenty-five of these Miller coupling fruit cars had come through defendant’s yards at Nevada, deceased on several occasions having coupled ordinary freight cars to the Miller coupler fruit ears, and no injury had hapened to anyone in consequence of coupling such cars. The particular car belonged to the Central Pacific Railway Company and was part of a freight train, and came in to Nevada about half past two o’clock on the morning of the seventeenth of February, and was coupled to an ordinary freight car. The car inspector of defendant inspected both the Wabash car and the fruit car almost as soon as they came in to Nevada, and before any coupling was attempted and found that the coupling apparatus and other machinery of both cars were sound and in good condition. As the oranges were perishable property, necessitating their being sent forward at once to their destination, Kansas City, the fruit car was first taken to the pass-track.

Switchman Shea got on this car, and after it had run down about one hundred and fifty yards from the north end of the switch he set the brakes and stopped it. Hollister, the yardmaster, had in the meantime sent . in on said pass-track a Wabash freight car, similar to those in use by defendant on said pass-track, and was proceeding to look after same and couple it to the fruit car, but before he got to the Wabash car deceased came' out of the switchman’s shanty with his lantern lit, passed by the fruit car, and of his own accord, without any direction from the yard master, or anyone else, climbed on top of said Wabash car and commenced *194 setting the brakes thereon, so that he conld get it under control before it came down to where he desired to couple it to the fruit car. When Hollister saw that deceased was looking after the Wabash car he went back to look after some other cars. He had no conversation with deceased, and never saw him again until he was killed.

Before the couplings were made Brownell, the conductor, who, as he testifies, was making up the freight train for Kansas City, and was there, taking the numbers of the cars which were to form that train, while doing so, took the numbers of the Wabash car and of the Central Pacific or fruit car; and while the Wabash car was some ninety feet from the fruit car, and proceeding slowly towards the same, saw the deceased running ahead towards the fruit car in order to make the coupling. The link was then in the drawhead of the Wabash car, and Brownell, knowing the danger with the link where it was, told the deceased to change the link to the fruit car.

Brownell is confident that deceased heard him, and that deceased knew that he was coupling the freight car to the fruit car. The link was not changed, and deceased attempted to make the coupling with the link in the drawhead of the Wabash car, instead of changing it to the fruit car. The drawheads passed each other; the cars came together and caught deceased, from the effects of which he died in a short time.' Deceased had his lantern, and, as the platform upon the end of the fruit car was projecting three feet, and extending clear across same, could not help seeing that it was a Miller coupling, as freight cars do not generally have such platforms. He had also passed by the fruit car a few minutes before; and the fragrance of the oranges, and the fact that the ear was upon the track where he was required to couple same, must *195 necessarily have warned him that he was dealing with the Miller coupler. He nrust, also, have known all about it; for the undisputed evidence shows that he came out of the shanty, went to the Wabash car, took it on down for the purpose of coupling same to the fruit car, without consulting anyone with reference to the matter. Deceased had ample time to have changed the link from the Wabash car to the fruit car after he was warned by Brownell.

According to the undisputed testimony of both Hollister and Brownell, it was the duty of deceased to take no chances when making couplings, and so he was instructed. He should have come out from between the cars after attempting to make the coupling. All the evidence in the case tends to show that deceased was guilty of negligence in undertaking to make the coupling with the link in the drawhead of Wabash car, instead of putting it in the drawhead of fruit car. And the fruit car was coupled to the freight car within two hours after the accident, and taken northward.

From all the evidence in the cause, it seems clear that if the deceased had placed the link in the draw-head of the fruit car, and then made the coupling in the customary way, that the probabilities are in favor of the non-occurrence of any injury to him. And it was in evidence that the deceased had been careless of his personal safety on prior occasions, and on one of them had received an injury, having gone out to couple cars in the night time without his lantern.

The instructions given and refused will accompany this opinion.

Under the instructions given, the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in the sum of $3,000; and, after the usual motions ineffectually filed, the defendant appealed to this court.

*196 I. It is unnecessary to consider the sufficiency of the petition in this cause, or whether, if insufficient, its deficiencies were cured on the principle of “express aider,” by reason of the issues raised by the answer, since the heart of this cause lies in two points of view:

First. As to whether the injury received by the deceased was incident to the service in which he was engaged; and, second, whether negligence can be imputed to a railway company when simply obeying constitutional and statutory mandates in the reception and transportation of the cars of other railway companies, when such cars are in sound condition, though differing in their coupling apparatus from those of the receiving company.

