Opinion · California Court of Appeal
People v. Holmberg
125 Cal. Rptr. 3d 878
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- California Court of Appeal
- Jurisdiction
- California
- Date
- 2011-05-26
- Topic
- general
Opinion GROVER, J.* Defendant Jon Holmberg, Jr., was convicted by plea of one count of concealing stolen property (Pen. Code, § 496, subd. (a))* 1 and one count of using an altered, stolen or counterfeit access card (§§ 484g, subd. (a), 487). The court sentenced defendant to the middle term of two years concurrent on both counts.
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PEOPLE v. HOLMBERG,195 Cal.App.4th 1310(2011)
125 Cal.Rptr.3d 878
THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. JON HOLMBERG, JR., Defendant
and Appellant.
No. H035523.
Court of Appeal of California, Sixth District.
May 26, 2011.
[CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION]fn*
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.]Page 1313
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Assistant Attorney General, Eric D. Share and Christina vom Saal, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
On appeal, defendant argues the victim restitution award was improper because the victims' damages were due to the burglary of the victims' premises and were not proximately caused by his conduct. He also contends there was insufficient evidence to support $367 of the restitution award. Finally, he argues he is entitled to additional presentence conduct credits because the 2009 amendments to section 4019 apply retroactively to his case. We conclude that one $20 item on the restitution award is not supported by substantial evidence and strike that portion of the award. As so modified, we will affirm the judgment.
1. FACTS
Stonecrest Financial Burglary
On May 26, 2008, there was a burglary at Stonecrest Financial (Stonecrest) in San Jose. Stonecrest is a "collection of companies" that includes aPage 1314mortgage lender, a private placement alternative investment company, and property acquisition and property management companies. Several items were stolen during the burglary, including four computers, three monitors, three USB backup drives, two Ethernet cables, software, a card scanner, $175 in cash, two credit cards, and "miscellaneous items" valued at $227.11. Five Stonecrest computers were also damaged during the burglary.
Later that day, one of the stolen credit cards was used at a Taco Bell restaurant and at a 7-Eleven store. The following day, the same credit card was used at two Target stores in San Jose. Defendant and his girlfriend, Amanda Henderson, appear on surveillance videos of the transactions at Target. On May 29, 2008, the other stolen credit card was used to pay defendant's sister's cellular phone bill.
About one month after the burglary, someone logged on to the Internet using one of the stolen Stonecrest computers. Software in that computer caused it to log on to Stonecrest's network. Security personnel examined the computer's hard drive remotely and found Henderson's resume.Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture Healing CenterBurglary
The Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture Healing Center (CMAHC) in Cupertino was burglarized over the Memorial Day weekend in 2008. The center's computer and other items were stolen.Precision Auto Care Burglary
Precision Auto Care (PAC) in Santa Clara was burglarized on an unspecified date. Ali Bayatoni, the manager of PAC, reported that two Dell computer workstations and miscellaneous tools were stolen.Police Investigation
On July 17, 2008, the San Jose Police Department executed a search warrant at defendant's home and found hard drives, a card scanner, and software that were stolen from Stonecrest.2They also found hard drives fromPage 1315computers that were stolen from PAC and CMAHC. Henderson admitted that she and defendant used the credit cards stolen in the Stonecrest burglary at Taco Bell, 7-Eleven, and Target. She told police that on the same day they used the credit cards, several computers and monitors showed up at the house she shared with defendant. Henderson told police that defendant brought the computers home, replaced the hard drives or wiped the hard drives clean, and sold them on Craigslist.
The police interviewed defendant on July 24, 2008. Defendant admitted using the stolen credit card at Target and possessing the stolen computers. He said a friend brought three or four computers to his house on Memorial Day weekend. Both defendant and Henderson denied participating in the burglaries and told police that Mark Collins "`probably`" committed the burglaries.
2. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Charges, Plea, and Sentencing
In July 2009, the prosecution charged defendant with one count of concealing stolen property (§ 496, subd. (a)) on or about July 18, 2008, and one count of using an altered, stolen or counterfeit access card (§§ 484g, subd. (a), 487) between May 26 and May 27, 2008. Defendant was arrested for those offenses on August 31, 2009. The record suggests he was in jail for another offense at that time.
In October 2009, defendant pleaded no contest to both counts in this case in exchange for a two-year stipulated sentence. The plea agreement provided that, with the exception of nine days, credits were to accrue as of July 24, 2008.
