Opinion · Supreme Court of Delaware
Sohland v. Baker
15 Del. Ch. 431
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of Delaware
- Jurisdiction
- Delaware
- Date
- 1927-11-17
- Topic
- litigation
Harrington, J. delivering the opinion of the Court: The complainant, a stockholder in the Bankers Mortgage Company, sought in the court below to enforce certain alleged corporate rights of that company against the appellants, Alfred Soh-land and Dora Sohland. The bill filed made the Sohlands and the Bankers Mortgage Company parties defendant. *441 The right of the complainant to file his bill having been challenged, that question will be considered first. As a general rule, a cause of action belonging to a corporation can be asserted only by such corporation by a suit in the corporate name. Conditions may, however, exist in a cotut of equity whereby a stockholder may sue in his own name for the purpose of enforcing corporate rights, though the corporation in question is nominally a party defendant. This is true in-a proper case if the corporation on the demand of the stockholder refuses to. bring suit.
Citator
- Cited by
- 36 opinions
SOHLAND v. BAKER,15 Del. Ch. 431(1927)
DORA SOHLAND, Defendant below, Appellant, v. MATHIAS H. BAKER, Complainant
below, Appellee. ALFRED SOHLAND, Defendant below, Appellant, v. MATHIAS H.
BAKER, Complainant below, Appellee.
Supreme Court of Delaware.
November 17, 1927.
Stockholder may sue in court of equity to enforce corporate rights in case corporation on demand of stockholder refuses to bring suit, or in case circumstances are such that directors by reason of hostile interest or guilty participation in wrongs complained of cannot be expected to institute corporate suit or conduct litigation incident thereto.
Right of stockholder to file a bill to enforce corporate rights is solely for the purpose of preventing injustice, where it is apparent that material corporate rights would not otherwise be protected.
Where corporation on demand of stockholder refused to bring suit for cancellation of certain stock and an account of dividends paid thereon, stock-holder had right to file bill in his own name.
An "appeal," generally speaking, is a rehearing by a superior court on both law and fact, and is a process of civil law origin, and the usual and appropriate mode of review for cases originating in a court of equity.
On appeal from Court of Chancery underConstitution1897,ArticleIV, § 12, Supreme Court, though confined to record in considering evidence, determines both law and fact.
Where evidence was not heard by Chancellor, but was heard on depositions and before examiner, Supreme Court on appeal underConstitution1897,ArticleIV, § 12 is bound to review the evidence and draw its own conclusions with respect thereto without any presumptions in its favor.
In stockholder's suit to cancel certain stock and for an account of dividends paid thereon, finding of Chancellor that consideration for stock sought to be canceled was note of another corporation with stock of different corporation attached as collateralheldsustained by evidence.Page 432
Unless prohibited by its charter or some constitutional or legislative provision, good and collectible note of a subscriber, as well as that of a third person, constitutes good consideration for issuance of stock in a corporation.
UnderConstitution1897,ArticleIX, § 3, forbidding issuance of corporate stock except for money paid, labor done, or personal property or real estate actually acquired by corporation, unsecured promissory note of subscriberheldinsufficient consideration for issuance of stock as not constituting "personal property actually acquired" in sense word property is used in such section.
Negotiable promissory note of subscriber for corporate stock secured by proper collateralheldsufficient consideration for issuance of stock as constituting property actually acquired within meaning ofConstitution1897,ArticleIX, § 3.
Broadly speaking, "capital of corporation" is fund used by it in the conduct of its business and from which its profits, at least in a great measure, are expected to be made.
Where corporate stock attached as collateral to promissory note given as consideration for the issuance of stock of another corporation had no cash value, stock was issued without sufficient consideration within meaning ofConstitution1897,ArticleIX, § 3, and was properly canceled in suit therefor by stockholder.
The record shows that Mathias H. Baker filed a stockholder's bill in the court below against Bankers Mortgage Company (a corporation of this State), Alfred Sohland, Dora Sohland, and the Harrisburg Corporation (a corporation of the State of Delaware also) praying for the cancellation of certain stock of the Bankers Mortage Company standing in the name of the said Alfred Sohland and Dora Sohland, and for an account of the dividends paid thereon.
The Bankers Mortgage Company was organized in April of 1922 with a capital stock of $1,020,000 preferred and founders' stock, and 100,000 shares of common stock, without par value. Of the authorized capital of $1,020,000, 20,000 shares of the par value of $1.00 each were founders' shares and 100,000 shares of thePage 433par value of $10.00 each were preferred shares. The holders of the preferred stock were entitled to one vote for each share of stock held by them; the holders of the common stock were entitled to one vote for each share of stock held by them; and the holders of the founders' shares were entitled to ten votes for each share of such stock held by them.
On and prior to June 16th of that year, one Paul F. Skinner, who had promoted the organization of that company, was a director and the president of the company, and N.B. Skinner and A.E. Kimmel, constituted the remaining members of the board of directors.
Some time during the early part of June, 1922, Alfred Sohland and certain other persons decided to purchase a large block of the stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company. Sohland, himself, contemplated subscribing for a substantial amount of the stock, but did not have the necessary funds. He was then a director and the president of a corporation known as the Harrisburg Corporation, which he claimed was indebted to him to the extent of approximately $125,000, and he, therefore, conceived the plan of using the credit of that company to procure stock for himself in the Bankers Mortgage Company.
