Opinion · District Court, S.D. Indiana
Chavis v. Whitcomb
305 F. Supp. 1364
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- District Court, S.D. Indiana
- Jurisdiction
- Indiana
- Date
- 1969-07-28
- Topic
- litigation
OPINION By Judges KERNER, STECKLER, and NOLAND: This suit was tried before a three-judge court of the Southern District of Indiana, constituted under 28 U.S.C. § 2281 in that the complaint prays that certain statutes of the State of Indiana, having state-wide effect, 1 be declared violative of the Constitution of the United States. Jurisdiction is predicated upon 28 U.S.C. § 1343. The complaint seeks declaratory relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201 and injunctive relief would necessarily accompany a judgment adverse to defendants. The action was commenced against the Indiana General Assembly and its individual members. By order of March 18, 1969, the Court granted the plaintiffs’ motion to join Edgar D.
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Chavis v. Whitcomb. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
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CHAVIS v. WHITCOMB, (S.D.Ind. 1969)
305 F. Supp. 1364
Patrick CHAVIS, Andrew Ramsey, Mason Bryant, Rowland Allen, William Walker,
Jr., and Marilyn Hotz, Plaintiffs, v. Edgar D. WHITCOMB, Governor of the
State of Indiana, Defendant, and John C. Ruckelshaus, Otis R. Bryant, Jr.,
and Robert C. Morris, Intervening Defendants.
No. IP 69-C-23.
United States District Court, S.D. Indiana,
Indianapolis Division
July 28, 1969.
West Page 1365
Richard C. Johnson, Deputy Atty. Gen., Indianapolis, Ind., for defendant.
William K. Byrum, Fulmer, Burris Byrum, Indianapolis, Ind., for intervening defendants.
Before KERNER, Circuit Judge, STECKLER, Chief District Judge, and NOLAND, District Judge.
OPINION
The action was commenced against the Indiana General Assembly and its individual members. By order of March 18, 1969, the Court granted the plaintiffs' motion to join Edgar D. Whitcomb, as Governor of the State of Indiana. By further order of May 12, 1969, the Court granted defendants' motion to dismiss as to the Indiana General Assembly and its individual members.
The complaint purports to state a class action; each plaintiff sues in his own behalf and in behalf of the class or classes he is alleged to represent. By order of June 18, 1969, the Court determined that this was not properly a class action but that the plaintiffs could maintain the action individually.2Also by order of June 18, 1969, the Court granted the petition of certain intervening defendants for leave to intervene nunc pro tunc June 12, 1969, pursuant to Rule24(b)(2), Fed.R.Civ.P.
The parties agree that the bicameral Indiana General Assembly consists of a House of Representatives of one hundred members, and a Senate of fifty members,3elected from districts, and that under the Indiana Acts of 1965 (2d Spec.Sess.), ch. 5, sec. 3, p. 18 and ch. 4, sec. 3, p. 15,4Marion County Indiana, which includes the City of Indianapolis, comprises the Twenty-sixth
District of the House and the Nineteenth District of the Senate. Under these statutes fifteen representatives and eight senators are apportioned to and elected at large from Marion County. The plaintiffsWest Page 1367assert that these statutes operate to violate their rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution of the United States.
THE COMPLAINT
Each of the plaintiffs is described by the complaint; allegations of fact relating specifically to the individual plaintiffs are then made. Each plaintiff sues in his own behalf and in behalf of persons similarly situated.
Plaintiff Patrick Chavis is described as a resident and voter of Indiana. Though a Negro, he lives outside the 1960 and 1967 Ghetto Areas described in the complaint, residing in an area where Negroes are unlikely ever to gather in sufficient number to be able to exercise a voting bloc influence over the election of any candidate to any public office. Therefore, he alleges that he has an active interest in protecting the voting rights of the inhabitants of the described Ghetto Area whose interests and voting propensities approximate his own.
Plaintiffs Andrew Ramsey and Mason Bryant are described as Negro-Americans who are residents and voters of Marion County, Indiana, residing in the 1967 Ghetto Area described in the complaint. They are alleged to be part of a cognizable interest group which regularly engages in bloc voting but whose bloc voting is cancelled out by the voting of contrary interest groups in Marion County-wide elections. These plaintiffs allege that their vote is invidiously diluted in Indiana General Assembly elections by multi-member districting at large of General Assembly seats in Marion County.
Plaintiff Marilyn Hotz is described as a White-American, a resident of Marion County outside the City of Indianapolis, and a Republican by party preference. She alleges that persons living in Marion County outside the city include less than one-third of the population of Marion County but almost one-half of the regular Republican voters of the county. She further alleges that such residents are deprived of a proportionate voice as to who their Republican state legislators shall be, in years of Republican victory in Marion County.
Plaintiff Rowland Allen is described as an American citizen and a resident and voter of Marion County who is an independent voter. He alleges that he seeks to vote for the individual candidate rather than the political party, but that he is frustrated in this effort because of the large number of candidates presented by each party.
Plaintiff William Walker is described as a Negro resident and voter of Lake County, Indiana. He alleges that Lake County contains about the same number of Negroes as does Marion County but that Lake County Negroes have the opportunity to influence the election of only five-eighths as many senators and eleven-fifteenths as many representatives as do Marion County Negroes in General Assembly elections. He alleges that his vote is mathematically diluted because of the multi-member districting of Marion County.
In a separate paragraph of the complaint, the plaintiffs Chavis, Ramsey, and Bryant allege that the present legislative apportionment and districting statutes of Indiana are unconscionably detrimental to the force and effect of the vote of Negroes and poor persons living in Marion County. They further allege the existence of a geographical 1967 Ghetto Area having demographic characteristics which cause it to contain a cognizable minority interest group, and the existence of a Ghetto Voting Area whose boundaries closely coincide with those of the Ghetto Area. Because of its cognizable minority characteristics, the Ghetto Area is alleged to have an unusual interest in specific areas of substantive law.
The Ghetto Area is alleged to exist involuntarily because of the segregation of racial minority groups and persons of low income.
These plaintiffs claim that under single-member districting the two described Ghetto Areas would control theWest Page 1368nomination and election of three representatives and of one senator, but that these areas have almost no political force or control over legislators under the present districting scheme because the effect of their vote is cancelled out by other contrary interest groups in Marion County.
It is further alleged that the Democratic Party organization, particularly the County Chairman, has substantial control over the nomination of prospective state legislators in Marion County primary elections, through sponsorship of a slate of candidates. This slate is seldom defeated. Plaintiffs allege that this control exists because multi-member districting causes the number of candidates to be so large that they cannot become individually known to even the most conscientious and discerning voter.
Plaintiff William Walker, Jr. alleges that multi-member districting gives certain inhabitants and voters in a larger multi-member district a mathematically unconscionable advantage over him. He alleges that Lake County is second only to Marion County in number of inhabitants, that it is almost equal to Marion County in number of Negro inhabitants, and that if single-member districting prevailed in both counties, Lake County would elect as many "Negro rights-conscious" legislators to the General Assembly as would Marion County. Both counties are alleged to have a sufficient number of Negro voters and inhabitants for a bloc vote by said inhabitants to change the result of any election recently held.
He alleges that Lake County is a multi-member at large district for purposes of electing legislators, and that in the number of its inhabitants and of legislators Lake County is about three-fourths the size of Marion County. The four to three ratio of inhabitants and voters will continue to result in a four to three apportionment ratio of legislators between the two counties, but this four to three ratio on a multi-member district basis in Marion County will result in an invidious dilution of the Lake County Negro and voter influence with respect to the General Assembly.
In support of his conclusion plaintiff Walker alleges that voter influence does not decrease in a direct inverse ratio with the population or voter population of a district because the rules of mathematics inject a square root factor into the denominator of the said equation and fraction. Because of this, the vote of each Lake County voter effects the election of only three-fourths as many legislators as the vote of each Marion County voter, but the probability of a typical Marion County voter's having an opportunity to effect the result of an individual legislator's conduct will not be an inverse three-fourths to that of the Lake County voter; rather it will be about 86.80% that of a Lake County voter.
Plaintiff Walker alleges that because of the square root factor it is mathematically impossible to achieve a truly equitable apportionment among multi-member legislative districts of different sizes. It is further alleged that there is competition between the Negro population of Lake County and the Negro population of Marion County to capitalize upon the general concern among the general public and its legislators to overcome injustices perpetrated upon racial minorities, and that Marion County Negroes enjoy an unconscionable advantage, diluting the voting power of Lake County Negroes.
In effect, the portions of the complaint relating specifically to plaintiffs Chavis, Ramsey, and Bryant allege that the result of electing Marion County's legislators at large is to dilute the vote of a cognizable minority group in violation of the Constitution of the United States.
All six plaintiffs seek a declaration that the at large provisions of the Indiana Acts of 1965 (2d Spec.Sess.) ch. 4, sec. 3, p. 15 and ch. 5, sec. 3, p. 18, are unconstitutional in so far as they apply to Marion County and an order directing a proper legislative apportionment in Marion County.West Page 1369
We find that those allegations of the complaint pertaining to a cognizable interest group consisting of Negroes residing in the "Center Township Ghetto" in Marion County, as that term and the area embraced are defined and delineated later in this opinion, have been proven by a preponderance of the evidence; that the election of legislators at large from Marion County effects an unjustifiable minimization of the voting power of this sizeable and cognizable minority group, and that members of the group, including the plaintiff Mason Bryant, have thus been invidiously discriminated against in contravention of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. The remedy which we believe to be appropriate at this time is statedinfra.
THE TEST TO BE APPLIED
Plaintiffs rely somewhat on dictum of Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Colorado General Assembly,377 U.S. 713,731,84 S.Ct. 1459,1471,12 L.Ed.2d 632(1964), discussing possible undesirable features of multi-member districting. However, that decision is inapposite in that it did not intimate that such districts are constitutionally defective. See Footnote 21 toLucas.
The first case to come before the Supreme Court specifically raising an issue of the constitutionality of a multi-member districting scheme was Fortson v. Dorsey,379 U.S. 433,85 S.Ct. 498,13 L.Ed.2d 401(1965). There, under Georgia's 1962 Senatorial Reapportionment Act the state was divided into senatorial districts that were conceded to be substantially equal in population. Except for the seven most populous counties in the state, from one to eight counties comprised a district and the voters therein, on a district-wide basis, elected the senator for that district. The seven most populous counties were divided into from two to seven districts each and the voters in each such county, instead of electing only one senator from the district in which they resided, elected, on a county-wide basis, the number of senators that the county had districts. The plaintiffs, registered voters in multi-district counties, brought action in the Federal District Court seeking a decree that the county-wide voting requirement in the seven multi-district counties violated the Equal Protection Clause of theFourteenthAmendment. The three-judge District Court granted their motion for summary judgment, holding that the difference between electing senators in districts comprising a county or group of counties and in multi-district counties constituted an "invidious discrimination tested by any standard." Dorsey v. Fortson,228 F. Supp. 259at 263 (N.D.Ga. 1964). The Supreme Court reversed, holding that a multi-member legislative district was not per se violative of equal protection rights; the intended scope of the Court's decision appears clear from the following:
"Agreeing with appellees' contention that the multi-member constituency feature of the Georgia scheme wasper sebad, the District Court entered the decree on summary judgment. We treat the question as presented in that context, and our opinion is not to be understood to say that in all instances or under all circumstances such a system as Georgia has will comport with the dictates of the Equal Protection Clause. It might well be that, designedly or otherwise, a multi-member constituency apportionment scheme, under the circumstances of a particular case, would operate to minimize or cancel out the voting strength of racial or political elements of the voting population. When this is demonstrated it will be time enough to consider whether the system still passes constitutional muster. This question, however, is not presented by the record before us." Fortson v. Dorsey,supra,at 439,85 S.Ct. at 501.