Prior to sentencing, the probation department prepared a "Waived Referral" memorandum for the court, in which the probation officer addressed contacts with the victims. CMAHC did not respond to the probation officer's inquiries. Bayatoni, the manager of PAC, told the probation officer that his business had been burglarized and that numerous items were stolen, including three computers, one laptop computer, shop equipment, and tools. Bayatoni estimated his losses "in excess of $9,000." The probation officer reported that a hard drive from PAC was found in defendant's possession. According to Joan Verduzco, an employee of Stonecrest, "defendant stole parts from all of their computers, including computer disks and other equipment." She reported that "defendant `basically shut down our business for about one week' while computer equipment needed to be replaced and employees needed to work overtime and on weekends to assess the damage, recover information, and bring work production up to date."Page 1316
In November 2009, Jon Freeman, the owner of Stonecrest, sent the probation department a statement of loss form estimating Stonecrest's losses at $27,269.12. Attached to the form was an itemized list of the property that was stolen or damaged in the burglary. Freeman's list identified each item by manufacturer name and model number, estimated the item's value and replacement cost, and stated whether the item had been damaged or stolen. Stonecrest's claim included $5,000 for "damaged" computers, $3,795 for IT labor, and $10,000 for loss of business and productivity for one week.
At the sentencing hearing in November 2009, defense counsel objected to the probation department's report on restitution and requested a restitution hearing. The court sentenced defendant to two years in prison and, based on the number of custody credits, deemed the sentence served. The court set the matter for further hearing on victim restitution.Restitution Hearing
The prosecutor filed papers with the court in which he stated that restitution in a possession of stolen property (§ 496) case must be related to the withholding or sale of the stolen property, rather than the burglary or initial theft. He argued there was evidence that defendant possessed several computers on the same day they were stolen from Stonecrest and that the court should order restitution for the missing computers and lost productivity because Stonecrest would not have experienced those losses if defendant had returned the computers when he first acquired them and had not withheld the property. The prosecutor urged the court to award Stonecrest $18,072 of the amount claimed and to use its "best judgment" regarding the remaining items ($3,795 for the IT labor; $5,000 for damage to computers that were not stolen; $175 in cash; and $227.11 for miscellaneous), as well as the $9,000 claimed by PAC.
The evidence included a facsimile transmission from Verduzco of Stonecrest, in which she stated, "Due to the theft of our computers[,] all of our daily operations were reduced to the most basic levels. Many employees brought their laptops[,] which enabled some work to get done[.] [B]ut all company information stored on our servers was not accessible. Replacement computers took about a week to be delivered and several more days for our IT company to reconfigure our network, back up our data and get all the individuals[`] work stations properly set up."
The evidence included excerpts from the police report describing the items seized from defendant's home. Among the items were 13 hard drives. San Jose Police Officer Gunsky examined the data on the hard drives and determined that six of the hard drives belonged to Stonecrest, one belonged toPage 1317PAC, and one belonged to CMAHC. Officer Gunsky explained that "[e]ach hard drive was connected to the computer using a hardware write blocking device; this prevented the original hard drive from being changed in any way." He was not able to determine the owners of the other five drives.
The officer determined that six of the hard drives belonged to Stonecrest because they contained files that referred to One82, a company that provided technical support to Stonecrest, and contained Kaseya software, which One82 used to monitor Stonecrest's computers remotely. Five of the six hard drives with the One82 file references had files referring to Stonecrest, Freeman, or Verduzco.
Officer Gunsky concluded that one of the hard drives belonged to CMAHC because it contained letterhead, documents and spreadsheets with CMAHC's name on them and the Medisoft software CMAHC had installed on its computer. He concluded that one of the hard drives belonged to PAC because it contained documents, timesheets, and payroll records for PAC, as well as the soft Wrench software that had been installed on PAC's computer.
Defendant filed points and authorities in which he argued that the court should not order victim restitution because his conduct (receiving stolen property) was not a proximate cause of the victims' losses, in part because the state of mind for burglary is different from that of receiving stolen property. He argued he had no duty to return the property. He observed that the original burglary report claimed the loss of five computers and four hard drives, but when the police searched his home two months after the burglaries, they found hard drives and no computers. He argued that although the police found a connection to the victims' businesses on some of the hard drives, the hard drives were not marked in a distinctive way and had been "wiped" of any identifying data. Defendant asserted there was no evidence that suggested he knew who the owners were or where to return "any potential stolen items." Defendant admitted that he possessed stolen property and that he knew the property was stolen when he possessed it.