In explanation of the alleged indebtedness of the Harrisburg Corporation to him, Alfred Sohland stated that in March of 1920, on behalf of himself and one D.G. Derry, he had contracted to purchase from one Christian W. Lynch 2,760 shares of the second preferred stock and 3,604 shares of the common or voting stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works, which latter stock constituted about sixty-three per cent. of the voting stock of that company; that the contract price was $187,510, of which $50,000 was paid in cash, and the balance was to be paid, with interest, in four equal installments at the expiration of six, twelve, eighteen and twenty-four months; that in May of 1921, an arrangement was made whereby Derry relinquished his one-half interest in the stock in question to Alfred Sohland for the agreed consideration of $100,000; that Sohland in turn, for the agreed consideration of approximately $287,000, was to transfer the stock in question to the Harrisburg Corporation, which was a subsidiary corporation of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works; that the Harrisburg CorporationPage 434was to reimburse Sohland for the amount he had already paid Lynch on the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works stock; that the Harrisburg Corporation was, also, to pay the balance still due Lynch under his contract with Sohland and Derry for the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works stock; that it was, also, to pay the $100,000 which Sohland had agreed to pay Derry, this latter payment was, however, to be paid in securities to be issued by the Harrisburg Corporation; that the Harrisburg Corporation was unable to make the cash payments called for by the agreement between it and Sohland and Derry; that Sohland was, therefore, compelled to pay the cash balance due Lynch on his contract with himself and Derry, and at the time the bill was filed in the court below the Harrisburg Corporation was still indebted to Sohland for the amount so paid by him; that, by reason of the transactions above detailed, he claimed that the Harrisburg Corporation was indebted to him in the amount of $118,000 with interest.
It appears from the record that Sohland, also, claims to have made some other monetary advances to the Harrisburg Corporation, but what they were does not appear in detail.
At the time that the Harrisburg Corporation assumed the obligation of $287,000 above referred to, Sohland was not only a director and the president of that company, but he was, also, a director and president of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works, the stock of which company the Harrisburg Corporation had agreed to purchase.
On June 16th, 1922, an application for a loan of $125,000 to the Harrisburg Corporation was presented to the Bankers Mortgage Company. This application was to be secured by the collateral assignment of 2,760 shares of the second preferred and 3,604 shares of the common, or voting stock, of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works, which the Harrisburg Corporation had agreed to purchase from Sohland. The board of directors of the Bankers Mortgage Company, consisting of Skinner and two of his associates, approved the application for this loan, with the understanding that the same was to be consummated "as soon as the financial condition of the Bankers Mortgage Company would, in the opinion of its directors, justify investment."Page 435
After this application of the Harrisburg Corporation had been approved, the directors of the Bankers Mortgage Company recessed for one-half hour. The board then reconvened and Skinner and his associates resigned as directors, and Sohland and two of his associates and nominees, namely, Coble and Webbert, were elected in their places, Sohland being elected president of the corporation. On the 22nd day of June, the board of directors was increased from three to five members; Webbert resigned and Miller was elected in his place. Kines and Nissly were also elected members of the board.
On August 2nd, 1922, the application of Harrisburg Corporation was considered by the new board of directors of the Bankers Mortgage Company and was approved with the addition of the significant provision "that the loan be madeby the issuance ofstockin the Bankers Mortgage Company in the number of shares required."
At the August 2nd meeting of the Bankers Mortgage Company, while Mr. Sohland was presiding, it appears from the record that he brought the Harrisburg Corporation matter to the attention of the board. At this time he said: "I want to buy $125,000 of Bankers Mortgage Company stock, and this is the way I want to pay for it." Sohland in fact admitted that he made the statement above quoted with the change of the words "want to pay for it" to "can pay for it."
The record, also, shows that on June 15th of that year he had stated to Mr. Miller, who subsequently became a director of the Bankers Mortgage Company at his instance, that he wanted his help "to put something over." He further stated: "I don't want your money; I want you to take care of mine."
In referring to the collateral, which had been offered and approved at the preceding meeting, Sohland said at this meeting:
"It is sixty-three per cent, of the stock of that company (referring to the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works) and is worth three or four hundred thousand dollars. I can take the receiver off the hook and this minute get $125,000 for it. I can and will go to New York and Philadelphia and borrow money on it up to one hundred or one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, as the Bankers Mortgage Company may need it in its business."Page 436
He also mentioned the particular banks from which he could secure the sum above referred to.
At the time the resolution of August 2 was passed, the directors apparently knew nothing as to the ability of the Harrisburg Corporation to pay the note which they approved, or as to the value of the stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works, which they approved as collateral security therefor. While the record shows that some inquiry as to its value was made at this meeting by Miller, such inquiry was stopped by Sohland.
On August 14, the note of the Harrisburg Corporation for $125,000 to which was attached the shares of stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works approved as collateral, was brought to the office of the Bankers Mortgage Company. The Bankers Mortgage Company thereupon drew its check to the order of the Harrisburg Corporation for the sum of $125,000. The Harrisburg Corporation then gave to the Bankers Mortgage Company its check for $150,000. It also gave its check at the same time to the Bankers Mortgage Company for $12,500 to cover the bonus and interest on the alleged loan. At the same time the Bankers Mortgage Company also gave its check to C.W. Webbert for $37,500 which represented an alleged commission due him on the sale of the $150,000 worth of stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company to the Harrisburg Corporation. This last-mentioned check was duly indorsed by Webbert and desposited to the credit of the Harrisburg Corporation.