The Court inFortsondid not decide that a multi-member districting scheme, even though operating to cancel out the voting strength of an element of theWest Page 1370population, would be unconstitutional as discriminatory, preferring to withhold that determination in the absence of any support in the record.
In Burns v. Richardson,384 U.S. 73,86 S.Ct. 1286,16 L.Ed.2d 376(1966), the use of multi-member districts was one attack made on the Hawaii legislative apportionment and districting statutes. As inFortson,the Court held that sufficient proof had not been adduced to show discrimination:
"But the demonstration that a particular multi-member scheme effects an invidious result must appear from evidence in the record. Cf. McGowan v. [State of] Maryland,366 U.S. 420, [81 S.Ct. 1101,6 L.Ed.2d 393]. That demonstration was not made here. In relying on conjecture as to the effects of multi-member districting rather than demonstrated fact, the court acted in a manner more appropriate to the body responsible for drawing up the districting plan. Speculations do not supply evidence that the multi-member districting was designed to have or had the invidious effect necessary to a judgment of the unconstitutionality of the districting."384 U.S. 73,86 S.Ct. 1286.
Clarifying the earlier language inFortson,however, the Court made it clear that under some circumstances multi-member districting could be violative of the Constitution. The Court inBurnscharacterized the language ofFortsonas the applicable standard of constitutionality:
"Where the requirements of Reynolds v. Sims are met,apportionment schemes including multi-memberdistricts will constitute an invidious discriminationonly if it can be shownthat `designedly or otherwise, a multi-member constituency apportionment scheme, under the circumstances of a particular case, would operate to minimize or cancel out the voting strength of racial or political elements of the voting population.'Id.(Fortson v. Dorsey) at 439 [85 S.Ct. 498, at 501]." [Emphasis added.]Burnsfurther specified the standard by pointing out the facts inFortsonwhich had argued against a showing of minimization or cancellation of voting strength. The Court stated:
"It may be that this invidious effect can more easily be shown if, in contrast to the facts inFortson,districts are large in relation to the total number of legislators, if districts are not appropriately subdistricted to assure distribution of legislators that are resident over the entire district, or if such districts characterize both houses of a bicameral legislature rather than one."384 U.S. 73,86 S.Ct. 1286.
The teaching ofFortsonandBurnsis that inherent discrimination is not apparent on the face of any multi-member districting scheme, under the Equal Protection Clause. Choosing between specific single-member legislative districts and multi-member districts is essentially a choice between political theories of representational democracy.5That decision, once made by the state legislature, which all agree is the body primarily responsible for political decisions, is to be disturbed by the judiciary only upon specific proof that the adopted scheme of districting is actually functioning in a manner that minimizes or cancels out the voting strength of a cognizable racial or political element of the voting population. It is largely beyond concern whether this effect occurs "designedly, or otherwise." Fortson v. Dorsey,379 U.S. 433at 439,85 S.Ct. 498,13 L.Ed.2d 401.6West Page 1371
Defendants have raised the decisions in Stout v. Bottorff,246 F. Supp. 825(S.D.Ind. 1965) and249 F. Supp. 488(S.D.Ind. 1965), as a bar to relief for the plaintiffs in this action; hence it is necessary to examine the principles of those cases.7
The main thrust of the first reported opinion was the decision that "special joint districts" or "floterial districts" were unconstitutional as resulting in dilution of the voting strength of voters resident in less populous counties joined with more populous counties in a floterial district; however, the issue of the constitutionality of multi-member districts was also raised. The Court stated:
"We have been shown no evidence in these records of any discrimination, purposeful or otherwise, against any group of voters in the at-large election system in Marion County, and in the absence of such a showing, Grills (one of the plaintiffs inStout)is not entitled to any relief on the basis of this claim. Fortson v. Dorsey,379 U.S. 433,438-439,85 S.Ct. 498,13 L.Ed.2d 401(1965); Reynolds v. Sims,377 U.S. 533at 577,84 S.Ct. 1362,12 L.Ed.2d 506." Stout v. Bottorff,supra,at 829. [Parenthetical matter added.]
The decision inStoutthat sufficient proof to warrant the ordering of single-member districting was not adduced is not res judicata for a decision in a later case involving different proof.
The second reported decision,249 F. Supp. 488(S.D.Ind. 1965), held one house apportionment plan and one senate apportionment plan constitutional under the then prevailing standards of Reynolds v. Sims,377 U.S. 533,84 S.Ct. 1362,12 L.Ed.2d 506(1964). These are the apportionment and districting provisions of the statutes presently under attack. The question whether the voting strength of citizens is diluted or minimized by apportionment and districting statutes, whether tested under Reynolds v. Sims, or Burns v. Richardson, is not one which is easily accommodated by classical concepts of res judicata or of stare decisis. The population of Indiana and the United States is highly mobile; an apportionment scheme found to meet constitutional scrutiny on a previous date may no longer do so. Reliable demographic data becomes newly available. The apportionment plans approved in the secondStoutcase were based on voter population, not on total census figures. Additionally, the standard properly applicable to a pure apportionment issue, as presented inStout,has been clarified and narrowed since Stout v. Bottorff was decided. Swann v. Adams,385 U.S. 440,87 S.Ct. 569,17 L.Ed.2d 501(1967); Kilgarlin v. Hill,386 U.S. 120,87 S.Ct. 820,17 L.Ed.2d 771(1967); Kirkpatrick v. Preisler,394 U.S. 526,89 S.Ct. 1225,22 L.Ed.2d 519(1969).
WHAT THE EVIDENCE SHOWS
The Indiana General Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives of one hundred members and a Senate of fifty members. These numbers of legislators are the maximum permissible under the Constitution of the State of Indiana, Art.4, Sec.2. Under the present apportionment and districting statutes, Acts of 1965 (2d Spec.Sess.) ch. 5, sec. 3, p. 18, and ch. 4, sec. 3, p. 15, fifteen representatives and eight senators are elected at large from Marion County, Indiana, under a multi-member districting apportionment scheme.
Under the present districting and apportionment scheme for Indiana, twenty-seven Indiana senators are elected from eight multi-member senate districts, the remainder being elected from single-member districts. Eighty-six representatives are elected from twenty-five multi-member house districts, the remainder from single-member districts.West Page 1372
Marion County contains nine townships, and each township is subdivided, for census purposes, into the 1960 Census Tracts as shown on the following map:
[EDITORS' NOTE: MAP IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.]West Page 1373
The Cognizable Racial Element
Because the resolution of this case depends, in large part, on identifying an injured minority group residing in a modern "ghetto," the Court has analyzed the meaning of the word.8After considering the dictionary definitions of "ghetto," examining pertinent demographic determinants, and considering the Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, the Court adopts the following updated definition of the word "ghetto" for purposes of this case:
Ghetto — A primarily residential section of an urban area characterized by a higher relative density of population and a higher relative proportion of substandard housing than in the overall metropolitan area which is inhabited predominantly by members of a racial, ethnic, or other minority group, most of whom are of lower socioeconomic status than the prevailing status in the metropolitan area and whose residence in the section is often the result of social, legal, or economic restrictions or custom.
The cognizable group whose voting strength is minimized and rendered ineffective resides in an area which the Court denominates the Center Township Ghetto which consists of 1960 Census Tracts 501-520, 528-531, 534-536, 540, those portions of 521-523 which are north of Massachusetts Avenue, and those portions of 537 which are north and east of White River. The analysis of this area using PX 2, DX A9, and DX O, shows it to have an approximate 1967 population of 97,000 non-whites, of whom approximately 99.8% are Negro, and 35,000 whites.
The following Table No. 1, prepared by the Court from evidence introduced by the defendant, shows selectedHousingCharacteristicsfor the following Census Tracts:TractComment
211 A relatively wealthy suburban area chosen for contrast and in which plaintiff Chavis resides.
220 The only tract which is within the "1960 Ghetto Area," "1967 Ghetto Area," and "1967 Ghetto Voting Area," (as these areas are defined in the complaint), which is outside Center Township, other than a small portion of the "1967 Ghetto Voting Area" which extends into Warren Township.
507 A randomly selected tract which is representative of the middle-class tracts which were not within the "1960 Ghetto Area," but are within the "1967 GhettoWest Page 1374Area" and "1967 Ghetto Voting Area" (as these areas are defined in the complaint), which were largely integrated after 1960 (see DX A9 and DX O). It was chosen from among Tracts 504, 505, 506, 507, 509, 521, 522, and 523.
537 A ghetto tract which, like 507, was added to the "Ghetto Areas" of 1967, but which was occupied predominantly by whites of lower economic status prior to a rapidly increasing influx of similarly situated non-whites after 1960 (see DX A9 and DX O). It is the only tract of this nature.9
511,) These tracts are within all the 517,) "Ghetto Areas" referred to in 530,) the complaint and were randomly 535,) selected as representative of and) the predominantly non-white 540) portion of the ghetto area of Center Township.
563 This tract was randomly selected to typify tracts outside the "Ghetto Areas" referred to in the complaint but which are within the predominantly white ghetto portion of Center Township.West Page 1375
TABLE NO. 1
HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS
6 7 Housing
Housing Condition
Units Dilapi- Dilapi- 1 2 3 4 5 Built
dated
dated Non-White Crowded Owner- Prior and Non-White Dwelling Dwelling Occupied to Deterio-
Population
Units
Units
Dwelling
1940
rated
Census % % Range Quintile % Range % Range % Range % Range
Tract
1960
1967
1960
1960
1960
_______
1960
1960
211 3 10 0 — 10 1 80 — 100 10 — 25 0 — 2 2 — 10
220 76 80 50 — 75 2 60 — 79 75 — 90 0 — 2 2 — 10
507 13 60 10 — 25 4 80 — 100 25 — 50 0 — 2 2 — 10
537 37 85 25 — 50 5 40 — 59 75 — 90 0 — 2 21 — 30
511 94 94 75 — 90 4 60 — 79 75 — 90 2 — 10 11 — 20
517 56 75 25 — 50 5 20 — 39 90 — 100 2 — 10 31 — 40
530 43 43 25 — 50 5 40 — 59 90 — 100 2 — 10 31 — 40
535 99 99 90 — 100 5 20 — 39 75 — 90 0 — 2 31 — 40
540 98 98 75 — 90 5 20 — 39 90 — 100 11 — 20 51 — 60
563 15 13 0 — 10 3 0 — 20 75 — 90 21 — 30 51 — 100
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources:
Column 1 — PX 2, DX A9.
Column 2 — DX A9 (Figures for Tracts 211 and 563 were estimated by extrapolation from sources on mobility.)
Column 3 — DX A12.
Column 4 — DX A8. Percent of dwelling units with more than one person per room.
Quintile 1 0.00 to 5.30% Quintile 2 5.30 to 9.10% Quintile 3 9.10 to 13.20% Quintile 4 13.20 to 18.15% Quintile 5 18.15 to 30.65%
Column 5 — DX A11.
Column 6 — DX A3.
Column 7 — DX A18.