In their written submissions, both parties discussedPeoplev. Scroggins(1987)191 Cal.App.3d 502[236 Cal.Rptr. 569] (Scroggins). At the hearing, the court advised the parties that based onScrogginsandPeople v.Vournazos(1988)198 Cal.App.3d 948[244 Cal.Rptr. 82J, it had concluded there was a sufficient nexus to connect defendant with the lost property to warrant restitution. Defense counsel asked for additional time to review and respond toVournazos, and the court continued the hearing. With regard to PAC's restitution claim, the prosecutor noted that the police found only one PAC hard drive in defendant's home and argued that the $9,000 claimed by PACPage 1318was too speculative for one hard drive. The prosecutor therefore recommended that the court "not order restitution for the theft" and "only order restitution for losses associated with withholding and not returning the property."
In supplemental points and authorities, the prosecutor argued that defendant was responsible for "losses resulting from Defendant's concealment, withholding or sale of [the] victim's property." The prosecutor explained how each of the items on Stonecrest's list related to defendant's offense and argued that Stonecrest was entitled to restitution for all of the items on its list, except $5,000 for the damaged computers, $175 in cash, $227.11 for miscellaneous, and $3,795 for the IT labor, which it presumably incurred "to repair damaged computers and restore the network." Regarding PAC's claim, the prosecutor argued that although PAC claimed the loss of three computers, a laptop, shop equipment, and mechanic's tools, the police only found one hard drive at defendant's home and that it would be reasonable to order restitution for that hard drive.
The court adopted the prosecution's analysis and ordered defendant to pay $18,072 in victim restitution to Stonecrest. The court ordered restitution to PAC for the hard drive that was recovered by police. Although PAC did not provide a value for the hard drive, the prosecution argued that it was similar to a hard drive Stonecrest had lost and suggested using Stonecrest's replacement cost estimate of $110. The court agreed and awarded PAC $110.
3. RESTITUTION
Defendant contends that the restitution order in this case is not causally related to his crime of possessing stolen property. He argues that the "substantial factor" test developed in tort law applies to victim restitution awards and that his conduct was not a substantial factor in causing the victims' losses because their losses were due to the burglary or theft and would have occurred without his conduct. He attacks the entire restitution award and specifically challenges the $10,000 awarded to Stonecrest for one week's loss of use. Defendant also argues there was insufficient evidence to support the award of $367 to Stonecrest for the card scanner and the computer cables, since there was no evidence that those items were ever in defendant's possession.
A.General Principles Governing Victim Restitution
"In 1982, California voters passed Proposition 8, also known as The Victims' Bill of Rights. . . . Proposition 8 established the right of crime victims to receive restitution directly `from the persons convicted of thePage 1319crimes for losses they suffer.`" (People v.Giordano(2007)42 Cal.4th 644,652[68 Cal.Rptr.3d 51,170 P.3d 623] (Giordano).) Proposition 8 added new articleI, section28to the California Constitution, which at the time of the offense in this case provided: "It is the unequivocal intention of the People of the State of California that all persons who suffer losses as a result of criminal activity shall have the right to restitution from the persons convicted of the crimes for losses they suffer. [¶] Restitution shall be ordered from the convicted persons in every case, regardless of the sentence or disposition imposed, in which a crime victim suffers a loss, unless compelling and extraordinary reasons exist to the contrary." (Cal. Const., former art. I, §§ 28, subd. (b).)3
"California Constitution, articleI, section28, subdivision (b), which is not self-executing, directed the Legislature to adopt implementing legislation." (Giordano, supra,42 Cal.4th at p. 652.) To that end, the Legislature enacted section 1202.4. Under that code section, the court must order direct victim restitution in "every case in which a victim has suffered economic loss as a result of the defendant's conduct." (§ 1202.4, subd. (f); see also §§ 1202.4, subd. (a)(1).) The court "shall require" the defendant to make restitution "based on the amount of loss claimed by the victim . . . or any other showing to the court. . . . The court shall order full restitution unless it finds compelling and extraordinary reasons for not doing so and states them on the record." (§ 1202.4, subd. (f).)
Section 1202.4, subdivision (f)(3) provides that "[t]o the extent possible, the restitution order . . . shall be of a dollar amount that is sufficient to fully reimburse the victim or victims for every determined economic loss incurred as the result of the defendant's criminal conduct. . . ." Subdivision (f)(3) identifies 11 categories of economic losses that are recoverable by victims, including losses to property. Economic loss for the purposes of victim restitution includes: (1) "[f]ull or partial payment for the value of stolen or damaged property. The value of stolen or damaged property shall be the replacement cost of like property, or the actual cost of repairing the property when repair is possible"; and (2) "[w]ages or profits lost due to injury incurred by the victim . . . ." (§ 1202.4, subd. (f)(3)(A), (D).)