While it thus appears that both the Bankers Mortgage Company and the Harrisburg Corporation received each from the other checks totaling $162,500, they canceled each other. At the time this transaction took place the Harrisburg Corporation had a bank balance of approximately $4,190.72, and the Bankers Mortgage Company a bank balance of approximately $1,220.48.
At the same time the Bankers Mortgage Company received written instructions from the Harrisburg Corporation to issue the stock subscribed for by it to Alfred Sohland or his order. The Bankers Mortgage Company thereupon issued 7,750 shares of preferred stock and 9,000 shares of the common stock to Alfred Sohland. It also issued 5,000 shares of the preferred stock to DoraPage 437Sohland, wife of Alfred Sohland. The 12,250 shares of preferred stock issued to Sohland and his wife were at the rate of ten dollars a share, that being the par value thereof. Forty-five hundred shares of the no par common stock were issued to Sohland at five dollars a share, and the remaining forty-five hundred shares thereof were issued as a bonus and without any consideration whatever.
The result of the transactions above detailed was that the Bankers Mortgage Company held the promissory note of the Harrisburg Corporation dated August 14, 1922, payable one year from date for the sum of $125,000, for which was pledged as collateral 3,604 shares of the common stock and 2,760 shares of the second preferred stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works. The Harrisburg Corporation owed the Bankers Mortgage Company the note above referred to, and Alfred Sohland and Dora Sohland had standing in their names $150,000 worth of the stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company.
That Sohland became a director and the president of the Bankers Mortgage Company after the resignation of the Skinner board on June 15, 1922, has already been stated. The names of the other directors elected June 16 and June 22, 1922, have also been given.
It further appears from the record that Sohland, at the time that the transactions above detailed took place, was not only the president of the board of directors of the Harrisburg Corporation, but that Coble, Greybill and Bricker were also directors of both corporations. While Coble was elected a member of the board of the Bankers Mortgage Company June 16, 1922, Grey-bill and Bricker, with others, were elected August 2, 1922, pursuant to a resolution increasing the size of that board to eleven members.
The record showed that Sohland claimed that the value of the second preferred and common stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works was ample to protect the $125,000 note of the Harrisburg Corporation, but the great weight of evidence was to the effect that it had no collateral value at the time of the giving of the note in question.Page 438
The essential facts on this question appear in the opinion and will not be repeated here.
In the latter part of the year 1922, or the early part of 1923, the directors of the Bankers Mortgage Company began to question the value of this stock, and friction began to develop between Sohland and a large part of the remainder of the board of that company.
While the note of the Harrisburg Corporation did not mature until August 14th, 1923, on June 14th of that year a letter of the Harrisburg Corporation, signed by "A. Sohland, President," requesting terms of renewal, was presented and read at a meeting of the directors of the Bankers Mortgage Company.
At a meeting of that company held June 28th, 1923, the acceptance of a renewal note of the Harrisburg Corporation for $145,000 was approved with the second preferred and common stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works stock and 3,000 shares of common and 3,000 shares of preferred stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company held by Sohland, as collateral. The note in question represented the amount of the original note plus $20,000 interest and bonus. The real purpose of this extraordinary procedure was to enable the Bankers Mortgage Company to show a profit on its books so that it could declare a dividend, but subsequent facts require a statement of what took place.
By reason of certain founders' shares of stock standing in his name, Sohland had the control of the Bankers Mortgage Company. While it is not necessary to state how he acquired those shares, their validity was subject to question.
In September of 1923, under pressure, he therefore surrendered these shares, and preferred and common stock of equal value were issued to him, therefor. About the same time Sohland resigned as president and a director of the Bankers Mortgage Company.
A receiver was appointed for the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works in September of 1923, and a trustee under the Federal Bankruptcy Act was subsequently appointed in December of that year. As the record shows no substantial tangible assets in thePage 439Harrisburg Corporation, the maker and the collateral was worthless, and the $75,000 note held by the Bankers Mortgage Company which matured August 14, 1923, was never paid.
On December 26, 1923, the stockholder's bill in question was filed in the court below by Baker.
The record shows that on December 22, 1923, the complainant made a demand upon the directors to take action against Sohland with respect to the cancellation of the stock involved in this suit.
On December 24, 1923, the directors replied:
"Your letter had the consideration of the Board of Directors of the Bankers Mortgage Company in meeting held this day, with a result that it refused to comply with your several demands."
The record also shows that on the same day the directors authorized the payment of a retainer to the solicitors who subsequently filed the bill on behalf of the complainant in the court below. It further shows that when the complainant went to Wilmington to execute the bill in question, Miller, a director and the secretary of the Bankers Mortgage Company, went with him, and directed him to the office of the solicitors who subsequently filed it; and that such solicitors were the same persons to whom the Bankers Mortgage Company had directed the payment of a retaining fee. It also shows that a majority of the directors in office at this time had participated in the transactions pursuant to which the stock in question was issued. It was admitted that Dora Sohland was not abona fidepurchaser for value of the stock standing in her name.
In the court below, the Chancellor stated his conclusions upon the facts proved as follows:
"That Sohland was not only president of the Harrisburg Corporation and the Bankers Mortgage Company, but he also succeeded in dominating the corporate control of both companies.