Column 8 — DX A17.West Page 1376
The following Table No. 2, prepared by the Court from evidence introduced by the defendant, shows selectedSocialCharacteristicsfor the same census tracts used for theHousingCharacteristicsin Table No. 1:
TABLE NO. 2
SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Recipients of Juvenile Old Age Delinquency
Assistance
High
Cases
Non-White 1960 School 1960 Unemployment
Population
Rate
Graduate
Rate
Rate
Census % per Quintile Number of per 1960
Tract
1960
1967
Persons
1,000
1960
Cases
1,000
% Range
211 3 10 5 1.43 1 2 0.57 0 — 2
220 76 80 15 3.06 2 11 2.25 4 — 6
507 13 60 5 1.67 3 8 2.67 2 — 4
537 37 85 10 8.33 5 6 5.00 8+
511 94 94 30 4.69 4 19 2.97 6 — 8
517 56 75 60 6.25 4 61 6.35 8+
530 43 43 40 11.76 5 36 10.59 8+
535 99 99 185 24.67 5 59 7.87 8+
540 98 98 155 40.79 5 39 10.26 2 — 8+
563 15 13 40 26.67 5 14 9.33 4 — 6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column 1 — PX 2, DX A9.
Column 2 — DX A9 (Figures for Tracts 211 and 563 were estimated by extrapolation from sources on mobility.)
Column 3 — DX 6 (Counted from the exhibit by the Court.)
Column 4 — PX 2, DX 6 (Rate calculated by the Court.)
Column 5 — DX A24 (Persons 25 years old and over having completed high school.)
Quintile 1 — 65.7 — 89.5% Quintile 2 — 51.3 — 64.9% Quintile 3 — 39.3 — 51.1% Quintile 4 — 8.8 — 25.7%
Column 6 — DX A23 (Counted from the exhibit by the Court.)
Column 7 — PX 2, DX A23 (Rate calculated by the Court.)
Column 8 — DX A22 (By comparison with DX A1.)West Page 1377
The following Table No. 3, prepared by the Court from evidence introduced by the defendant, shows selectedEconomicCharacteristicsfor the same census tracts used for theHousingCharacteristicsTable No. 1.
TABLE NO. 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Automobile Non-White
211 3 10 10+ 10,000+ 10,000+ 15,000+ 1.75+
220 76 80 6 — 7 8,200 7,890 11-13,000 1 — 1.50
507 13 60 6 — 7 8,015 6,500 0-11,000 1 — 1.50
537 37 85 4 — 5 5,608 5,000 0-11,000 0 — 1
511 94 94 5 — 6 7,082 7,069 0-11,000 0 — 1
517 56 75 4 — 5 5,485 4,937 0-11,000 0 — 1
530 43 43 4 — 5 5,890 3,334 0-11,000 0 — 1
535 99 99 0 — 4 4,386 4,400 0-11,000 0 — 1
540 98 98 0 — 4 4,175 4,190 0-11,000 0 — 1
563 15 13 0 — 4 6,000 6,000 * 0 — 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources:
ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Automobile Non-White
Mediam Family Income
Ownership
Population
1959
1967
1985
1985
Census % Range in Non- Range in Automobiles
Tract
1960
1967
Thousands
All
White
Thousands
Per Family
211 3 10 10+ 10,000+ 10,000+ 15,000+ 1.75+
220 76 80 6 — 7 8,200 7,890 11-13,000 1 — 1.50
507 13 60 6 — 7 8,015 6,500 0-11,000 1 — 1.50
537 37 85 4 — 5 5,608 5,000 0-11,000 0 — 1
511 94 94 5 — 6 7,082 7,069 0-11,000 0 — 1
517 56 75 4 — 5 5,485 4,937 0-11,000 0 — 1
530 43 43 4 — 5 5,890 3,334 0-11,000 0 — 1
535 99 99 0 — 4 4,386 4,400 0-11,000 0 — 1
540 98 98 0 — 4 4,175 4,190 0-11,000 0 — 1
563 15 13 0 — 4 6,000 6,000 * 0 — 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column 1 — PX 2, DX A9.
Column 2 — DX A9 (Figures for Tracts 211 and 563 were estimated by extrapolation from sources on mobility.)
Column 3 — DX A4.
(Column 4 ( — DX A9 p. 2 and estimates for Tracts 211 and 563 based on (Column 5 DX Q pp. 23-24.
Column 6 — DX Q p. 24 (By comparison with DX A1).
* The estimate for Tract 563 is 11 — 13,000, but this is based upon the assumption that new middle-class housing will replace existing housing presently occupied by predominantly white persons of low economic status. See DX Q p. 23.
Column 7 — DX Q p. 35 (By comparison with DX A1).West Page 1378
The following Table No. 4, prepared by the Court from the evidence in Tables No. 1 through 3, shows selectedCriticalDifferentiating Characteristicsof certain representative census tracts:
TABLE NO. 4
CRITICAL DIFFERENTIATING CHARACTERISTICS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Housing
Condition
Owner- Deteriorated Old Age Juvenile Occupied Crowded and Assistance High Delinquency Automobile Non-White Dwelling Dwelling
Dilapidated
Recipients
School
Cases
Unemploy-
Ownership
Population
Units
Units
Rate
Graduates
Rate per
ment Rate
Range in Non- Range in Automobiles Census
%
% Range
Quintile
% Range
per 1,000
Quintile
1,000
% Range
$1,000
All
White
Dollars
per Family
Tract
1960
1967
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1960
1959
1967
1967
1985
1985
220 76 80 60 — 79 2 2 — 10 3.06 2 2.25 4 — 6 6 — 7 8,200 7,890 11-13,000 1 — 1.50
507 13 60 80 — 100 4 2 — 10 1.67 3 2.67 2 — 4 6 — 7 8,015 6,500 0-11,000 1 — 1.50
537 37 85 40 — 59 5 21 — 30 8.33 5 5.00 8+ 4 — 5 5,608 5,000 0-11,000 0 — 1
511 94 94 60 — 70 4 11 — 20 4.69 4 2.97 6 — 8 5 — 6 7,082 7,069 0-11,000 0 — 1
517 56 75 20 — 39 5 31 — 50 6.25 4 6.35 8+ 4 — 5 5,485 4,937 0-11,000 0 — 1
530 43 43 40 — 59 5 31 — 40 11.76 5 10.59 8+ 4 — 5 5,898 3,334 0-11,000 0 — 1
535 99 99 20 — 39 5 31 — 40 24.67 5 7.87 8+ 0 — 4 4,386 4,400 0-11,000 0 — 1
540 98 98 20 — 39 5 51 — 60 40.79 5 10.26 2 — 8+ 0 — 4 4,175 4,190 0-11,000 0 — 1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Column 1 — Table No. 1, Housing Characteristics Col. 1
Column 2 — Table No. 1, Housing Characteristics Col. 2
Column 3 — Table No. 1, Housing Characteristics Col. 5
Column 4 — Table No. 1, Housing Characteristics Col. 4
Column 5 — Table No. 1, Housing Characteristics Col. 8
Column 6 — Table No. 2, Social Characteristics Col. 4
Column 7 — Table No. 2, Social Characteristics Col. 5
Column 8 — Table No. 2, Social Characteristics Col. 7
Column 9 — Table No. 2, Social Characteristics Col. 8
Column 10 — Table No. 3, Economic Characteristics Col. 3
Column 11 — Table No. 3, Economic Characteristics Col. 6
Column 12 — Table No. 3, Economic Characteristics Col. 5
Column 13 — Table No. 3, Economic Characteristics Col. 6
Column 14 — Table No. 3, Economic Characteristics Col. 7West Page 1379
Due to significant differences between Census Tract 220 and the remainder of the Marion County "Ghetto Areas" alleged in the complaint, we find that there has been a failure of proof which would justify the inclusion of Tract 220 in the Ghetto. We find that the difference in income, the relative absence of crowded and deteriorated housing,10the higher educational level, and the lower rates of welfare assistance, juvenile crime and unemployment, strongly distinguish Tract 220 from the Ghetto. Because of the higher economic status of its residents and their substantially better housing conditions, Tract 220 does not meet our definition of ghetto.
While Census Tract 220 is inhabited predominantly by Negroes, and its housing is generally as old as that of most parts of the Ghetto, it is primarily a middle-class area, lying just north of 38th Street. It is wholly within Washington Township which was, until recently, a white suburban area except for Tract 220.
Prior to 1950, there was a small Washington Township Negro community in the area bounded by 38th Street on the south, Graceland Avenue on the east, 42d Street on the North, and Clarendon Place on the west. It was completely isolated from the Negro communities of Center Township, the closest such community being the Ghetto's northern portion running south from 30th Street, eight blocks away. It was the only Negro area in Washington Township. The Negro residents of the area, then as now, were of middle-class status.
While theHousing, Social,andEconomic CharacteristicsTables (Tables Nos. 1, 2, and 3) show that Tract 220 is clearly not an upper socioeconomic class area like Tract 211, theCriticalDifferentiating CharacteristicsTable (Table No. 4) shows that Tract 220 differs significantly from the remainder of what plaintiffs have denominated the "1960 Ghetto Area" and the "1967 Ghetto Area" which is coterminous with their "1967 Ghetto Voting Area."
With due allowance made for Tract 507, which was not significantly integrated until after 1960 and which was never a portion of the predominantly white ghetto (compare Tract 507 with Tracts 537 and 563), Tract 220 is easily differentiated from the rest of plaintiffs' "Ghetto Areas." TheCritical DifferentiatingCharacteristicsTable features many of the salient factors which characterize a ghetto. Column 3 shows that out of the six hard core ghetto Tracts (511, 517, 530, 535, 537, and 540), only Tract 511 does not have a greater percentage of absentee landlords and/or owners than Tract 220. Column 5 shows that housing in all the hard core Tracts was in substantially worse condition than in Tract 220. Column 6 shows that the number of old age assistance recipients in the hard core Tracts ranged from one and one-half to fifteen times as many as were in Tract 220. Column 9 shows that the unemployment rate in the hard core Tracts (except for one-quarter of Tract 540) exceeded 6% and in five of the six Tracts exceeded 8%, while that in Tract 220 was less than 6%. The 1959 median family income of Tract 220, in Column 10, exceeded the same income for the hard core Tracts. That the difference is expected to continue is evidenced by Column 14 which shows that, even as far in the future as 1985, it is estimated that an average family in Tract 220 will own more than one automobile while an average family in the hard core Tracts will own less than one automobile.
Including Tract 507 in the Ghetto, several important distinctions remain which show that Tract 220 is not properly a part of the Ghetto. Column 4 shows that while the percentage of crowded dwelling units in Tract 220 ranges fromWest Page 13805.3 to 9.1%, the percentage in the Ghetto ranges from 13.2 to 30.65%. Column 7 shows that more than half of the residents of Tract 220 over age twenty-four have completed high school, while less than half of those in the Ghetto have done so; in fact, in some areas, less than 10%. The juvenile crime rate in Tract 220 is lower than that of the Ghetto Tracts in Column 8. The median family income characteristics in Columns 11, 12, and 13 all show Tract 220 to be middle-class in nature, while the Ghetto Tracts are distinctly shown to be in a lower economic class. One of the most crucial statistics, in this regard, is the one in Column 12 which shows that Negro family median income in Tract 507 (which was 60% Negro in 1967) is $569 less than Tract 511 (a hard core Tract with 94% Negro population) and $1,390 less than Tract 220 (80% Negro). The importance of this comparison cannot be overstated. While the non-white population of Tract 220 went from 76% to 80% from 1960 to 1967, its income range remained high (comparing 1959 with 1967) for whites and non-whites. However, Tract 507 showed a non-white population change of 13% and its 1959 income parity with Tract 220 ended. Thus it is clear that the 1960-67 influx of Negroes into Tract 507 (see Columns 1 and 2) consisted of Negro families of significantly lower economic class than those resident in Tract 220. That this difference is expected to continue is shown by Column 13 which places Tract 507 in the Ghetto with an estimated 1985 median family income less than $11,000, while that of Tract 220 is estimated at $11-13,000.