A defendant is entitled to a hearing to "dispute the determination of the amount of restitution." (§ 1202.4, subd. (f)(1).) A restitution hearing is usually held at the time of sentencing. The standard of proof at a restitution hearing is preponderance of the evidence, not reasonable doubt. (People v.Page 1320Gemelli(2008)161 Cal.App.4th 1539,1542[74 Cal.Rptr.3d 901] (Gemelli); People v. Baker(2005)126 Cal.App.4th 463,469[23 Cal.Rptr.3d 871].)
"Section 1202.4 does not, by its terms, require any particular kind of proof. However, the trial court is entitled to consider the probation report, and, as prima facie evidence of loss, may accept a property owner's statement made in the probation report about the value of stolen or damaged property." (Gemelli, supra,161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1543, citingPeople v. Foster(1993)14 Cal.App.4th 939,946[18 Cal.Rptr.2d 1] (Foster), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated inPeople v. Birkett(1999)21 Cal.4th 226,238-245[87 Cal.Rptr.2d 205,980 P.2d 912]; but seePeople v. Harvest(2000)84 Cal.App.4th 641,653[101 Cal.Rptr.2d 135] [probation officer's report "may satisfy notice requirements for due process [citation], but it cannot take the place of evidence"].) "`This is so because a hearing to establish the amount of restitution does not require the formalities of other phases of a criminal prosecution. [Citation.] When the probation report includes information on the amount of the victim's loss and a recommendation as to the amount of restitution, the defendant must come forward with contrary information to challenge that amount.`" (People v.Keichler(2005)129 Cal.App.4th 1039,1048[29 Cal.Rptr.3d 120], quotingFoster, at p. 947.)
B.Standard of Review
Generally speaking, restitution awards are vested in the trial court's discretion and will be disturbed on appeal only when the appellant has shown an abuse of discretion. (People v.Fortune(2005)129 Cal.App.4th 790,794[28 Cal.Rptr.3d 872].) "`[E]ven though the trial court has broad discretion in making a restitution award, that discretion is not unlimited. While it is not required to make an order in keeping with the exact amount of loss, the trial court must use a rational method that could reasonably be said to make the victim whole, and may not make an order which is arbitrary or capricious.`" (People v. Mearns(2002)97 Cal.App.4th 493,498[118 Cal.Rptr.2d 511].) "`When there is a factual and rational basis for the amount of restitution ordered by the trial court, no abuse of discretion will be found by the reviewing court.`" (Id.at p. 499.)
C.Causation
Defendant argues that the restitution award was improper because the victims' damages were not proximately caused by his conduct. We disagree.
As noted previously, section 1202.4, subdivision (f)(3) provides that "[t]o the extent possible, the restitution order . . . shall be of a dollar amount that is sufficient to fully reimburse the victim or victims for every determinedPage 1321economic loss incurredas the result of the defendant'scriminal conduct . . .." (Italics added.) Interpreting the requirement that the damages result from the defendant's criminal conduct, the court inPeople v. Jones(2010)187 Cal.App.4th 418,424-427[114 Cal.Rptr.3d 8] (Jones) held that tort principles of causation apply to victim restitution claims in criminal cases. The court observed that there "are two aspects of causation . . .: cause in fact (also called direct or actual causation), and proximate cause." (Id.at p. 424.) The court explained that "`[a]n act is a cause in fact if it is a necessary antecedent of an event`" and that "`proximate cause "is ordinarily concerned, not with the fact of causation, but with the various considerations of policy that limit an actor's responsibility for the consequences of his conduct." `" (Id.at p. 425.)
For example, the victim inJonessought restitution for damage to her camper caused by a motor vehicle accident with the defendant for which he pleaded no contest to driving under the influence of alcohol. She also sought restitution for damage to her car bumper that occurred in the parking lot of the courthouse when she appeared at one of the hearings in the defendant's case. The court explained that the first accident involving the camper was a causein factof the later damage to the victim's bumper because, but for the initial accident with the defendant, she would not have been trying to park at the courthouse on the day her bumper was damaged. (Jones, supra,187 Cal.App.4th at p. 425.) The defendant inJonesalso challenged whether there was "aproximatecausal connection between his criminal conduct and the damage to the bumper," arguing that "despite the direct causal connection between his criminal conduct" and the damage to the bumper, his conduct was not the proximate cause of the damage because some intervening cause, i.e., the victim's negligent driving, should relieve him of liability. (Id.at pp. 425, 427.) Since the court remanded the case for other reasons, it directed the trial court to determine whether the defendant's conduct was a proximate cause of the damage to the bumper for purposes of restitution. (Id.at p. 427.)