"That the stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company sought by the bill to be canceled was issued in consideration of the promissory note of the Harrisburg Corporation, the subscriber, secured by shares of stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works, deposited as collateral.Page 440
"That the note of the Harrisburg Corporation was worthless and the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works stock was, if not entirely worthless for collateral purposes, at all events extravagantly and grossly overvalued as a fair and adequate security for the note; and that Sohland, who in reality negotiated the deal, had no reasonable ground to believe otherwise.
"That the loan transactions and the payment for the stock were fictitious, simply a paper affair, showing plausibly on the books, but at the bottom being nothing more than what, in the parlance of the street, is known as "kiting" of checks, accompanied by a worthless note with grossly insufficient collateral.
"That the whole transaction was simply a scheme on the part of Sohland to unload his Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works stock in exchange for stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company, he, through the corporations in his control, using them to effectuate his purpose."
Based on these conclusions, the Chancellor decreed a cancellation of the Bankers Mortgage Company stock issued to Alfred Sohland and to Dora Sohland, his wife, and an account of the dividends paid thereon.
The assignments of error, while ten in number, may be summarized as follows:
1. That the transaction held to be fraudulent was lawful and binding on the complainant and the Bankers Mortgage Company.
2. That the bill should have been dismissed because not properly maintainable by the complainant.
PENNEWILL, C.J., and RICE, HARRINGTON, RICHARDS and RODNEY, J.J., sitting.
The right of the complainant to file his bill having been challenged, that question will be considered first. As a general rule, a cause of action belonging to a corporation can be asserted only by such corporation by a suit in the corporate name. Conditions may, however, exist in a court of equity whereby a stockholder may sue in his own name for the purpose of enforcing corporate rights, though the corporation in question is nominally a party defendant. This is true in a proper case if the corporation on the demand of the stockholder refuses to bring suit.
It is, also, true without any demand on the corporation if the circumstances are such that the directors, whether by reason of hostile interest, or guilty participation in the wrongs complained of, cannot be expected to institute a corporate suit, or where even if they did institute such a suit, it is apparent that they would not be the proper persons to conduct the litigation incident thereto.
As was said by the Chancellor in the court below these are familiar principles in equity and are well recognized in this State.Ellis v. Penn Beef Co., 9Del. Ch.213,80 A. 666;Roberts, et al., v. Kennedy, et al., 13Del. Ch.133,116 A. 253;Harden v. Eastern States Public Service Co., 14Del.Ch.156,122 A. 705;Fleer v. Frank H. Fleer Corp., 14Del.Ch.277,125 A. 411.
The appellants do not deny that the cause of action relied on by the complaining stockholder comes within the classes of cases that will be considered by a court of equity under such a bill. They claim, however, that the action in this case was in fact instituted by the corporation, and that the use of the name of Baker, as a complainant, was merely through collusion between him and the corporate board of the Bankers Mortgage Company, and, therefore, improper, and unwarranted by anv rule of equity procedure.
In discussing the right of a stockholder to file a bill of this nature, the court inCorbus v. Gold Mining Co.,187 U.S. 455,463,23 S. Ct. 157,160(47 L. Ed. 256) among other things said:
"The directors [of a corporation] represent all the stockholders and are presumed to act honestly and according to their best judgment for the interest of all. Their judgment as to any matter lawfully confined to their discretion may not be lightly challenged by any stockholder or at his instance submittedPage 442for review to a court of equity. * * * And a court of equity may not be called upon at the appeal of any single stockholder to compel the directors or the corporation to enforce every right which it may possess, irrespective of other considerations. It is not a trifling thing for a stockholder to attempt to coerce the directors of a corporation to an act which their judgment does not approve, or to substitute his judgment for theirs."
The right of a stockholder to file a bill to litigate corporate rights is, therefore, solely for the purpose of preventing injustice, where it is apparent that material corporate rights would not otherwise be protected.Pomeroy's EquityJurisprudence, vol.3, § 1095. But whether such right exists necessarily depends upon the facts of each particular case.Corbus v. Gold Mining Co.,187 U.S. 455,23 S. Ct. 157, 47L.E.256.
In order, however, for a stockholder to supersede the directors in their right to determine whether a corporation shall bring suit in a particular case, the Supreme Court of the United States, in the leading case ofHawes v. Oakland,104 U.S. 450,460,26 L. Ed. 827, said:
"But, in addition to the existence of grievances which call for this kind of relief, it is equally important that before the shareholder is permitted in his own name, to institute and conduct a litigation which usually belongs to the corporation, he should show, to the satisfaction of the court, that he has exhausted all the means within his reach to obtain, within the corporation itself, the redress of his grievances, or action in conformity to his wishes. He must make an earnest, not a simulated effort, with the managing body of the corporation, to induce remedial action on their part, and this must be made apparent to the court."Corbus v. Gold Mining Co.,187 U.S. 455,23 S. Ct. 157,47 L. Ed. 256, is to the same effect.
This, however, does not dispose of the question before us.
It appears that a great majority of the board of the Bankers Mortgage Company, at the time the bill was filed in the court below, had participated in the transaction between the Harrisburg Corporationn and that company. Whether, therefore, they: could be expected to institute a suit to inquire into this transaction, or even if they did whether they would be the proper persons to manage and conduct it, may be seriously questioned. But, however that may be, the record shows that before the bill was filedPage 443in the court below, the complainant made a demand upon the directors to take corporate action against the Sohlands for the purpose of bringing about a cancellation of the stock in controversy. It, also, shows that this request was refused and that the complainant was notified to that effect before he filed his bill.