The statistical differences between Tract 220 and the Ghetto can also be expressed in more personal terms. Each of the statistical differences represents compelling interests in such legislative areas as urban renewal and rehabilitation, health care, employment training and opportunities, welfare, and relief of the poor, law enforcement, quality of education, and anti-discrimination measures.
We believe that the minority group voting strength minimization discussed in Fortson v. Dorsey and Burns v. Richardson, is, in this case, best expressed in terms of the compelling interests which we find present in the Ghetto and absent in Tract 220. These interests are in addition to those common to Tract 220, the Ghetto, and the rest of Marion County in such areas as metropolitan transportation, flood control, sewage disposal, and education.
There has also been a failure of proof as to that portion of the "1967 Ghetto Voting Area" and "1967 Ghetto Area" in Warren Township. This portion is bounded by Arlington Avenue on the west, Massachusetts Avenue (also Pendleton Pike) on the south, Sheridan Avenue on the east, and 38th Street on the north. Except for the relatively recent movement of Negroes into that area, there is an absence of evidence in the record that this area in any way resembles the Ghetto. Not even the evidence introduced by defendant as to Census Tracts 601 and 602, of which the questioned area is part, offer any aid to plaintiffs in this regard. Accordingly, we find that this area is not part of the Ghetto.
Excluding Tract 220 and the Warren Township area, we find that the remaining area alleged by plaintiffs is within the Center Township Ghetto.11Accordingly, we find that the Center Township Ghetto consists of 1960 Census Tracts 501-520, 528-531, 534-536, 540, and those portions of 521-523 which are north of Massachusetts Avenue and of 537 which are north and east of White River. This does not represent the entire ghettoized portion of Center TownshipWest Page 1381but only the portion which is predominantly inhabited by Negroes and which was alleged in the complaint. See map.
[EDITORS' NOTE: MAP IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.]
Representational Inequities
Marion County legislators have consistently resided in Washington Township in numbers far disproportionately to Washington Township's percentage of the population of Marion County. The residences of Marion County legislators have not been distributed throughout the county in relation to the population density of various geographical areas of the county.
The following Table No. 5, prepared by the Court from the evidence, showsWest Page 1382the number of senators elected from Marion County, Center Township, and Washington Township for the period 1960 through 1969:
TABLE NO. 5
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
Total
Marion County
5 1 6 2 7 21
Center Twp. 0 0 2 0 0 2
Washington Twp. 4 1 2 1 3 11
Source: PX 5A-E
The following Table No. 6, prepared by the Court from the evidence shows the number of representatives elected from Marion County, Center Township, and Washington Township for the period 1960 through 1969:
TABLE NO. 6
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
Total
Marion County
12 12 15 15 15 67
Center Twp. 0 4 5 1 2 12
Washington Twp. 7 2 7 6 6 28
Source: PX 6A-EWest Page 1383
The following Table No. 7, prepared by the Court from the evidence, shows the number and percentage of senators and representatives elected during the period 1960-1968, according to their residence within 11 areas of Marion County.
TABLE NO. 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1960-69 AVE. POP. SENATORS REPRESEN- RESIDENCE OF AS PERCENT- ELECTED TATIVES LEGISLATORS 1960-69 AGE OF MARION AS PER- ELECTED AS MARION COUNTY AVERAGE COUNTY AVER-
SENATORS ELECTED
CENT OF
REPRESENTATIVES ELECTED
PERCENT OF AREA) POPULA- AGE POP. 1960- 1960-68 1960- 1960-68 TION 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1968 TOTAL 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1968 TOTAL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WASHINGTON TWP. EXCLUDING TRACT 220 103,615 13.98 3 1 2 1 3 10 47.52 6 2 5 5 5 23 34.33
CENSUS TRACT 220 4,866 0.66 1 0 0 0 0 1 4.75 1 0 2 1 1 5 7.46
CENTER TWP. EX- CLUDING GHETTO 172,876 23.32 0 0 1 0 0 1 4.75 0 3 4 1 0 8 11.94
CENTER TWP. GHETTO 132,000 17.81 0 0 1 0 0 1 4.75 0 1 1 0 2 4 5.97
PIKE TWP. 11,031 1.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0- 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.49
WAYNE TWP. 105,961 14.30 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0- 1 2 0 2 2 7 10.45
DECATUR TWP. 13,755 1.86 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0- 0 0 0 1 1 2 2.99
PERRY TWP. 59,778 8.07 1 0 1 0 2 4 19.01 0 0 1 1 1 3 4.48
FRANKLIN TWP. 8,929 1.21 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0- 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0-
LAWRENCE TWP. 49,553 6.69 0 0 1 0 1 2 9.51 2 2 0 3 2 9 13.44
WARREN TWP. 78,872 10.64 0 0 0 1 1 2 9.51 1 1 2 1 0 5 7.46
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MARION COUNTY 741,234 100,000 5 1 6 2 7 21 100,000 11 11 15 15 15 67 100,000
SOURCES
:
Column 1 — DX A25, Center and Washington Townships exluding Tract 220 and Center Township Ghetto computed from DX A25 minus the DX A9 1960-67 average for the excluded areas.
Column 2 — Calculated from Column 1. (Figures do not add to 100% due to rounding off.)
Columns 3 — 8 — PX6, PX 6 A-E, PX 71.
Column 9 — Calculated from Column 8. (Figures do not add to 100% due to rounding off.)
Columns 10 — 15 — PX 5, PX 5 A-E, PX 71.
Column 16 — Calculated from Column 15. (Figures do not add to 100% due to rounding off.)
The following Table No. 8 summarizes the preceding Table No. 7 and points up the inequities which have existed in representation of areas within Marion County, during the last decade, due to large multi-member districting. It is especially worth noting that Washington Township (including Tract 220) having 14.64% of the population was the residence of more than half the senatorsWest Page 1384and more than two-fifths of the representatives. Conversely, the Center Township Ghetto, having a 22% larger population, was the residence of approximately one-fourth of the senators and approximately one-third of the representatives it would have had if there had been a practice of having legislators reside in areas within Marion County in proportion to the population of the areas. The over-representation of Tract 220 is the most obvious.
TABLE NO. 8
REPRESENTATIONAL INEQUITIES, 1960-69
1 2 3
1960-69 Percent Avg. Pop. Percent of Marion As Percent of Marion County of Marion County Represen- County Senators tativesAreaAvg. Pop.1960-681960-68
Washington Twp. Excluding Tract 220 13.98 47.52 34.33
Census Tract 220 0.66 4.75 7.46
Center Twp. Excluding Ghetto 23.32 4.75 11.94
Center Twp. Ghetto 17.81 4.75 5.97
Wayne Township 14.30 — 0 — 10.45
Warren Township 10.64 9.51 7.46
Perry Township 8.07 19.01 4.48
Lawrence Township 6.69 9.51 13.44
Decatur Township 1.86 — 0 — 2.99
Pike Township 1.49 — 0 — 1.49
Franklin Township 1.21 — 0 — — 0 —
Sources:
Column 1 — Table No. 7, Col. 2
Column 2 — Table No. 7, Col. 9
Column 3 — Table No. 7, Col. 16West Page 1385
The inequity of representation by residence of legislators between Washington and Center Townships is apparent from Tables No. 7 and 8. Washington Township, the upper middle-class and wealthy suburban area having 14.64% of the population of Marion County, was the residence of 52.27% of the senators and 41.79% of the representatives. Center Township, having 41.14% of the population (approximately three times as large), was the residence of 9.51% of the senators (less than one-fifth of Washington Township) and 17.91% of the representatives (approximately three-sevenths of Washington Township).
Even if Census Tract 220 were part of the Center Township Ghetto, which we have found it is not, the inequity of overrepresentation in Washington Township persists. If it were part, the Ghetto would have 18.47% of the population, 9.51% of the senators and 13.43% of the representatives. Washington Township excluding Tract 220 has 13.98% of the population, 47.52% of the senators and 34.33% of the representatives. The figures also show that the "1967 Ghetto Voting Area" of the complaint was underrepresented in the Senate (it had approximately half the senators it should have had). [Calculations made from Table No. 8,"Representation Inequities,1960-69."]
The Negro Center Township Ghetto population is sufficient in size to elect approximately two members of the House of Representatives and approximately one senator if these were specific single-member legislative districts within Marion County.
The positions taken on political issues by the legislators elected from Marion County at large tend to coalesce, causing these legislators to maintain a common, undifferentiated position. This effect is largely the result of election at large from a common constituency, and obviates representation of a substantial, though minority, interest group within that common constituency.
As a general rule, for any given candidate to be elected to the General Assembly from Marion County, his or her party must prevail in the election.
The basis for the rule is that since 1920 only slightly more than 1% of the General Assembly candidates from Marion County have been elected from the political party which did not generally prevail.
The testimony shows that the county organizations of the two major political parties in Marion County, and particularly the County Chairmen, exert a very substantial influence over the nomination of General Assembly candidates. This pervasive influence would be substantially diminished by the use of specific single-member districts because the ability of candidates with sectional attractiveness to overcome the party's primary election recommendations would increase.
The testimony also shows the Marion County political organizations continue to exert considerable control over the actions of Marion County legislators after they are elected. This control results in large part from the multi-member districting scheme.
Multi-member districting in Marion County effectively renders the countywide primary and general election ballots for the General Assembly excessively lengthy, making it difficult for even the conscientious voter to make a rational selection.
CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE MERITS
Applying the legal principles and standards above to the evidence adduced in this action, we find that the multi-member districting provisions of the present legislative apportionment statutes of Indiana, Indiana Acts 1965 (2d Spec.Sess.), ch. 5, sec. 3, and ch. 4, sec. 3 (Ind.Ann.Stat. §§ 34-102, 34-104 (Burns' Supp. 1968)), as they relate to Marion County, operate to minimize and cancel out the voting strength of a minority racial group, Negroes residing in the Center Township Ghetto, includingWest Page 1386the plaintiff, Mason Bryant, to the extent that they are deprived of equal protection of the laws under theFourteenthAmendment of the Constitution of the United States.
The first requirement implicit in Fortson v. Dorsey and Burns v. Richardson, that of an identifiable racial or political element within the multi-member district, is met by the Negro residents of the Center Township Ghetto. These Negro residents have interests in areas of substantive law such as housing regulations, sanitation, welfare programs (aid to families with dependent children, medical care, etc.), garnishment statutes, and unemployment compensation, among others, which diverge significantly from the interests of nonresidents of the Ghetto.
Second, the voting strength of this cognizable element is severely minimized within the senate and house districts of Marion County. Minimization has been proven to occur by virtue of the strong control which the Marion County political parties exert over the nomination of legislative candidates in the primary election, the consequent inability of the Negro voters in the Center Township Ghetto to be assured of the opportunity of voting for prospective legislators of their choice, and the absence of any particular legislator accountable to the described voters for his legislative record. Under the evidence before the Court such invidious effects will continue so long as Marion County is apportioned into large senate and house multi-member districts.