"`The first element of legal cause iscause in fact. . . . The "but for" rule has traditionally been applied to determine cause in fact. . . . [¶] The Restatement formula uses the termsubstantial factor"to denote the fact that the defendant's conduct has such an effect in producing the harm as to lead reasonable men to regard it as a cause."`" (Mayes v. Bryan(2006)139 Cal.App.4th 1075,1095[44 Cal.Rptr.3d 14], citations omitted.)
Defendant correctly notes that California courts have adopted the "substantial factor" test in analyzing proximate cause. (Mitchell v. Gonzales(1991)54 Cal.3d 1041,1050-1053[1 Cal.Rptr.2d 913,819 P.2d 872].) "`The substantial factor standard is a relatively broad one, requiring only that the contribution of the individual cause be more than negligible or theoretical.' [Citation.]Page 1322Thus, `a force which plays only an "infinitesimal" or "theoretical" part in bringing about injury, damage, or loss is not a substantial factor' [citation], but a very minor force that does cause harm is a substantial factor [citation]. This rule honors the principle of comparative fault." (Bockrathv. Aldrich Chemical Co.(1999)21 Cal.4th 71,79[86 Cal.Rptr.2d 846,980 P.2d 398].)
Defendant argues that the restitution award here was improper because his conduct was not a substantial factor in causing the victims' damages. He argues that the victims' losses would have occurred even without his act and that the damages were due to the burglaries rather than his concealing the property. Defendant's argument, however, ignores the fact that there can be more than one cause of injury and that multiple causes can combine to cause harm. (SeeDoupnik v. General MotorsCorp.(1990)225 Cal.App.3d 849,866[275 Cal.Rptr. 715] ["For there to be comparative fault there must be more than one contributory or concurrent legal cause of the injury for which recompense is sought."]; CACI No. 431.)
Although defendant denies burglarizing the victims' premises, the evidence here supports the conclusion that defendant's conduct was a concurrent cause of the victims' losses and a substantial factor in depriving them of the use of their property. There was evidence that defendant received the stolen property on the day it was stolen. Henderson admitted that she and defendant used a stolen credit card at Taco Bell and 7-Eleven on the day of the Stonecrest burglary; both defendant and Henderson admitted using the stolen credit card at Target the day after. Henderson told police that several computers and monitors showed up at their home at that time and that defendant "fixed" the computers and sold' them on Craigslist. By the time the police executed a search warrant almost two months after the burglaries, the monitors were gone and the computers had been altered to the point that only the hard drives were recovered. Defendant admitted he knew the property was stolen when he possessed it. He argues that since the stolen property did not have any distinctive markings, he was prevented him from returning it to its rightful owner. However, nothing prevented defendant from turning over the known stolen items to the police. For these reasons, we conclude that defendant's concealing of the stolen property was a concurrent cause in depriving the victims of the use of their property. It is significant that defendant obtained the property the day it was stolen. Had he contacted law enforcement about the items when he received them, Stonecrest would not have had to replace them or incur a one-week loss of business and productivity. Defendant's conduct played far more than a negligible or theoretical part in bringing about the victims' injuries and was a substantial factor in causing the harm they suffered.
Defendant's reliance onScrogginsis misplaced. The defendant inScrogginslived in an apartment with his sister. Four apartments in their complex werePage 1323burglarized and several items were taken, including videocassette recorders, televisions, cameras, jewelry, telephone answering machines, purses, and a blood pressure cuff. (Scroggins, supra,191 Cal.App.3d at p. 504.) The defendant's sister discovered three of the stolen items, all belonging to one victim, in her apartment and called the police. (Ibid.) Scroggins pleaded guilty to receiving stolen property. At sentencing, the probation department reported that the value of the "still missing property" from the other three burglaries was $2,366. (Ibid.) The court granted probation and ordered Scroggins to pay $2,366 in restitution as a condition of his probation. The appellate court reversed the restitution order because "Scroggins was never charged with or found to be criminally responsible for the burglaries." (Id.at p. 506.) Since Scroggins was convicted of receiving stolen property and the stolen items were recovered by the police and returned to the victim, the court concluded that the trial court erred in ordering restitution to the three remaining victims where there was no evidence that Scroggins was responsible for their losses. (Ibid.)