It is true that it appears that a resolution was passed by the board of directors of the Bankers Mortgage Company directing the payment of a retaining fee to the solicitors who subsequently filed the bill for the complainant, and that Mr. Miller, who was then a director and secretary of the company, went to Wilmington with the complainant when he executed the bill filed, and directed him to the office of the solicitors in question.
While the conclusion may be drawn that the corporate management was not hostile to action by the complainant, the fact, nevertheless, remains that the corporation itself refused to litigate an apparent corporate right.
The reasons for such refusal need not be considered. The corporation, having refused to institute proceedings, the only way that its rights could be brought before the court was by a bill filed by a stockholder. That the complainant, for the prevention of injustice, therefore, had the right to file the bill in the court below, seems clear.
TheConstitution of1897 (ArticleIV, § 12), in part provides:
"The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction as follows: * * * To receive appeals from the Court of Chancery, and to determine finally all matters of appeal in the interlocutory or final decrees and proceedings in Chancery."
This case is before this court on appeal under the provision of the Constitution above quoted.
The conclusions of the Chancellor, with respect to the facts, appear in the statement of the case immediately preceding this opinion and it is not necessary to repeat them here.
With respect to such findings, the appellants do not deny that Sohland was the president of both the Harrisburg Corporation and the Bankers Mortgage Company, when the note of the Harrisburg Corporation was executed and delivered and the stockPage 444of the Bankers Mortgage Company was issued, or that such note, standing alone, and without the collateral thereto attached was worthless.
They deny, however, that the evidence justified the conclusion that Sohland dominated the corporate control of both companies; that the note of the Harrisburg Coporation was the consideration for the issuance of the stock in controversy, or, if it was that the stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works was practically valueless for collateral purposes at the time the stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company was issued.
They further contend that this case being before this court on appeal, and not on writ of error, that it is its duty to review the evidence and to decide whether it justifies the conclusions, with respect to the facts, reached by the Chancellor. An appeal, generally speaking, is a rehearing by a superior court on both fact and law. It is a process of civil law origin and the usual and appropriate mode of review for causes originating in a court of equity. 2Daniell's Chan. Pl. Pr., (5th Ed.) 1459; 2Ency. of Pl. Pr.31; 2R.C.L.27;Nashville Ry. LightCo. v. Bunn, (C.C.A.)168 F. 862;Cunningham v. Neagle,135 U.S. 1,10 S. Ct. 658,34 L. Ed. 55;Lewis v. Sittle, 7Ind. T.602,104 S.W. 850.
The distinction between an appeal and a writ of error was aptly stated inNashville Ry. Light Co. v. Bunn, (C.C.A.)168 F. 862, where the court said:
"Aside from a rehearing allowed by the Chancellor in his discretion, and the ancient practice under bill of review, there is but one method of revising the judgments and decrees of a court of equity, and that is by an appeal. An appeal is itself a rehearing by a superior court upon fact and law. 2Daniell'sChan. Pleading Pr., (5th Ed.) 1459. The distinction between a writ of error, which brings up the record in an action at law for a review of questions of law only, and an appeal, which involves a rehearing upon both the facts and law, is vital. These remedies have their origin and functions in the inherent difference between courts of law and courts of equity. * * * The writ of error is a common-law writ, and searches the record for errors of law in the final judgment of a common-law court. If error is found, the judgment awards avenire facias de novo.Parsons v. Bedford, 3Pet.446, 448,7 L. Ed. 732. The appeal is a procedure which comes to us from the civil law along with the fundamentals which go to make up the jurisprudence of a court of equity. Its office is to remove the entire cause, and it subjects the transcript to a scrutiny of fact and law, and is, in substance, a new trial."Page 445
In an appeal from the Court of Chancery, while this court, in considering the evidence is confined to the record, the case is before us on both law and fact.
It is true inChalfant v. Reinhardt, Attorney General, 12Del. Ch.389,113 A. 674, it was said:
"This court ordinarily will not disturb a finding on the facts in a hearing before the Chancellor if it appears from the record that there was evidence to support his finding."
The appellants point out, however, that the evidence in that case, pursuant to a recent rule, was heard by the Chancellor in open court; while conceding that under such circumstance, where such evidence was conflicting, there might be a presumption in favor of the correctness of the Chancellor's findings, they contend that the rule announced in theReinhardt Casecan have no application here because the evidence was heard on depositions and before an examiner. The evidence was not heard by the Chancellor and he was therefore in no better position to judge as to the credit to be given to the witnesses, and to draw conclusions as to the effect of the testimony than this court is. That being true,Chalfant v. Reinhardthas no application to this case and this court is bound to review the evidence and draw its own conclusions with respect thereto without any presumptions in its favor.Old Dominion Copper Co. v. Bigelow,203 Mass. 159,89 N.E. 193, 40L.R.A.(N.S.) 314;Dickinson v.Todd,172 Mass. 183,51 N.E. 976;Harvey-Watts Co. v.Worcester Umbrella Co.,193 Mass. 138,78 N.E. 886. See, also, 2R.C.L.203.