As to the first point:

The petition herein expressly alleges that “it was the duty of the said W. I. Thomas, the deceased, as such night switchman, to manage the switches, couple cars and engines together,” etc. It is not pretended, nor could it be with any semblance or show of reason (especially in the face of the allegations of the petition just noted), that it was the duty of the decedent only to couple a certain description of ccvrs together, leaving those of another sort to be coupled by some other employe.

The service in which he engaged required him as night switchman to couple all cars. that were brought into the defendant company’s yards at Nevada for that purpose. This remark, of course, leaves out of view cars which were in bad condition in consequence of defects arising from being out of repair, and not those in good condition, however differing as to their methods of coupling from those owned or operated by the defendant company. It was his duty to switch cars and couple cars; all cars that were in sound condition *197 and good order, no matter what their peculiar couplings were, nor from what quarter they came. This was the measure of his duty and his service, and this was the measure of his risk as an incident of that service. That a servant assumes such risks as are thus incident to the service in-which he engages is so well supported by authorities that it seems to be a work of supererogation to cite or quote from them. And the rule as to the assumption of such risks is not varied or in any manner affected by the hazardous nature of the employment; whatever hazards are concomitants of the employment, such hazards the employe assumes necessarily when engaging in the performance of the duties pertaining thereto.

Hulett's case, 67 Mo. 239, directly illustrates the case at bar. There an experienced brakeman undertook to couple two cars in nowise defective, but of unequal heights, without using the ordinary crooked pin adopted for preventing accidents in such cases. He knew of the inequality in height of the cars, their difference being obvious to the eye of anyone, but he miscal-. culcited, and in consequence was injured, and it was held that he had no cause of action. In that case, Gildersleeve case, 33 Mich. 133, was approvingly cited and followed, where Cooley, O. J. said: “The car which was the cause of the injury in this case was not in itself dangerous, or unfit for use. In coupling it with other cars peculiar caution was requisite, making it more liable to cause injury than would be a car of more modern construction. Its use, therefore, made the employment more dangerous than it otherwise would be. In that particular, the case may be compared to that of a farmer, who, with knowledge on the part of himself and those in his employ, that a horse he has had in use is disposed to be fractious and unmanage-^ able, continues nevertheless to use him in his business. *198 It may be compared to that of the merchant who .continues to make use of a fluid for light, when something else which is within his re¿ch has been demonstrated by experience to be safer. So far as we can perceive, the case of the manufacturer would not be different in principle, who should continue the use of a building which, in the event of a conflagration, would subject his employes to greater risks than would one of different construction. Comparisons innumerable might be made with this case in all the avocations of life.

“Now any rule on this subject must be a general rule, and not one to be applied to railroad companies alone. * * * The case is consequently divested of any question except such as would concern' the relation of master and servant, and the same rule would govern the case that would govern were the question to arise between the farmer, the mechanic or the manufacturer and the persons in his employ. And, treating it as a question of such broad application, we do not perceive any ground upon which plaintiff’s case can safely be planted, which comes short of this: That the employer is under obligation to his servants under all circumstances to make use of the safest known appliances and instruments, and is responsible for any failure to discard what is not such, and to supply its place with something safer. Any doctrine so fai reaching as this would manifestly be destructive of the general rule, and would almost make the employer the guarantor of his servant’s safety in his employ.” And the judgment in that case was reversed. ' •

“Wharton says: “Hence, to turn specifically to the consideration of the employer’s liability, an employe who undertakes the performance of hazardous duties assumes such risks as are incident to their discharge from causes open and and obvious, the dangerous character of which causes he has had opportunity to *199 ascertain. The same rule applies as to perils, not incidental to the particular work of which he has notice either express or implied.” Law of Negligence [2 Ed.] sec. 214.