UnlikeScroggins, in this case there is ample evidence of a causal connection between the victims' losses and defendant's conduct. When the police searched defendant's home, they found property that all three victims had reported stolen. There was also evidence that defendant possessed Stonecrest's property on the very day the burglary occurred.
Defendant contends that even if he had returned the equipment right away, Stonecrest could not have resumed operation immediately because the computer equipment would have had to be examined for evidence of a crime, Stonecrest would have had to reformat its drives to avoid contamination, and the equipment "needed to be reinstalled, the network reconfigured, and the back-up drives restored from the servers." Since there was no evidence that these activities could have been completed in less than the week it took to replace the equipment, defendant argues that his conduct did not contribute to Stonecrest's loss. He also argues there was no evidence that the computer equipment was in working order when he received it or that the data was recoverable, since the burglar damaged other equipment he or she left behind.
We begin by observing that some of defendant's arguments are not supported by the evidence. At least one of Stonecrest's computers was in working order, since Henderson used it to create a resume and it was also used to log on to the Internet. The data on several computers was recoverable. That is how the police determined which hard drives belonged to which victim. We note also that defendant did not make any of these arguments at the restitution hearing below. Even without deciding whether these contentions have been forfeited, we are not persuaded. As we observed, by holding on to the equipment, knowing it was stolen, defendant's conduct was aPage 1324concurrent cause of the victims' losses and a substantial factor in causing their damages. The evidence here contains the necessary causal connection to support the restitution award.
From the beginning, the prosecutor sought victim restitution in this case based only on defendant's concealing of stolen property, and not the burglary or theft of the property. The prosecutor did not seek restitution for computers that were damaged in the Stonecrest burglary but not removed from the premises, for the repair of those computers, for the stolen cash (since there was no evidence defendant ever possessed it), or for the miscellaneous items that were never identified by the victim. The trial court agreed. Rather than awarding the full amount of Stonecrest's claim ($27,269.12), the court awarded $18,072, after determining which of Stonecrest's losses resulted from the burglary and not from defendant's concealing of the property. The court also rejected PAC's unsubstantiated request for $9,000 and ordered $110 for a single hard drive. The trial court's restitution order was carefully calculated to include only the losses attributable to defendant's conduct. Once Stonecrest presented its claim setting forth the replacement cost of the items, including $10,000 for lost business, the burden shifted to defendant to "`come forward with contrary information to challenge that amount.`" (People v. Keichler, supra,129 Cal.App.4th at p. 1048.) He did not do so.
We find no abuse of discretion in the restitution awarded here.
D.Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Award of $367 forScanner and Cables
Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support two items included in the restitution order: $347 for a Cardscan business card scanner and $20 for two Ethernet cables.
Stonecrest reported that a "Cardscan Executive Model 700C2" card scanner with a replacement cost of $347 had been stolen. The police report indicated that the officers recovered "(2) Cardscan business card scanner, Model 700C" from defendant's home. It is not clear what "(2)" in the police report means. Defendant suggests that it means that two business card scanners were recovered. However, the rest of the description is in the singular, suggesting that only one business card scanner was recovered. Regardless, Stonecrest sought restitution for one business card scanner and' was only compensated for one.
On appeal defendant argues that he made no admissions with respect to these "scanners"; that no one from Stonecrest ever identified them as belonging to Stonecrest, "either by sight or by serial number"; that the modelPage 1325number on the police report did not match the model number on Stonecrest's claim form; that the police found computer-related items not belonging to Stonecrest;4and that there was insufficient evidence to conclude one of the scanners belonged to Stonecrest. At the restitution hearing, defendant did not present any evidence that the card scanner described in the police report was not Stonecrest's card scanner. The minor differences between the descriptions of the items on the police report and Stonecrest's claim form do not persuade us that they were not the same item. For these reasons, we conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in awarding restitution for the loss of the business card scanner.