The correctness of this conclusion is not seriously controverted by the appellees. While they rely onChalfant v.Reinhardtin support of the findings of the Chancellor, they contend that the same conclusions will be reached by this court if the evidence be fully reviewed.
On its face, the resolution of the Bankers Mortgage Company on June 16th, 1922, contemplated a loan of $125,000 by that company to the Harrisburg Corporation, with the stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works deposited as collateral; the loan to be made as soon as the Bankers Mortgage Company should be in funds. This plan was, however, changed by the resolutionPage 446of August 2nd, 1922, which clearly contemplated the issuance of stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company in consideration for the note of the Harrisburg Corporation with the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works' stock attached as collateral.
In addition to the resolution itself, this is shown by the statement of Sohland, at the meeting in question. Referring to the resolution of that date, he said: "I want to buy $125,000 of Bankers Mortgage Company stock, and this is the way I want to pay for it."
The record shows that Sohland admitted that he made a statement substantially in this language.
The Chancellor was, therefore, correct in concluding that the record showed that the consideration for the stock, now standing in the name of Alfred Sohland and Dora Sohland, was the note of the Harrisburg Corporation, with the stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works attached as collateral.
Unless prohibited by its charter, or some constitutional or legislative provision, a good and collectible note of a subscriber, as well as that of a third person, would be a good consideration for the issuance of stock in a corporation.14Corpus Juris, 439;McCarthy v. Texas Loan Guaranty Co., (Tex. Civ. App.)142 S.W. 96; 1Cook on Corporations, (6thEd.)note3,p.109;Fletcher on Corporations, vol.5, § 3512.
One of the questions before us is what consideration is necessary for the issuance of stock in a Delaware corporation under theConstitution of1897.ArticleIX, § 3, of that Constitution, provides:
"No corporation shall issue stock, except for money paid, labor done, or personal property, or real estate or leases thereof actually acquired by such corporation."
InCooney v. Arlington Hotel Co., 11Del. Ch.430,101 A. 879, this court, in construing this provision of the Constitution, held that labor to be done was not "labor done" and was not a good consideration for the issuance of stock in a Delaware corporation.Scully v. Automobile Finance Co., 12Del. Ch.174,109 A. 49, is to the same effect.Page 447
InCahall v. Lofland, et al., 12Del. Ch.299,114 A. 224, the Court of Chancery had before it the question, whether unsecured promissory notes of subscribers for stock constituted either "money paid" or "personal property actually acquired," so as to constitute a valid consideration for the issuance of stock, and the Chancellor held that the stock issued was invalid on both grounds.
The same case was subsequently appealed to this court.Lofland, et al., v. Cahall, Rec'r., 13Del. Ch.384,118 A. 1.
With respect to the sufficiency of promissory notes of subscribers to support the issuance of corporate stock on the theory that it was "money paid" the Chief Justice, in delivering the opinion of this court, said:
"A promise to pay money does not meet the constitutional requirement. Each of the appellants gave his promissory note payable in the future or on demand, for the par value of the stock issued to him, and even though the maker was solvent and the note good, it was nothing more than a promise to pay. It is so clear that a promise to pay, by note or otherwise, is not payment of money within the meaning of our constitution, it is not necessary to cite authorities in support of the proposition."
This court, however, did not pass on the contention that a promissory note of the subscriber constituted "personal property actually acquired."
The Chief Justice, speaking for the court, said:
"While it may be true, as claimed by the appellee, that a promissory note is not property `actually acquired,' we are not required to say that in no case can a promissory note be so regarded."
While the decree of the court below was affirmed, it was on other grounds that need not be considered here.
TheConstitution(ArticleIX, § 3) seems to contemplate the production of the thing itself, and not the mere promise to produce, to justify the issuance of full paid stock. As we have already stated, such has been the construction placed upon it by this court, with respect to labor done, and money paid; mere promises to perform labor or to pay money not being sufficient.
While the promissory note of a subscriber for stock is a chose in action, and in a broad sense, personal property, it would seem to require a forced and unnatural construction of the section inPage 448question to hold that the mere unsecured promise to pay, of the subscriber for stock, would constitute "personal property actually acquired" in the sense which the word "property" was used in this section of the Constitution.
InCahall, Receiver, v. Lofland, et al., 12Del. Ch.299, 316,114 A. 224, 233, the Chancellor, in delivering the opinion of that court, holding that stock could not be issued in return for the note of the purchaser, said:
"A promissory note in a broad sense is property; but it is only a promise to pay money and, therefore, is a mere evidence of indebtedness. A promise to pay money is not `money paid,' and cannot be so taken, and it would be a travesty to say that it is `property actually acquired' and, therefore, may be taken in payment for shares where there is a [constitutional] prohibition such as there is in Delaware."
In support of his conclusion that the promissory notes involved in that case were not "property actually acquired," the Chancellor relied onMcCarthy v. Texas, etc., Co., (Tex. Civ.App.1911)142 S.W. 96.
The Constitution of the State of Texas (Article12, § 6) contains a provision that is almost identical with the constitutional provision involved in this case. It provides:
"No corporation shall issue stock * * * except for money paid, labor done or property actually received."
With respect to this question, the court in theMcCarthy Casesaid:
"It is further contended that such notes are `property actually received' within the meaning of the Constitution. It is true a promissory note is `property' in one sense of the word, as, for instance, when it is in the hands of a third person. It has frequently been so held; but, as between the original parties to the same, it is but a mere evidence of indebtedness and it would be a strained and unnatural interpretation of the Constitution to hold that it was there used in the sense contended for by appellants. To so hold would be to say that in one breath the organic law expressly refused to accept it as `money paid,' and in the next breath permitted it under the guise of property, thus convicting the framers of the Constitution of a palpable inconsistency."