As demonstrated by the testimony of plaintiff Chavis in particular, a legislator elected from Marion County is hesitant to express the interests of the residents of the Center Township Ghetto unequivocally in the legislative chambers, though he may believe it proper that those interests be furthered. The party organizations, of necessity, exert considerable control over the nominating process in Marion County. Even a conscientious primary voter is unable to familiarize himself with the position taken by each of the scores of persons contesting for the legislative nominations of each party. The average primary voter generally must accept the recommendations of his party or vote blindly. This control hinders the individual legislator from taking a legislative position contrary to that suggested by his party organization. Control over nomination is largely control over position. Thus a particular legislator risks his political demise by consistently taking a legislative position divergent from that of the majority of the legislators of his party from Marion County.
The minimization of voting strength as described above prevents responsive and effective legislative representation of the described Ghetto voters, though they are numerically large.
The defendants argue that the plaintiffs have ample legislative representation because they are part of the constituency of each Marion County legislator, and each legislator must be somewhat responsive to their wishes. Partial responsiveness of all legislators is asserted to equal total responsiveness and the informed concern of a few specific legislators. To the contrary, under the circumstances of this case, and the proof adduced, we find the present districting scheme operates to minimize the voting strength of a cognizable racial element. Burns v. Richardson,supra.
We further note that under Burns v. Richardson, at p. 88, invidious discrimination resulting from a multi-member districting scheme can be more easily shown if certain circumstances, which were not present in Fortson v. Dorsey, obtain. This case presents each of those circumstances, leading to the legal conclusions here stated.
First, Marion County elects fifteen state representatives and eight state senators at large; these numbers are large (15% and 16% of each house respectively) in relation to the total number of Indiana legislators.West Page 1387
Second, Marion County is not subdistricted to assure distribution of legislators who are resident over the entire county. Under the districting scheme attacked inFortson,twenty-one senatorial districts were allotted in groups of from two to seven among the seven most populous counties, but voters in these districts did not elect a senator by a district-wide vote; instead they joined with the voters of the other districts of the county in electing all of the county's senators by a county-wide vote. However, each senator was required to be a resident of his own senatorial district. Thus geographical distribution of senators throughout each highly populous county was assured, although the senators were elected at large by the constituency of the entire county. In the case at bar, however, we find that both Marion County senators and representatives have consistently resided in one geographical area,i.e.,Washington Township, in numbers far exceeding those that would be expected from Washington Township's percentage of the population of Marion County.
Third, multi-member districts were utilized in Georgia only for the state senate; in Indiana such districts characterize both houses of the General Assembly. Consequently Negroes residing in the Center Township Ghetto have a lesser chance for representation in both houses of the legislature under the present multi-member districting.
Turning to state-wide redistricting, to redistrict Marion County alone would leave the legislature confronted with impermissible population variations between new Marion County districts and other districts in the state.
As a part of this opinion the Court has included Appendices A, B, C, and D, showing population characteristics of senate and house districts, and representation characteristics of the senate and house districts.
For example, as shown by Appendix B, under the 1967 Indiana Board of Health Vital Statistics population estimates, Marion County (Senate District 19), with a population of 762,000 electing eight senators, is overrepresented in the Senate by 5.674% in comparison to a mathematically ideal senate district of 100,980. Relating this overrepresentation to the 18.934% underrepresentation of Elkhart County (Senate District 5), with an estimated population of 120,100 electing one senator, according to the same Vital Statistics estimates, there is a total variation between the two of 24.608%.
Based on the 1960 actual population figures, Marion County, with a population of 697,567, is overrepresented in the Senate by 6.491%, while Elkhart County, with a population of 106,790, is underrepresented by 14.521%, showing a total variation of 21.012%.
In the House, using the 1967 Vital Statistics figures, Marion County (House District 26) is underrepresented by 0.614%, while Knox County (House District 36) is overrepresented by 18.202%, showing a population variation of 18.816%.
According to the 1960 actual population figures, Marion County is overrepresented by 0.260%, while Floyd County (House District 35) is underrepresented by 13.679%, showing a population variation of 13.93%.
Taking the state as a whole and applying the 1967 Board of Health Vital Statistics figures, the senate districts range from 82,900 (Senate District 25 — Gibson, Knox, and Pike Counties) to 120,100 (Senate District 5 — Elkhart County) in population per senator, or from 17.905% overrepresented to 18.934% underrepresented. The ratio between the largest and the smallest district is thus 1.449 to 1. The deviation from the ideal population per senator according to these figures is greater than 17% in two senatorial districts, is greater than 14% in one more district, and is greater than 10% in three other districts.
Making a similar analysis of the senate districts under the 1960 census figures, they range from 80,496 (SenateWest Page 1388District 20 — Wayne and Union Counties) to 106,790 (Senate District 5 — Elkhart County) in population per senator, or from 13.676% overrepresented to 14.521% underrepresented. The ratio between the largest and the smallest district according to the 1960 figures is 1.327 to 1. The deviation from the ideal population per senator is greater than 14% in one senatorial district, is greater than 13% in one more district, and is greater than 10% in still five other districts.
In the House, according to the 1967 Vital Statistics population estimates, the population per representative ranges from 41,300 (House District 36 — Knox County) to 60,133 (House District 25 — Hendricks, Johnson, Morgan, and Shelby Counties), in population per representative, or from 18.202% overrepresented to 19.099% underrepresented. The ratio between the largest and the smallest district is thus 1.456 to 1. The deviation from the ideal population per representative is greater than 19% in one representative district, is greater than 18% in one more district, and is greater than 16% in two more districts, and greater than 10% in still eight more districts.
Making a like analysis of the house districts under the 1960 census figures, the house districts range from 41,449 (House District 39 — Vanderburgh County) to 53,003 (House District 35 — Floyd County) in population per representative, or from 11.101% overrepresented to 13.679% underrepresented. The ratio between the largest and the smallest district, according to the 1960 figures is 1.279 to 1. The deviation from the ideal population per representative according to the 1960 population figures is greater than 13% in one district, is greater than 11% in one more district, and is greater than 10% in still three more districts.
The Court realizes that the 1970 census results will be available in approximately eleven months, and that to undertake a state-wide apportionment before that time necessitates use of the 1960 census statistics and the 1967 Indiana State Board of Health Vital Statistics. Under the Indiana primary election statutes,13candidates for the 1971 General Assembly will be required to file for office with the Indiana Secretary of State before the 1970 census statistics are available for use in redistricting. Therefore, the 1971 Indiana General Assembly would be elected under the present invalid apportionment and the first General Assembly properly apportioned according to the 1970 census would be the 1973 General Assembly. To allow such a lengthy interim of malapportionment would violate the rights of the plaintiffs and would contravene the rationale of Swann v. Adams,383 U.S. 210,86 S.Ct. 767,15 L.Ed.2d 707(1966). For that reason this Court is of the opinion that the total reapportionment should proceed immediately rather than waiting for the 1970 census statistics.
In Stout v. Bottorff,246 F. Supp. 825at 831 (1965), the Court, having in mind the Indiana constitutional prohibition against dividing counties for senatorial apportionment,14expressed the hope that the Indiana General Assembly could rearrange the legislative districts to meet the Indiana as well as the Federal Constitution. The Court recognized the dilemma that faced the legislators in performing the task if the limitations of the Indiana Constitution, and especially its interpretation by the decision in Denney v. State ex rel. Basler,144 Ind. 503,42 N.E. 929, 31 L.R.A. 726 (1896), continued to stand in the way and prevent the legislative districts being established in accordance with the federal standard. The Court noted thatWest Page 1389an apportionment scheme based on state constitutional provisions which fails to meet the federal standard is violative of theFourteenthAmendment, and in the case of such an "`unavoidable conflict' between the Federal and State Constitutions, `the Supremacy Clause of course controls.' Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. [533] at 584, 84 S.Ct. [1362] at 1393 [12 L.Ed.2d 506] (1964)." The Court observed that the Indiana legislature was required to make every possible effort to accommodate the apportionment provisions of the Indiana Constitution and the rule of theDenneycase, but the Court cautioned that it could not accommodate either the Indiana constitutional apportionment requirement or the rule inDenneyat the expense of violating the Equal Protection Clause of theFourteenthAmendment by failing to accord substantial equality of representation in the General Assembly to voters of Indiana.
The Indiana General Assembly met the dilemma and enacted an apportionment scheme which did not cross county lines. This scheme was found acceptable to the Court in the secondStoutcase,249 F. Supp. 488(1965). This may not be possible again. Since that case, the geographical standards established by Reynolds v. Sims have been clarified and narrowed as heretofore noted.
In the course of these proceedings, the status of the respective plaintiffs and the quantum of proof adduced in their behalf were questioned.
As to the plaintiffs Marilyn Hotz and Rowland Allen, there is a failure of proof to establish a basis for granting the relief prayed for in the complaint.
The evidence shows that plaintiff Marilyn Hotz is a white person, by political preference a Republican who actively votes in both the Republican primary and the general elections. She resides in Marion County but outside the City of Indianapolis in what the complaint describes as the "White Suburban Belt." She has voted for precinct committeemen and vice-committeemen in the Republican primary elections and on General Assembly seats in the Republican primary elections. When asked whether she made an individual voter's choice, she stated that she voted "the slate." Her complaint is that persons living outside the City include less than one-third of the population of Marion County but almost one-half of the regular Republican voters of the county, and that such residents are deprived of a proportionate voice as to who their Republican state legislators shall be, in years of Republican victory in Marion County. While the evidence indicates the selection of tickets of candidates for Republican primary elections are put together by the party organization and the election of the legislative delegation from Marion County is elected at large, the evidence falls short of establishing that plaintiff Hotz's interests are significantly different from those of other Republican voters in the years of Republican victory. And while her voice as to whom the Republican state legislators shall be may not be proportionate to the percentage of Marion County Republican voters who live outside the City of Indianapolis, this complaint primarily is directed to intra-party organization and selection of candidates and does not in our opinion rise to the degree of a constitutional deprivation of equal protection by reason of the statutes here under attack.
Plaintiff Rowland Allen (who describes himself as a political independent) complains, like Marilyn Hotz, that he is frustrated in his effort to cast a vote based upon the individual merit of candidates and the issues presented in their campaigns, by reason of the length of the ballots relating to General Assemblymen. His complaint is that he is increasingly bewildered by the number of candidates for election to the General Assembly. Plaintiff Allen, a retired businessman, and former Personnel Director of L.S. Ayres Co., asserted in his testimony that when he voted he had an opinion only as to some of theWest Page 1390candidates and that he had not found a source available by which he could form an opinion as to all candidates.
While plaintiff Allen's testimony suggests the desirability of single-member districting, the factor of lengthy ballots alone is not sufficient to justify a declaration of the unconstitutionality of multi-member districting.
While we find that the plaintiff Chavis is a Negro, residing in Marion County, a practicing lawyer with offices in the Center Township Ghetto, with fifteen years of practice in the Ghetto, with eighty-five to ninety percent of his clients living in the Ghetto Area, a former member of the Indiana Senate, and a Ward Chairman of his political party in the Center Township Ghetto, a man whose interests obviously lie with those who reside in the Center Township Ghetto, still we find that he is not a resident nor a voter in the Center Township Ghetto and therefore is entitled to no relief.
Plaintiff Walker appears before the Court in two statuses. His first status is as a Negro voter resident in Lake County, and his second status is as an Indiana voter who is resident outside Marion County.