As to the Ethernet cables, Stonecrest claimed the loss of two brand new Ethernet cables worth $20. The prosecutor argued that while the police did not recover the cables, "they did recover other stolen computer-related equipment from defendant's home. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the person who stole the other equipment and brought it to defendant's home also brought" the cables. By the time the police searched defendant's home nearly two months after the burglaries, the three computer monitors were already gone. However, Henderson admitted that defendant had possessed the monitors. By contrast, there was no evidence that defendant ever possessed the cables. We therefore find insufficient evidence to support the $20 restitution award based on the value of the cables, and strike that portion of the award.4. CONDUCT CREDITS PURSUANT TOSECTION 4019fn*
A criminal defendant who is ordered to serve a jail term or who is committed to state prison is entitled to credit against the jail or prison term for all days spent in custody prior to sentencing. (§ 2900.5, subds. (a), (c).) In addition, a criminal defendant may earn credits to be applied to his or her sentence by "satisfactorily perform[ing]" assigned labor or by complying with facility rules and regulations while in custody. (§ 4019, subds. (b), (c).) Such worktime and good behavior credits are collectively referred to as "`[c]onduct credit.`" (People v. Dieck(2009)46 Cal.4th 934,939, fn. 3.) The principal purpose of section 4019 credits is to motivate good conduct. "[C]onduct credits are designed to ensure the smooth running of a custodial facility by encouraging [the incarcerated] to do required work and to obey the rules and regulations of the facility." (People v. Silva(2003)114 Cal.App.4th 122,128.)
Under the law in effect when defendant was sentenced, he was entitled to two days of conduct credit for every four days of actual custody. (Former § 4019.) At sentencing on November 24, 2009, defendant was awarded 244 days of conduct credit pursuant to that formula.
In October 2009, the Legislature passed Senate Bill 18, which among other things amended section 4019, effective January 25, 2010. (Stats. 2009-2010, 3d Ex. Sess., ch. 28, Introduction, p. 4392, § 50, pp. 4427-4428; Cal. Const., art.IV, §8, subd. (c)(1).) Under the amended law, criminal defendants may receive one day of conduct credit for every day of actual custody. (§ 4019, subd. (f); see Stats. 2009-2010, 3d Ex. Sess., ch. 28, § 50, pp. 4427-4428.) Defendant argues that the amended version of section 4019 applies to him and that he is, therefore, entitled to an additional 244 days of conduct credit.
To accept his argument, we would have to conclude that the amendment to section 4019 applies retroactively. But section 3 provides that "[n]o part of [the Penal Code] is retroactive, unless expressly so declared." Legislative provisions are presumed to operate prospectively and "should be so interpreted `unless express language or clear and unavoidable implication negatives the presumption.`" (Evangelatos v. SuperiorCourt(1988)44 Cal.3d 1188,1208(Evangelatos).) "[I]n the absence of an express retroactivity provision, a statute will not be applied retroactively unless it is clear from extrinsic sources that the Legislature or the voters must have intended a retroactive application." (Id.at p. 1209.) In amending section 4019, the Legislature did not expressly state that the amendment was to apply retroactively.
Defendant relies on an exception to the general rule of prospective application, which was first articulated inInre Estrada(1965)63 Cal.2d 740,748(Estrada). The exception provides that "a defendant is entitled to the benefit of a more recent statute [that] mitigates the punishment for the offense or decriminalizes the conduct altogether." (People v. Babylon(1985)39 Cal.3d 719,725, citingEstradaand other cases.) Defendant contends thatEstradacompels the conclusion that the Legislature intended the amendment of section 4019 to apply retroactively because the amendment mitigates punishment. Defendant also infers that intent from comments contained in the bill that amended section 4019, citing paragraph 59 of Senate Bill 18. (Stats. 2009-2010, 3d Ex. Sess., ch. 28, § 59, p. 4432.) He also maintains that the Equal Protection Clauses of both the United States Constitution and the California Constitution require that the amendment be applied retroactively.
The appellate courts are split on the question of retroactive application of the section 4019 amendment. Our Supreme Court has granted review in several cases raising the issue, includingPeople v. Brown(2010)182 Cal.App.4th 1354,1363-1365, review granted June 9, 2010, S181963, in which the Third Appellate District held the amendment is retroactive andPeople v. Rodriguez(2010)183 Cal.App.4th 1,13-14, review granted June 9, 2010, S181808, in which the Fifth Appellate District reached the opposite result. The Supreme Court has also granted review inPeople v. Hopkins(2010)184 Cal.App.4th 615, review granted July 28, 2010, S183724, in which this court held that the amendment is not retroactive.5
Until we receive guidance from the Supreme Court, we adhere to our view that the Legislature did not intend the amendment to apply retroactively.Estradaheld that a statute lessening punishment "`represents a legislative judgment that the lesser penalty or the different treatment is sufficient to meet the legitimate ends of the criminal law,`" and that, in such cases, the section 3 presumption of prospective application is rebutted. (Estrada, supra,63 Cal.2d at p. 745.) But Senate Bill No. 18, the legislation that amended section 4019, was enacted to address the state's fiscal emergency, as proclaimed by then-Governor Schwarzenegger in December 2008. (Stats. 2009, 3d Ex. Sess., ch. 28, § 62.) The Legislature reasoned that increasing the amount of credits available to certain inmates will reduce the prison population, resulting in reduced costs to the state. This goal does not reflect a legislative determination that the original punishment for any particular crime was too severe. Thus, section 4019 does not provide the necessary "`clear and unavoidable implication negat[ing] the presumption [of prospective operation],`" set forth in section 3. (Evangelatos, supra,44 Cal.3d at p. 1208.)