We might add that in theMcCarthy Casethe note was not only indorsed by a solvent indorser, but the stock issued was, also, deposited as collateral.Page 449
InWasher v. Smyer,109 Tex. 403,211 S.W. 986,4 A.L.R. 1320, which was quoted by the Chief Justice inLofland,et al., v. Cahall, Receiver, 13Del. Ch.384,118 A. 1, 6, the court, also, in part said:
"It is clear, in our opinion, that the note of a stock subscriber accepted by a corporation in payment for the stock issued him is not to be regarded as `property actually received,' within the meaning of the constitutional provision. In such a transaction the subscriber does not pay anything into the treasury of the corporation. He merely gives the corporation his promise to pay. His indebtedness to the corporation arising from the stock subscription is merely evidenced in a different form. True, it is placed in a negotiable form, but in no actual sense is the liability to the corporation extinguished. It is only differently expressed.
* * *
"The real result is that the subscriber has secured an extension of the time of payment, and the corporation has received but a postponement of its right to demand payment.
"The capital stock of a corporation should represent something other than the mere obligations of its subscribers to pay for their stock.
"Undeniably, in the broad sense a note is property in the hands of the payee. * * * But the framers of the Constitution never intended that property of that nature should constitute the capital of a corporation. The term `property' was used in this section of the Constitution in no such sense. It means property readily capable of being applied to the debts of the corporation.
* * *
"The integrity of a corporation and the interest of the public demand, however, that the assets of a corporation consist of something more than its stockholders' debts. Its capital cannot be thus constituted, and, therefore, it cannot accept a stock subscriber's note * * * for his stock.
"There is authority opposed to this holding, as there is authority which supports it. But it seems to us no authority is needed to establish it."
This case was affirmed inGeneral Bonding Casualty Co. v.Moseley, (1920)110 Tex. 529,222 S.W. 961.
It would be difficult for us to improve upon the language of the above cases.Bank of Commerce v. Goolsby,129 Ark. 416,196 S.W. 803, which involved a similar constitutional provision, is to the same effect.Page 450
While there is a dictum to the contrary inOzark Diamond MinesCorporation v. Townes,117 Ark. 552,174 S.W. 151, it is overruled by this case.
See, also,Fletcher on Corporations, vols.5, 10, 11, § 3513;German Mercantile Co. v. Wanner,25 N.D. 479,142 N.W. 463, 52L.R.A.(N.S.) 454.
There are cases that may be cited in opposition to this conclusion on the ground that the promissory note of a subscriber, while, in one aspect, a mere promise to pay is, also, a chose in action, and, therefore, personal property. Among these cases areSchiller Piano Co. v. Hyde,39 S.D. 74,162 N.W. 937;Pacific Trust Co. v. Dorsey,72 Cal. 55,12 P. 49;Meholin v. Carlson,17 Idaho, 742,107 P. 755, 134Am. St. Rep. 286;German Mer. Co. v. Wanner,25 N.D. 479,142 N.W. 463, 52L.R.A.(N.S.) 453.
All these cases involve suits on promissory notes voluntarily given for stock subscriptions, where the makers sought to escape liability on the ground that the corporation had no right to accept their notes in payment of such subscriptions. Other distinguishing features may, also, be pointed out in some of them; but whether any of these features affect the principle for which they are cited, or not, the reasoning of cases of that class does not appeal to us, in view of the plain meaning of other words used in connection with the words "personal property" in the same section of the Constitution.
The appellants do not contend that the note of the Harrisburg Corporation, standing alone, had any value whatever, or even if it had that it would have been a sufficient consideration for the issuance of the Sohland stock.
They contend, however, that the note of the subscriber for stock, accompanied by the deposit of corporate stock of good collateral value, constituted "personal property actually acquired," within the meaning ofArticleIX, § 3, of theConstitution.
In support of this contention, they citeGeneral BondingCasualty Co. v. Moseley, (1920)110 Tex. 529,222 S.W. 961;Prudential Life Ins. Co. v. Pearson, (Tex. Com. App.)222 S.W. 967;Harn v. Smith,85 Okl. 137,204 P. 642;Clarkev. Lexington Stoveworks, (Ky.)72 S.W. 286, 73 S.W. 788.Page 451
InGeneral Bonding Casualty Co. v. Moseley, supra, the court in part said:
"A subscriber's note secured by a valid first mortgage upon real estate, accepted by the corporation in payment for stock, cannot be held as other than property in the full sense of the Constitution. The corporation thereby obtained something more than the mere promise of the subscriber to pay. It obtains the right to have the land appropriated to the payment of the note. This is a valuable right, a property right, as fully so as any contract right. * * The right acquired under such mortgages is clearly property. * * *"
InPrudential Ins. Co. v. Pearson, supra, the note of the subscriber for stock was secured by a deed of trust covering real estate. InHarn v. SmithandGeneral Bonding, etc., Co. v.Moseley, the notes were secured by real estate mortgages, and inClarke v. Lexington Stoveworks, the note was secured by an insurance policy having a definite cash loan and surrender value.