In his first status it is alleged that the Negro populations of Lake and Marion Counties are approximately equal and should be entitled to equal representation. It is alleged that since Negroes in Lake County can vote for only five senators and eleven representatives, as opposed to Marion County Negroes who vote for eight senators and fifteen representatives, then plaintiff Walker has only five-eighths and eleven-fifteenths representation in the respective houses of the General Assembly and is, therefore, allegedly underrepresented. The Court holds that this position is untenable in this case because it is not supported in the record before us.
It has not been shown that Lake County Negroes have a socioeconomic distribution and status comparable to those in Marion County.
Neither has it been shown by sufficient evidence that Lake County Negroes are a racial minority group which has been deprived of representation so as to distinguish them from other Lake County resident voters.
Finally, the assumption of underrepresentation does not take into consideration this Court's finding that the evidence only shows that Negro voters resident in the Center Township Ghetto are significantly underrepresented as a racial and socioeconomic minority group.
In his second status, we find that plaintiff Walker is a voter of Indiana who resides outside Marion County. Applying the uniform district principle, discussedinfrain the remedy section, we find that he probably has received less effective representation than Marion County voters. It has been shown that he votes for fewer legislators and, therefore, has fewer legislators to speak for him. He also, theoretically, casts fewer critical votes than Marion County voters, but we decline to so hold in the absence of sufficient evidence as to other factors such as bloc and party voting in Lake County. We hold that, in the absence of stronger evidence of dilution, his remedy is limited to the consideration which should be given to the uniform district principle in any subsequent reapportionment of the Indiana General Assembly.
While it is alleged that plaintiff Ramsey is a Negro resident and voter of the 1967 Ghetto Voting Area specified in the complaint, there is no evidence that he resides in the Center Township Ghetto. Thus, unlike plaintiff Bryant, he has not shown by sufficient evidence that he is underrepresented, as he may live outside the Center Township Ghetto.
The evidence establishes that plaintiff Mason Bryant is a resident and a voter of the Center Township Ghetto,West Page 1391with proper standing to sue, and thus is entitled to the relief prayed for.
THE REMEDY
In view of the evidence presented, the present at large districting scheme for Marion County unconstitutionally minimizes and renders ineffective the vote of the Negroes residing in the Center Township Ghetto. Hence a redistricting of Marion County is necessitated.
Although the plaintiffs in this case have directed their complaint to bring about a redistricting of Marion County, this Court must necessarily consider the evidence as it applies to both Marion County and the State of Indiana as a whole. As the United States Supreme Court stated in Maryland Committee for Fair Representation v. Tawes,377 U.S. 656,673,84 S.Ct. 1429,12 L.Ed.2d 595(1964), "[r]egardless of possible concessions made by the parties and the scope of the consideration of the courts below, in reviewing a state legislative apportionment case this Court must of necessity consider the challenged scheme as a whole in determining whether the particular State's apportionment plan, in its entirety, meets federal constitutional requisites."
Once the determination is made that Marion County should be redistricted to correct the invidious minimization of the voting strength of a cognizable racial minority group, it becomes clear beyond question that the evidence adduced in this case and the additional apportionment requirements set forth by the Supreme Court call for a redistricting of the entire state as to both houses of the General Assembly.
In the performance of its task the General Assembly might wish to give consideration to certain principles of legislative apportionment brought out at the trial in these proceedings.
In this regard, the Court in no way intends to intimate by this opinion that the Negroes residing in the Center Township Ghetto are entitled to a certain number of legislators. Legislative districts are to be drawn with an eye that is color-blind; but the Court notes that sophisticated gerrymandering has been soundly condemned. Gomillion v. Lightfoot,364 U.S. 339,81 S.Ct. 125,5 L.Ed.2d 110(1960).
Much has been said, before and during the trial of this case, concerning the "critical vote" analysis of Banzhaf, Multi-Member Electoral Districts — Do They Violate the "One Man, One Vote" Principle, 75 Yale L.J. 1309, esp. 1319-24 (1966).Cf.Kilgarlin v. Hill,386 U.S. 120,125n. 3,87 S.Ct. 820,17 L.Ed.2d 771(1967). This analysis purports to show that where District A elects one representative from two candidates and District B, which is eight times as populous as District A, elects eight representatives from sixteen candidates, voters in District B cast more "critical votes,"i.e.,break a theoretical tie, than voters in District A. We take a simpler view of the situation than is presented in the cited article. Applying the analysis for example to the facts in this case, voters in Johnson and Bartholomew Counties, a single-member senatorial district, choose between two senatorial candidates while voters in Marion County choose between sixteen candidates for eight senate seats. It is clear that each voter in Marion County has a greater theoretical opportunity to cast a critical or deciding vote in any legislative election under the present districting scheme.
John Banzhaf, Associate Professor of Law at George Washington University, testified that when the representatives of a multi-member district vote as a bloc in a legislative body, each representative's vote has a greater weight than that of a representative from a single-member district. Having found that the Marion County elected delegations usually do vote in blocs, we believe that the testimony has application here. Also, as each member of the bloc delegation isWest Page 1392responsible to the voter majority who elected the whole, each Marion County voter has a greater voice in the legislature, having more legislators to speak for him than does a comparable voter in the Johnson-Bartholomew single-member senatorial district.
Conversely, we note that if all districts were equal in size and elected equal numbers of legislators, then all constituents of each district would have the same voice in the legislature. If the districts were uniform and not unduly large, this would be an effective means of giving each citizen equal voting power,e.g.,Baker v. Carr,369 U.S. 186,82 S.Ct. 691,7 L.Ed.2d 663(1962), Reynolds v. Sims,377 U.S. 533,84 S.Ct. 1362,12 L.Ed.2d 506(1964), and Kirkpatrick v. Preisler,394 U.S. 526,89 S.Ct. 1225,22 L.Ed.2d 519(1969), while avoiding problems of diluting political or racial minority group voting power, Fortson v. Dorsey,379 U.S. 433,438-439,85 S.Ct. 498,13 L.Ed.2d 401(1965), and Burns v. Richardson,384 U.S. 73,86 S.Ct. 1286,16 L.Ed.2d 376(1966).
The use of uniform districts is one method of curing defects in unequal representation. The principle is that equal numbers of persons should be represented by equal numbers of legislators in each district of a legislative body. This would eliminate problems of critical vote inequality, unequal bloc representation and unequal numbers of voices in the legislature per person. While application of the uniform district principle would require all districts to be equal in population and elect equal numbers of legislators from each uniform district, it does not require single-member districts. For example, the Indiana House of Representatives could consist of 100 districts electing one representative each, fifty districts with two representatives each, twenty-five districts with four representatives each, or (assuming a lowering of the size of the House from 100 to 99 members) thirty-three districts electing three representatives each. We believe that the Indiana General Assembly, if it does the apportionment found to be needed here, should give consideration to the uniform district principle in making its apportionment. The maximum size of the uniform districts should, of course, not be so large as to create the improper dilution of minority group voting strength found in the instant case.
While recognizing the right of the injured plaintiffs to have their constitutional rights vindicated at the earliest practicable time, we must also recognize that the federal judiciary functions within a system of federalism which entrusts the responsibility of legislative apportionment and districting primarily to the state legislature. We must therefore afford Governor Edgar D. Whitcomb a reasonable opportunity to call a Special Session of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana so that it may enact legislation to redistrict the State and reapportion the legislative seats in the General Assembly in accordance with federal constitutional requirements and in compliance with this opinion. An injunction will not issue at this time and the State will be given until October 1, 1969, to enact statutes redistricting the State and reapportioning the legislative seats in the General Assembly to remedy the improper districting and malapportionment we have found.
This cutoff date is one by which there would have to be filed with the Court an enactment approved by both houses of the Indiana General Assembly and signed into law by the Governor. If the legislature does not act, or if its action does not meet constitutional standards, our duty will be clear to take such action as is necessary to accord the injured plaintiffs their rights.
Due to the relative proximity in time of the initial filing date for candidates for the next primary election for members of the Indiana General Assembly [February 24, 1970], no final judgment will issue without an adequate apportionment plan being approved and/or promulgated therein.West Page 1393
APPENDIX A
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SENATE DISTRICTS
INDIANA SENATE
County Dist. County Dist. Sena- Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. tors Dist. Population Dis- 1960 1960 1967 1967 per Per Senator trict Counties Census Census (Est.) (Est.) Dist. 1960 1967 Est. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Lake 513,269 513,269 536,300 536,300 5 102,654 107,260