In Price v. Railroad, 77 Mo. 508, it was ruled that “where a servant accepts employment knowing as well as his employer its peril, or continues in service after he acquires such knowledge, he has no claim for damages against the employer for an injury occasioned by such perils.” An approved author says touching the subject under discussion: “As we have seen it to be the duty of the master to point out such, dangers as are not patent, so it is the duty of the employe to go about his work with his eyes open. He may not wait to be- told, but must act affirmatively. He must take ordinary care to learn the dangers which are likely to beset him in the service. If the master provides written or printed instructions or warning, it is his duty to read them. He must not go blindly and heedlessly to his work, when there is danger. He must inform himself. This is the law everywhere. The servant is held, by his contract of hiring, to assume the risk of injury from the ordinary dangers of the employment; that is to say, from such dangers as are knojrn to him, or discoverable by the exercise of ordinary care on his part. He has, therefore, no right of action, in general, against his master for an injury befalling him from such a cause. His right to recover will often depend upon his knowledge or ignorance of the <|ar>-gei’- If he knew of it, or was under a legal obligation to know of it, it was part of his contract, and he cannot, in general, recover.” Beach on Contributory Negligence [2 Ed.] secs. 369, 370.

Another author says: “If the servant, before he enters the service, knows, or if he afterwards discovers, or if, by the exercise of ordinary observation or reason *200 able skill and diligence in Ms department of service, be may discover, that the building, premises, machine, appliance or fellow-servant in connection with which or with whom he is to labor is unsafe or unfit in any particular, and if, notwithstanding such knowledge, or means of knowledge, he voluntarily enters into or continues in the employment without objection or complaint, he is deemed to assume the risk of the danger thus known or discoverable, and to waive any claim for damages against the master in case it shall result in injury to him.” 2 Thompson on Negligence, 1008.

Another work of recognized merit says: “Notwithstanding the general rule that the master is bound to furnish safe and sound materials, machinery, etc., yet if the work upon which a servant is employed consists, in whole or in part, in handling unsafe or unsound things, known to him to be so, and which, by the very nature of the business, must be handled while in that condition, the 'servant assumes the risk of doing so. Thus, a railway servant, employed to remove damaged cars to a repair shop, has no right to complain of injuries suffered from the known defects of such cars. And, where a business is obviously dangerous, and is conducted in a manner which is fully known to the servant at the outset, he assumes the risk of its conduct in that manner, although a safer method could have been adopted. The ordinary risks of a particular business are those which are part of the natural and ordinary method of conducting that business, although they may fairly be called extraordinary with reference to a different business.” 1 Shearman & Redfield on Negligence [4 Ed.] see. 185.

In a recent case in Massachusetts it is held that if a business is essentially attended with extraordinary dangers, that these are among the riská assumed. Joyce v. Worcester, 140 Mass. 245.

*201 And it has been expressly held in several well-considered cases that one of the risks a railway employe assumes on entering the employment is the risk which attends the reception and transportation of cars from foreign companies, though they be not constructed with the most approved appliances, and that it is not negligence on the part of a railway company to receive and transport such cars in the ordinary course of its business. Baldwin v. Railroad, 50 Iowa, 680; Railroad v. Flanigan, 77 Ill. 365; Railroad v. Black, 88 Ill. 112; Railroad v. Smithson, 45 Mich. 212; Hathaway v. Railroad, 51 Mich. 253. See also Tuttle v. Railroad, 122 U. S. 189; Kelley, Adm'r, v. Railroad, 21 Am. & Eng. R. R. Cases, 633; Darracutts v. Railroad, 31 Am. & Eng. R. R. Cases, 157. In the case last cited it is said: “ There are also certain correlative duties on the part of the employe to the company. Of these, one is the duty of the employe to be reasonably observant •of the machinery he operates, and to, report any defects he may discover therein to the company; Another is to use ordinary care to avoid injuries to himself; for the company is under no greater obligation to care for his safety than he himself is. He must always obey the rules of the company prescribed for his safety, and which are brought to his knowledge. And he must inform himself, as far as he reasonably can, respecting the dangers as well as the duties incident to the service upon which he enters.”

In Railroad v. Black, supra, the complaint was that the coupling-bar of a flat car, loaded with iron, of one company, and of a caboose of another company, were of different heights, and the plaintiff, in stooping down between the cars to do the coupling, had his hand crushed between the bars. It is said in the opinion by Mr. Justice Sheldon, that it was the plaintiff’s own •fault ‘ ‘in not ascertaining the condition of the cross-bars *202 before attempting the coupling;” and that, “from his experience as a switchman in the yard, and the frequent coming in of cars thus constructed from other roads, he had reason to suppose that the car in-question was liable to have a drawbar in the situation it was here, and it was his plain duty to examine and ascertain, as-he safely might have done, what was the condition of the car in this respect before venturing upon the coupling.”