In all of the above cases cited by the appellants the courts held that the notes, and the collateral by which they were secured, constituted "property actually received."
In the cases where deeds or mortgages were relied on as collateral it appeared that the corporations were authorized to purchase and hold property of that character.
It is true that the Texas case ofShield v. Lone Star LifeIns. Co., (Tex. Civ. App.)202 S.W. 211, held that the note of a subscriber for stock, accompanied by lien notes as collateral security, did not make the consideration "property actually received," within the meaning of the Constitution of that State.
This case was, also, followed inPrudential Life Ins. Co. v.Pearson, (Tex. Civ. App.1916)188 S.W. 513.
The decision of thePearson Casewas based on the theory that the mere promissory note of the subscriber was neither money paid, nor property actually received, and that as the collateral mortgage was merely an incident to the note, it could have no greater effect.
This case, and other cases like it, were overruled, however, inGeneral Bonding Casualty Ins. Co. v. Moseley, (1920)110 Tex. 529,222 S.W. 961, above referred to, and the principle previously established is no longer law in the State of Texas.
Broadly speaking, the capital of a corporation is the fundPage 452used by it in the conduct of its business and from which its profits, in a great measure at least, are expected to be made. This fund is raised by the issue and sale of its authorized capital stock.Section3of ArticleIX was enacted for the protection of both creditors and stockholders; for the purpose of preventing the issuance of stock without any consideration, or upon an insufficient consideration, whereby the actual capital would be much less than the amount represented by the shares issued and sold by the corporation.
The broad language used indicates that the framers of the Constitution intended that the capital of a Delaware corporation should be composed of substantial assets, assets of such character that they could not only be readily subjected to the payment of corporate debts, but would also secure the rights of the stockholders in such capital, whether in case of final distribution or otherwise.
The purpose of the section in question is aptly expressed to the same effect in the Texas cases ofWasher v. Smyer,109 Tex. 403,211 S.W. 986, 4 A.L.R. 1320, andGeneralBonding, etc., Co. v. Moseley, (1920)110 Tex. 529,222 S.W. 961. See, also,Fletcher on Corporations, vol. 5, § 3506.
InHarn v. Smith,85 Okl. 137,204 P. 642, the court, in considering a similar constitutional provision, said:
"It was not the intent of the framers of our Constitution, * * * to limit the kind of property that might be received in payment for stock; but rather, to require that the actual value of the property so received should equal at least the par value of the stock, and that a corporation might receive real or personal property in payment for its capital stock, provided the property was such as the corporation might lawfully acquire and hold for carrying out the objects and purposes for which it was organized, or in which it was required by statute to invest its funds."
See, also,Fletcher on Corporations, § 3506,vol.5.
That a negotiable promissory note of a subscriber for stock secured by the proper collateral, may constitute property actually acquired within the meaning ofSection3of ArticleIX of theConstitutionof 1897, is shown by the above cases cited by the appellants.
As it was not contended that the $125,000 note of the Harrisburg Corporation standing alone ever had any value whatever,Page 453the only thing acquired by the Bankers Mortgage Company for the issuance of the Sohland stock was the second preferred and common stock of the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works deposited as collateral. There is no contention as to the right of the Bankers Mortgage Company to acquire property of this character, so the material question to determine is whether such stock had any collateral value at the time the Sohlands' stock was issued, namely, in August of 1922; such value that it could readily be disposed of to acquire funds for corporate purposes.
While the appellants contend that the Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works had assets in excess of liabilities and good credit in August of 1922, and that its financial difficulties were wholly due to a subsequent depression in the iron and steel business, no dividends had been paid on either the second preferred or common stock since 1914; Sohland admitted its financial condition was worse in August of 1922 than in May of 1921, and it appears from the record that the financial reports of the corporation showed heavy deficits in both 1921 and 1922.
As a matter of fact, its affairs beginning at least with the year 1921 went from bad to worse, finally culminating in the appointment of a receiver in September of 1923 and in the corporation's being adjudicated a bankrupt in December of the same year. Irrespective of floating debts, the bonded debt of the corporation amounted to $293,000, and the highest offer made the receiver for the plant, subject to mortgages, was $51,000, while the first preferred stock issued, alone, consisted of $100,000.
Various bankers testified that the stock pledged had no collateral value in August of 1922.
There is no evidence whatever that it had any market value at that time from which the Bankers Mortgage Company could have hoped in any manner to realize anything from this stock and Sohland had no reasonable ground to believe that it could.
The contentions of the appellants are almost entirely based on the uncorroborated testimony of Alfred Sohland, and our conclusion is that the Chancellor was correct in holding that the stock in question had no cash value when the stock of the Bankers Mortgage Company was issued. The Harrisburg Foundry Machine Works stock having no cash value, there was no consideration forPage 454the issuance of the Bankers Mortgage Company's stock to the Sohlands and there was no error in the court below in decreeing that such stock be canceled.Ellis v. Penn Beef Co., 9Del.Ch.213,80 A. 666.
Having reached this conclusion, it is unnecessary for us to consider the further argument of the appellees that the transaction between the Harrisburg Corporation and the Bankers Mortgage Company, resulting in the issuance of the stock in question to Alfred Sohland and Dora Sohland, was fraudulent as to the stockholders of the Bankers Mortgage Company, and that the stock should, also, be canceled on that ground.
For the reasons above given, the decree of the court below is affirmed.Page 136