2 Jasper 18,842 90,173 19,400 113,400 1 90,173 113,400 Newton 11,052 11,600 Porter 60,279 82,400 3 LaPorte 95,111 95,111 106,200 106,200 1 95,111 106,200 4 Marshall 32,443 271,057 34,500 286,200 3 90,352 95,400 St. Joseph 238,614 251,700 5 Elkhart 106,790 106,790 120,100 120,100 1 106,790 120,100 6 Kosciusko 40,373 103,099 45,700 113,300 1 103,099 113,300 Lagrange 17,380 19,300 Noble 28,162 29,900 Steuben 17,184 18,400 7 Adams 24,643 285,110 26,500 320,500 3 95,037 109,833 Allen 232,196 263,200 Dekalb 28,271 30,800 8 Huntington 33,814 87,373 35,600 93,300 1 87,373 93,300 Wabash 32,605 34,600 Whitley 20,954 23,100 9 Cass 40,931 95,888 41,900 100,500 1 95,888 100,500 Fulton 16,957 16,900 Miami 38,000 41,700 10 Benton 11,912 87,845 11,600 91,800 1 87,845 91,800 Carroll 16,934 18,100 Pulaski 12,837 12,800 Starke 17,911 18,800 Warren 8,545 9,200 White 19,709 21,300 11 Tippecanoe 89,122 89,122 98,000 98,000 1 89,122 98,000 12 Howard 69,509 85,365 80,600 98,100 1 85,365 98,100 Tipton 15,856 17,500 13 Blackford 14,792 90,533 15,700 96,400 1 90,533 96,400 Grant 75,741 80,700 14 Delaware 110,938 183,164 122,900 200,900 2 91,582 100,450 Jay 22,572 24,200 Randolph 28,434 30,200 Wells 21,220 23,600 15 Hancock 26,665 201,383 32,800 221,600 2 100,692 110,800 Henry 48,899 52,800 Madison 125,819 136,400 16 Boone 27,543 98,440 29,700 109,500 1 98,440 109,500 Clinton 30,765 32,300 Hamilton 40,132 47,500 17 Fountain 18,706 90,526 18,600 93,400 1 90,526 93,400 Montgomery 32,089 33,300 Parke 14,804 14,900 Putnam 24,927 26,600 18 Hendricks 40,896 86,171 49,800 103,700 1 86,171 103,700 Morgan 33,875 41,500 Owen 11,400 12,400 19 Marion 697,567 697,567 762,000 762,000 8 87,196 95,250West Page 139420 Union 6,457 80,496 7,000 89,100 1 80,496 89,100 Wayne 74,039 82,100 21 Decatur 20,019 98,959 22,600 105,900 1 98,959 105,900 Fayette 24,454 25,400 Rush 20,393 20,700 Shelby 34,093 37,200 22 Bartholomew 48,198 91,902 56,900 108,800 1 91,902 108,800 Johnson 43,704 51,900 23 Clay 24,207 172,069 24,500 172,300 2 86,035 86,150 Sullivan 21,721 20,500 Vermillion 17,683 16,700 Vigo 108,458 110,600 24 Brown 7,024 92,576 8,000 106,700 1 92,567 106,700 Greene 26,327 26,600 Monroe 59,225 72,100 25 Gibson 29,949 84,307 29,400 82,900 1 84,307 82,900 Knox 41,561 41,300 Pike 12,797 12,200 26 Posey 19,214 185,008 21,100 189,400 2 92,504 94,700 Vanderburgh 165,794 168,300 27 Daviess 26,636 104,358 27,300 100,700 1 104,358 100,700 Dubois 27,463 30,200 Martin 10,608 11,000 Spencer 16,074 16,700 Warrick 23,577 25,500 28 Jackson 30,556 101,816 33,100 107,500 1 101,816 107,500 Lawrence 36,564 37,700 Orange 16,877 17,000 Washington 17,819 19,700 29 Crawford 8,379 97,821 8,500 101,100 1 97,821 101,100 Floyd 53,003 53,900 Harrison 19,207 19,700 Perry 17,232 19,000 30 Clark 66,453 105,157 68,200 109,700 1 105,157 109,700 Jefferson 24,061 25,200 Scott 14,643 16,300 31 Dearborn 28,674 104,854 30,000 99,300 1 104,854 99,300 Franklin 17,015 17,000 Jennings 17,267 19,600 Ohio 4,165 3,900 Ripley 20,641 22,500 Switzerland 7,092 6,300 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State Total 4662,498 4662,498 5049,000 5049,000 50fn*93,249fn*100,980
APPENDIX B
REPRESENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
District Population Degree of Over- as Percentage of or Underrepresentation Ideal District (Variation from Ideal) District 1960 1967 1960 1967 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
SENATE DISTRICTS
1 110.086 106.219 -10.086% — 6.219% 2 96.701 112.299 + 3.299% -12.299% 3 101.997 105.169 — 1.997% — 5.169% 4 96.893 94.474 + 3.107% + 5.526% 5 114.521 118.934 -14.521% -18.934% 6 110.563 112.200 -10.563% -12.200% 7 101.917 108.767 — 1.917% — 8.767% 8 93.697 92.395 + 6.303% + 7.605% 9 102.830 99.525 — 2.830% + 0.475% 10 94.205 90.909 + 5.795% + 9.091% 11 95.574 97.049 + 4.426% + 2.951% 12 91.545 97.148 + 8.445% + 2.852% 13 97.087 95.464 + 2.913% + 4.536% 14 98.212 99.475 + 1.788% + 0.525% 15 107.982 109.725 — 7.982% — 9.725% 16 105.567 108.437 — 5.567% — 8.437% 17 97.080 92.494 + 2.920% + 7.506% 18 92.410 102.694 + 7.590% — 2.694% 19 93.509 94.326 + 6.491% + 5.674% 20 86.324 88.235 +13.676% +11.765% 21 106.123 104.872 — 6.123% — 4.872% 22 98.555 107.744 + 1.445% — 7.744% 23 92.264 85.314 + 7.736% +14.686% 24 99.278 105.664 + 0.722% — 5.644% 25 90.411 82.095 + 9.589% +17.905% 26 99.201 93.781 + 0.799% + 6.219% 27 111.913 99.723 -11.913% + 0.277% 28 109.187 106.457 — 9.187% — 6.457% 29 104.903 100.119 — 4.903% — 0.119% 30 112.770 108.635 -12.770% — 8.635% 31 112.445 98.336 -12.445% + 1.664%
SUMMARY
1960 1967 ----------------------------
Range of Variation 28.197% 36.839% Ratio of Largest to Smallest 1.327 1.449 Mean Variation (Dist. 6.447% 7.006% Districts Varying by More Than ±5.000% 18/31 21/31 Districts Varying by More Than ±1.000% 29/31 27/31
Source: Calculations made by Court from Appendix A.West Page 1396
APPENDIX C
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSE DISTRICTS
INDIANA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Repre- senta- County Dist. County Dist. tives Dist. Population Pop. Pop. Pop. Pop. Per Representative Dis- 1960 1960 1967 1967 per ---------- trict Counties Census Census (Est.) (Est.) Dist. 1960 1967 Est. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Lake 513,269 513,269 536,300 536,300 11 46,661 48,755 2 Jasper 18,842 91,958 19,400 114,600 2 45,979 57,300 Porter 60,279 82,400 Pulaski 12,837 12,800 3 LaPorte 95,111 95,111 106,200 106,200 2 47,056 53,100 4 St. Joseph 238,614 238,614 251,700 251,700 5 47,729 50,340 5 Elkhart 106,790 152,332 120,100 169,300 3 50,777 56,433 Lagrange 17,380 19,300 Noble 28,162 29,900 6 Dekalb 28,271 45,455 30,800 49,200 1 45,455 49,200 Steuben 17,184 18,400 7 Benton 11,912 42,673 11,600 44,500 1 42,673 44,500 Newton 11,052 11,600 White 19,709 21,300 8 Marshall 32,443 50,354 34,500 53,300 1 50,354 53,300 Starke 17,911 18,800 9 Fulton 16,957 144,703 16,900 155,900 3 48,234 51,967 Huntington 33,814 35,600 Kosciusko 40,373 45,700 Wabash 32,605 34,600 Whitley 20,954 23,100 10 Allen 232,196 232,196 263,200 263,200 5 46,439 52,640 11 Adams 24,643 45,863 26,500 50,100 1 45,863 50,100 Wells 21,220 23,600 12 Carroll 16,934 95,865 18,100 101,700 2 47,933 50,850 Cass 40,931 41,900 Miami 38,000 41,700 13 Fountain 18,706 44,934 18,600 44,500 1 44,934 44,500 Vermillion 17,683 16,700 Warren 8,545 9,200 14 Tippecanoe 89,122 89,122 98,000 98,000 2 44,561 49,000 15 Montgomery 32,089 46,173 33,300 48,200 1 46,173 48,200 Parke 14,804 14,900 16 Boone 27,543 98,440 29,700 109,500 2 49,220 54,750 Clinton 30,765 32,300 Hamilton 40,132 47,500 17 Howard 69,509 85,365 80,600 98,100 2 42,683 49,050 Tipton 15,856 17,500 18 Blackford 14,792 90,533 15,700 96,400 2 45,267 48,200 Grant 75,741 80,700 19 Madison 125,819 125,819 136,400 136,400 3 41,938 45,467 20 Delaware 110,938 133,510 122,900 147,100 3 44,503 49,033 Jay 22,572 24,200 21 Henry 48,899 48,899 52,800 52,800 1 48,899 52,800 22 Randolf 28,434 102,473 30,200 112,300 2 51,237 56,150 Wayne 74,039 82,100 23 Vigo 108,458 130,179 110,600 131,100 3 43,393 43,700 Sullivan 21,721 20,500 24 Clay 24,207 49,134 24,500 51,100 1 49,134 51,100 Putnam 24,927 26,600West Page 139725 Hendricks 40,896 152,568 49,800 180,400 3 50,859 60,133 Johnson 43,704 51,900 Morgan 33,875 41,500 Shelby 34,093 37,200 26 Marion 697,567 697,567 762,000 762,000 15 46,504 50,800 27 Hancock 26,665 47,058 32,800 53,500 1 47,058 53,500 Rush 20,393 20,700 28 Fayette 24,454 47,926 25,400 49,400 1 47,926 49,400 Franklin 17,015 17,000 Union 6,457 7,000 29 Bartholomew 48,198 98,763 56,900 112,600 2 49,382 56,300 Decatur 20,019 22,600 Jackson 30,556 33,100 30 Brown 7,024 102,813 8,000 117,800 2 51,407 58,900 Lawrence 36,564 37,700 Monroe 59,225 72,100 31 Daviess 26,636 91,848 27,300 94,300 2 45,924 47,150 Greene 26,327 26,600 Martin 10,608 11,000 Orange 16,877 17,000 Owen 11,400 12,400 32 Dearborn 28,674 84,633 30,000 87,900 2 42,317 43,950 Jefferson 24,061 25,200 Ohio 4,165 3,900 Ripley 20,641 22,500 Switzerland 7,092 6,300 33 Clark 66,453 98,363 68,200 104,100 2 49,182 52,050 Jennings 17,267 19,600 Scott 14,643 16,300 34 Crawford 8,379 45,405 8,500 47,900 1 45,405 47,900 Harrison 19,207 19,700 Washington 17,819 19,700 35 Floyd 53,003 53,003 53,900 53,900 1 53,003 53,900 36 Knox 41,561 41,561 41,300 41,300 1 4,561 41,300 37 Dubois 27,463 97,143 30,200 103,600 2 48,572 51,800 Perry 17,232 19,000 Pike 12,797 12,200 Spencer 16,074 16,700 Warrick 23,577 25,500 38 Gibson 29,949 49,153 29,400 50,500 1 49,153 50,500 Posey 19,214 21,100 39 Vanderburgh 135,794 165,794 168,300 168,300 4 41,449 42,075 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State Totals 4662,498 4662,498 5049,000 5049,000 100fn*46,625fn*50,490
West Page 1398
1 Lake 513,269 513,269 536,300 536,300 11 46,661 48,755 2 Jasper 18,842 91,958 19,400 114,600 2 45,979 57,300 Porter 60,279 82,400 Pulaski 12,837 12,800 3 LaPorte 95,111 95,111 106,200 106,200 2 47,056 53,100 4 St. Joseph 238,614 238,614 251,700 251,700 5 47,729 50,340 5 Elkhart 106,790 152,332 120,100 169,300 3 50,777 56,433 Lagrange 17,380 19,300 Noble 28,162 29,900 6 Dekalb 28,271 45,455 30,800 49,200 1 45,455 49,200 Steuben 17,184 18,400 7 Benton 11,912 42,673 11,600 44,500 1 42,673 44,500 Newton 11,052 11,600 White 19,709 21,300 8 Marshall 32,443 50,354 34,500 53,300 1 50,354 53,300 Starke 17,911 18,800 9 Fulton 16,957 144,703 16,900 155,900 3 48,234 51,967 Huntington 33,814 35,600 Kosciusko 40,373 45,700 Wabash 32,605 34,600 Whitley 20,954 23,100 10 Allen 232,196 232,196 263,200 263,200 5 46,439 52,640 11 Adams 24,643 45,863 26,500 50,100 1 45,863 50,100 Wells 21,220 23,600 12 Carroll 16,934 95,865 18,100 101,700 2 47,933 50,850 Cass 40,931 41,900 Miami 38,000 41,700 13 Fountain 18,706 44,934 18,600 44,500 1 44,934 44,500 Vermillion 17,683 16,700 Warren 8,545 9,200 14 Tippecanoe 89,122 89,122 98,000 98,000 2 44,561 49,000 15 Montgomery 32,089 46,173 33,300 48,200 1 46,173 48,200 Parke 14,804 14,900 16 Boone 27,543 98,440 29,700 109,500 2 49,220 54,750 Clinton 30,765 32,300 Hamilton 40,132 47,500 17 Howard 69,509 85,365 80,600 98,100 2 42,683 49,050 Tipton 15,856 17,500 18 Blackford 14,792 90,533 15,700 96,400 2 45,267 48,200 Grant 75,741 80,700 19 Madison 125,819 125,819 136,400 136,400 3 41,938 45,467 20 Delaware 110,938 133,510 122,900 147,100 3 44,503 49,033 Jay 22,572 24,200 21 Henry 48,899 48,899 52,800 52,800 1 48,899 52,800 22 Randolf 28,434 102,473 30,200 112,300 2 51,237 56,150 Wayne 74,039 82,100 23 Vigo 108,458 130,179 110,600 131,100 3 43,393 43,700 Sullivan 21,721 20,500 24 Clay 24,207 49,134 24,500 51,100 1 49,134 51,100 Putnam 24,927 26,600West Page 139725 Hendricks 40,896 152,568 49,800 180,400 3 50,859 60,133 Johnson 43,704 51,900 Morgan 33,875 41,500 Shelby 34,093 37,200 26 Marion 697,567 697,567 762,000 762,000 15 46,504 50,800 27 Hancock 26,665 47,058 32,800 53,500 1 47,058 53,500 Rush 20,393 20,700 28 Fayette 24,454 47,926 25,400 49,400 1 47,926 49,400 Franklin 17,015 17,000 Union 6,457 7,000 29 Bartholomew 48,198 98,763 56,900 112,600 2 49,382 56,300 Decatur 20,019 22,600 Jackson 30,556 33,100 30 Brown 7,024 102,813 8,000 117,800 2 51,407 58,900 Lawrence 36,564 37,700 Monroe 59,225 72,100 31 Daviess 26,636 91,848 27,300 94,300 2 45,924 47,150 Greene 26,327 26,600 Martin 10,608 11,000 Orange 16,877 17,000 Owen 11,400 12,400 32 Dearborn 28,674 84,633 30,000 87,900 2 42,317 43,950 Jefferson 24,061 25,200 Ohio 4,165 3,900 Ripley 20,641 22,500 Switzerland 7,092 6,300 33 Clark 66,453 98,363 68,200 104,100 2 49,182 52,050 Jennings 17,267 19,600 Scott 14,643 16,300 34 Crawford 8,379 45,405 8,500 47,900 1 45,405 47,900 Harrison 19,207 19,700 Washington 17,819 19,700 35 Floyd 53,003 53,003 53,900 53,900 1 53,003 53,900 36 Knox 41,561 41,561 41,300 41,300 1 4,561 41,300 37 Dubois 27,463 97,143 30,200 103,600 2 48,572 51,800 Perry 17,232 19,000 Pike 12,797 12,200 Spencer 16,074 16,700 Warrick 23,577 25,500 38 Gibson 29,949 49,153 29,400 50,500 1 49,153 50,500 Posey 19,214 21,100 39 Vanderburgh 135,794 165,794 168,300 168,300 4 41,449 42,075 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State Totals 4662,498 4662,498 5049,000 5049,000 100fn*46,625fn*50,490