It seems there is some conflict in the testimony as: to whether Brownell notified the deceased on the night of the accident to change the link, but it is wholly immaterial whether he did so or not on that occasion, because the testimony is undisputed that the deceased had coupled similar cars on several occasions, and must have known from that circumstance and from the very business of the railway service, that such cars were likely to come in over to the defendant company’s road for reception and transportation at any hour of the day or night; and, besides, the fragrance issuing from the car laden with oranges, and the shape of the platform of the fruit car, constituted notice in and of themselves that a car differing from an ordinary freight car in its appliances was to be coupled to the Wabash car.

On the point in hand Judge Cooley in Smithson’s case, supra, very pertinently observes: “The difference-is very marked and striking, and it is quite impos£ibleto couple the double deadwoods or to approach them for the purpose, with any degrée of attention, without observing it. This is so whether the coupling is done-in the daytime or night-time; for in the night every switchman has his lantern with him, or should have it on all occasions. If, therefore, a switchman were to declare that he had attempted to couple the doubledeadwoods without noticing how they differed from the cars of defendant, the conclusion would be inevit *203 able tbat be bad gone heedlessly in tbe performance of a duty requiring great care, and tbat be bad not allowed bis eyes to inform bim what was before bim. Moreover, tbe business of tbe road was of itself a notification tbat many differences requiring attention in coupling were to be encountered by tbe switchmen and brakemen. Tbe Michigan Central is a great common way for tbe cars of all tbe railroad companies of tbe country, and every man in tbe employ of tbe defendant, if be has ordinary intelligence, is perfectly cognizant of tbe fact. He knows, too, tbat tbe cars of tbe several railroad and transportation companies differ, and tbat at one time or another all these differences may appear in tbe cars be may be called upon to couple or uncouple. Every train is likely to have several kinds, and be cannot assume as be passes from one to another tbat tbe two will be alike; much less tbat tbe whole train will be. To notify bim specially of tbe differences would not only be troublesome and expensive, and oftentimes, as above explained, confusing, but it would be a work of supererogation; for any man capable intelligently of performing tbe duty would be no wiser after tbe notice than before; and a man who would not heed tbe information tbe very nature and course of tbe business would impart to bim would be protected by no notice. Tbe best notice is tbat which a man must of necessity see and which cannot confuse or mislead bim ; he needs no printed placard to announce a precipice when be stands before it.”

And in tbe recent case of Jackson v. Railroad, 104 Mo. 448, it is said: “Where a railroad company is in tbe habit of receiving and transporting cars loaded with timbers and iron rails which project over tbe cars upon which they are loaded, tbe risks arising from such projecting timbers or rails is nothing more than an ordinary risk assumed by tbe brakeman.”

*204 No difference in point of principle can be shown to exist between the case there mentioned and the present instance; the same considerations which dominate one must dominate the other. Tested by the authorities already cited, the injuries received by the deceased must be regarded as incident to the risks assumed by him on entering the employ of the company, and that, besides, his own contributory negligence in attempting to make the coupling in the way he attempted to make it constitutes a bar to any recovery. But further on this point: If it be true that the Miller coupler is used on all passenger cars, and plaintiff should be allowed to recover as to a fruit car, then it must needs follow that a like recovery could be had whenever a like injury should occur in the attempt to couple a freight car to an ordinary passenger car, both belonging to the defendant company.

Second. Now as to the second point proposed for discussion: The constitution of this state declares: “Every railroad company shall have the right, with its road, to intersect, connect with or cross any other railroad, and shall receive and transport each other’s passengers, tonnage and cars, loaded or empty, without delay or discrimination.” And section 2626, Eevised Statutes, 1889, is but a legislative declaration of the sam e mandate. It will be observed that this language is mandatory. Under its terms, it becomes the imperative duty of every railway' company in the state to “receive and transport each other’s passengers, tonnage add cars, loaded or empty, without delay or discrimination.” Of course this language, under the operation of a familiar principle, is to receive a reasonable construction, and such construction would obviously exclude damaged cars, and cars out of repair; but not those whose con-„ struction or coupling apparatus differs from those belonging to, or operated by, the defendant company.

*205 Now, negligence is the result of a failure to perform a duty; from this premise it follows that no course of conduct can justly be termed negligence which results from a simple performance of a duty enjoined ly law, to-wit, the reception and transportation of cars from other roads. And so this point has been ruled in states having statutory provisions resembling our own. Thus in Michigan Cooley, J., says: ‘ ‘ The primary fact that must rule this controversy is that the Michigan Central Railroad Company is compelled to receive and transport over its road all the varieties of freight cars which are offered to it for the purpose, and which are upon wheels adapted to its gauge. It is compelled to do so: First, because the necessities of commerce demand it. It cannot and would not be tolerated that cars loaded at New York for San Francisco, or at Boston for Chicago, should have their freight transferred from one car to another whenever they passed upon another road. Time would be lost, expense increased, injuries to freight made more numerous, and no corresponding advantage accrue to anyone. It is compelled to do so, second, by its own interest. To attempt to stop every car offered to it at its own termini, that the freight might be transferred to its own vehicles, would be to drive away from its line a large portion of its traffic, and compel it to rely upon a local business for which it must increase its charges to make up if possible for what it would lose. But, third, the statute itself, requires it. It is provided by G-eneral Laws, 1873, page 99, that ‘every corporation owning a road in use shall, at reasonable times and for a reasonable compensation, draw over the same the. merchandise and cars of any other corporation.’ The. necessities of commerce require this with such imperative force that there could scarcely be a more flagrant breach of corporate duty than would be a refusal to obey this law; and the inter *206 feren.ce of the state to punish could hardly fail to be speedy and effectual.

“It does not follow that laborers must sacrifice life or limb in order to meet this great public necessity. It is certain that there must be brakemen and switch-men, and that these must be called upon to perform the somewhat hazardous act of coupling cars, and of making up trains of cars of different constructions. But the act is dangerous: First, because inevitable accidents will sometimes occur; and, second, because even in the most exposed positions men will sometimes be wanting in ordinary prudence. But when accident or negligence intervenes any business is dangerous; the difference in danger is, only one of degree. There are more risks in operating a mill by steam than by water, but this does hot prove the use of the steam engine to be negligence in the mill-owner. The same remark may be made of different cars; one construction of car may render necessary a higher degree of care in coupling than another calls for; but there is no ground whatever for imputing to this defendant, or to any other railroad company, legal negligence for that which was a necessity of its business, and which all persons in its employ must be presumed to have known was a necessity. ” Railroad v. Smithson, supra.

In another ease in that state involving similar facts as to foreign cars, Sherwood, J., said: “The risk in making that coupling was incident to the service the plaintiff had voluntarily engaged in, — one of which, from the very nature of the business, he must, under the circumstances, have been cognizant; and no other or better notice of which could, be possibly given than that which the plaintiff had as» he stood there and saw the two cars with the deadwoods approaching each other; and no amount of experience could further or better warn the plaintiff of the dangers then before *207 him in making the unfortunate coupling; the chances were his.” Hathaway v. Railroad, supra.

In Iowa, under a similar statutory provision, a like ruling has been made, Seeveks, J., remarking: “It must be borne in mind that the question is whether it is negligence for the defendant to receive and transport cars of other roads in general use and the ordinary course of business, which are not constructed with the most approved appliances. Public policy has some bearing on this proposition. It is undoubtedly of great importance to the trade and commerce of the country that a car once loaded should go through to its destination without breaking bulk. It is unnecessary, it is believed, to enlarge on this point, as its importance will be readily acknowledged. Suppose, then, the Union Pacific Railroad Company should deliver a ear, constructed as these were, to the defendant, which was loaded with merchandise destined for New York, and as provided in the Code, section 1292, and in strict accord therewith, request the defendant to transport the same, would the defendant be bound to receive such car, and for a refusal would it be liable in damages, the only ground of refusal being that it was dangerous to its employes to transport such a car; while on the other hand it would be shown that cars so constructed were in use on all other roads'? It is sufficient to say that it admits of great doubt whether such a defense should be permitted to prevail. The occasional or frequent use of such cars on any road, in the ordinary course of business, is one of the ordinary risks an employe .assumes. He knows or is bound to know that cars from other roads are being constantly hauled over the road whose employe he is. The most ordinary observation will teach him this. He must know these cars may be differently constructed.” Baldwin v. Railroad, supra.

*208 Similar • rulings have been made in Illinois without any controlling statute. Railroad v. Flanigan, supra; Railroad v. Black, supra.

The element of negligence, as a mere consequence of receiving and transporting the Central Pacific or fruit car in the case at bar, is, therefore, eliminated from this case, and with that gone there is nothing left in the other circumstances detailed to cast any liability upon the defendant company.

The conclusion reached is, therefore, that the judgment should be reversed.

All concur, except Barclay, J., who dissents.

SEPARATE CONCURRING OPINION.