APPENDIX D
REPRESENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF
District Population Degree of Over- as Percentage of or Underrepresentation Ideal District (Variation from Ideal) District 1960 1967 1960 1967 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
HOUSE DISTRICTS
1 100.077 96.564 — 0.077% + 3.436% 2 98.614 113.488 + 1.386% -13.488% 3 100.924 105.169 — 0.924% — 5.169% 4 102.368 99.703 — 2.368% + 0.297% 5 108.905 111.771 — 8.905% -11.771% 6 97.491 97.445 + 2.509% + 2.555% 7 91.524 88.136 + 8.476% +11.864% 8 107.998 105.565 — 7.998% — 5.565% 9 103.451 102.925 — 3.451% — 2.925% 10 99.601 104.258 + 0.399% — 4.258% 11 98.366 99.228 + 1.634% + 0.772% 12 102.805 100.713 — 2.805% — 0.713% 13 96.373 88.136 + 3.627% +11.864% 14 95.573 97.049 + 4.427% + 2.951% 15 99.030 95.464 + 0.970% + 4.536% 16 105.566 108.437 — 5.566% — 8.437% 17 91.540 97.148 + 8.460% + 2.852% 18 97.087 95.464 + 2.913% + 4.536% 19 89.947 90.051 +10.053% + 9.949% 20 95.449 97.114 + 4.551% + 2.886% 21 104.877 104.575 — 4.877% — 4.575% 22 109.892 111.210 — 9.892% -11.210% 23 93.068 86.552 + 6.932% + 13.448% 24 105.381 101.208 — 5.381% — 1.208% 25 109.081 119.099 — 9.081% -19.099% 26 99.740 100.614 + 0.260% — 0.614% 27 100.929 105.962 — 0.929% — 5.962% 28 102.790 97.841 — 2.790% + 2.159% 29 105.922 111.507 — 5.922% — 11.507% 30 110.254 116.657 -10.254% -16.657% 31 98.497 93.385 + 1.503% + 6.615% 32 90.760 87.047 + 9.240% +12.953% 33 105.484 103.090 — 5.484% — 3.090% 34 97.383 94.870 — 2.617% + 5.130% 35 113.679 106.754 -13.679% — 6.754% 36 89.139 81.798 +10.861% +18.202% 37 104.176 102.595 — 4.176% — 2.595% 38 105.422 100.020 — 5.422% — 0.020% 39 88.899 83.333 +11.101% +16.677%West Page 1399
SUMMARY
1960 1967 ------------------------------
Range of Variation 24.780% 37.301% Ratio of Largest to Smallest District 1.279 1.456 Mean Variation 5.177% 6.905% Districts Varying by More Than ±5.000% 18/39 20/39 Districts Varying by More Than ±1.000% 33/39 34/39
Source: Calculations made by Court from Appendix C.
ORDER
The above-entitled cause came before the three-judge court for trial on the plaintiffs' complaint, the defendant's answer, and the complaint of intervention and answer of intervenors. The Court having heard and considered the evidence and the oral arguments of counsel, and having considered the briefs of the parties, now files simultaneously with this Order its written Opinion in which the Court's findings of fact and conclusions of law appear.
From the evidence and the law, the Court finds and concludes that the multi-member districting provisions of the present legislative apportionment statutes of Indiana, Indiana Acts of 1965 (2d Spec.Sess.), ch. 5, sec. 3 and ch. 4, sec. 3 (Ind.Ann.Stat. §§ 34-102, 34-104 (Burns' Supp. 1968)), as they relate to Marion County, operate to minimize and cancel out the voting strength of a cognizable racial minority group residing in the Center Township Ghetto, as such ghetto is defined and delineated in the Court's written Opinion, to the extent that the members of such minority group are deprived of equal protection of the laws under theFourteenthAmendment of the Constitution of the United States. Under the evidence before the Court such invidious effects will continue so long as Marion County is apportioned into large senate and house multi-member districts. Hence, those portions of the present legislative apportionment statutes relating to Marion County, as to both the Senate and the House of the General Assembly, are unconstitutional and void. The Court finds that the only practicable remedy for such unconstitutional deprivation of voting strength is the elimination of the large multi-member house and senate districts in Marion County.
From the evidence adduced in this case, to redistrict Marion County alone, to provide single-member districts or any other type of districts meeting constitutional standards, would leave impermissible population variations between the new Marion County districts and other districts in the State.
Independent of the impermissible population variations that would exist between new Marion County districts and other districts in the State, impermissible population variations would remain between existing districts in the State when compared among themselves. Therefore, a redistricting of the entireWest Page 1400State as to both houses of the General Assembly is necessitated.
While recognizing the right of the injured plaintiffs to have their constitutional rights vindicated at the earliest practicable time, the Court must also recognize that the federal judiciary functions within a system of federalism which entrusts the responsibility of legislative apportionment and redistricting primarily to the state legislature. The Court must therefore afford Governor Edgar D. Whitcomb a reasonable opportunity to call a Special Session of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana so that it may enact legislation to redistrict the State of Indiana and reapportion the legislative seats in the General Assembly in accordance with federal constitutional requirements and in compliance with this Court's opinion.
An injunction will not issue at this time and the State will be given until October 1, 1969, to enact statutes redistricting the State and reapportioning the legislative seats in the General Assembly to remedy the improper districting and malapportionment found to exist as pointed out in the Court's opinion.
This cutoff date is one by which there would have to be filed with the Court an enactment approved by both houses of the Indiana General Assembly and signed into law by the Governor.
The Court will retain jurisdiction in these proceedings pending the period granted the State within which to act and for such additional time as may be necessary to effectuate an adequate remedy to those to whom relief is due. Because of the relative proximity in time of the initial filing date for candidates for the next primary election for members of the Indiana General Assembly [February 24, 1970], no final judgment will issue without an adequate apportionment plan being approved and/or promulgated therein.
It is so ordered.
- Average = Ideal District
Sources: Apportionment and districting according to Burns Ind. Stat. § 34-104 (1965, Supp. 1968).1967 county population estimates based on DX J pp. 20-22.
All calculations made by the Court. ↩ - Average = Ideal District
Sources: Apportionment and districting according to Burns Ind. Stat. § 34-102 (1965, Supp. 1968).1967 county population estimates based on DX J pp. 20-22.
All calculations made by the Court. ↩ - See this Court's Opinion and Order of June 18, 1969,305 F. Supp. 1359(S.D.Ind. 1969). ↩
- See Court's separate Order of June 18, 1969,305 F. Supp. 1359(S.D.Ind. 1969). ↩
- These numbers of legislators are the maximum permissible under the Constitution of the State of Indiana, Art.4, sec.2. ↩
- Otherwise published as Ind.Ann.Stat. §§ 34-102, 34-104, (Burns' Supp. 1968). ↩
- See Burns v. Richardson,384 U.S. 73, at 89 n. 15,86 S.Ct. 1286,16 L.Ed.2d 376(1966). ↩
- In the term that of Burns, the Supreme Court stated that "our cases do not foreclose attempts to show that in the particular circumstances of a given case multi-member districts are invidiously discrimatory." Kilgarlin v. Hill,386 U.S. 120, at 125, n. 3,87 S.Ct. 820, at 823,17 L.Ed.2d 771(1967). ↩
- For an excellent chronology of the four fundamental phases of the Stout litigation, and an authoritative apportionment in Indiana generally, see Wallace, Legislative Apportionment in Indiana: A Case History, 42 Ind.L.J. 6 (1966). ↩
- The following definitions of the word "ghetto" are contained in the sources cited:
a) ghetto — a quarter of a city in which Jews are required to live; broadly: a quarter of a city in which members of a minority group live because of social, legal or economic pressure.[Webster's 7th New Collegiate Dictionary (based on Webster's New 3d International) (1967).]
b) ghetto — 1. A section of a city in which, in former times in most European countries, all Jews were required to live. 2. A section predominantly inhabited by Jews. 3. U.S. A section of a city, esp. a thickly populated slum area, inhabited predominantly by Negroes, Puerto Ricans, or any other minority group, often as a result of social or economic restrictions.
[Random House Dictionary (1968).]
c) The term "ghetto" as used in this report refers to an area within a city characterized by poverty and acute social disorganization, and inhabited by members of a racial or ethnic group under conditions of involuntary segregation.[National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Report at 6 n. 1 (U.S.G.P.O. 1968).]
↩ - The uncapitalized word "ghetto" used inCommentabove is used as heretofore defined. ↩
- The housing deficiency patterns shown in DX B-E have also significantly influenced our determination of this question. ↩
- Our analysis of the Center Township Ghetto, using PX 2, DX A-9, and DX O, shows it to have an approximate 1967 population of 132,000, of which approximately 35,000 are white and 97,000 are non-white. Approximately 99.8% of the non-white population is Negro. ↩
- Ind.Ann.Stat. § 29-3605 (Burns' Supp. 1968). ↩
- "A Senatorial or Representative District, where more than one county shall constitute a district, shall be composed of contiguous counties; and no county, for Senatorial apportionment, shall ever be divided." Art.4, Sec.6, Indiana Constitution. ↩