Defendant relies on section 59 of Senate Bill 18 (section 59) to discern a legislative intent that the amendment apply retroactively. Section 59 contemplates there could be "delays in determining the amount of additional time credits to be granted against inmate sentences resulting from changes in law pursuant to this act" and provides that inmates shall not have a cause of action or claim as a result of delays in implementing Senate Bill 18.6That language does not support an inference that the Legislature intended the section 4019 amendment to be retroactive. Senate Bill No. 18 amended other credit statutes besides section 4019 and at least one of those statutes, section 2933.3, specifies retroactive credit. Accordingly, the language in section 59 of the bill would apply to section 2933.3, but need not be applied to the amendment to section 4019.
Defendant also contends that prospective application of amended section 4019 violates his equal protection rights. Both the federal and state Constitutions guarantee the right to equal protection of the laws. (U.S. Const., 14th Amend.; Cal. Const., art.I, §7.) "`"The concept of the equal protection of the laws compels recognition of the proposition that persons similarly situated with respect to the legitimate purpose of the law receive like treatment."`" (Cooley v. SuperiorCourt(2002)29 Cal.4th 228,253.)In re Stinnette(1979)94 Cal.App.3d 800(Stinnette) considered whether prospective application of the conduct credit statutes of the Determinate Sentencing Act violated the petitioner's equal protection rights. The court held that since the amendments to section 4019 did not involve a suspect classification or a fundamental interest, courts apply the rational basis test to determine whether the "distinction drawn by the challenged statute bears some rational relationship to a conceivable legitimate state purpose." (Stinnette, supra,94 Cal.App.3d at p. 805.)Stinnetterejected the defendant's equal protection challenge, reasoning that the purpose of the statutes was "motivating good conduct among prisoners so as to maintain discipline and minimize threats to prison security" and "that it is impossible to influence behavior after it has occurred." (Id.at p. 806.) The court held that awarding additional conduct credit only as of the effective date of the statute was rationally related to a legitimate state interest.
Similarly here, retroactive application of amended section 4019 could have no impact on a defendant's past behavior. Since there is no "`compelling implication that the Legislature intended otherwise`" (People v. Alford,42 Cal.4th 749,753), we conclude that amended section 4019 applies prospectively rather than retroactively.
We also reject defendant's equal protection argument based onIn re Kapperman(1974)11 Cal.3d 542andPeople v.Sage(1980)26 Cal.3d 498.Kappermanaddressed actual custody credits, not conduct credits, andSageinvolved a prior version of section 4019 that allowed conduct credits to misdemeanants, but not to felons. The purported equal protection violation at issue here is temporal and is not based on the defendant's status as a misdemeanant or a felon.
For all these reasons, we hold that defendant is not entitled to additional conduct credits.
5. DISPOSITION
The restitution award is modified to strike the $20 awarded to Stonecrest for the Ethernet cables, resulting in an award of $18,052 to Stonecrest. There is no change in the $110 awarded to PAC as victim restitution. As so modified, the judgment is affirmed.
The clerk of the superior court is directed to prepare an amended abstract of judgment to reflect the modification of victim restitution to StonecrestPage 1326from $18,072 to $18,052. The clerk is also directed to forward a certified copy of the amended abstract to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.
Premo, Acting P. J., and Elia, J., concurred.Page 1327
- Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of part 4. entitled "Conduct Credits Pursuant to Section 4019." ↩
- Judge of the Monterey Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to articleVI, section6of the California Constitution. ↩
- All further statutory references are to the Penal Code. ↩
- According to the probation report, the property in defendant's possession included computers, hard drives, CPU chips, memory chips, monitors, backup drives, a coffeemaker, CD's (compact discs), and credit cards. ↩
- California Constitution former article 1, section 28 was amended by initiative measure (Prop. 9) on November 4, 2008. Former subdivision (b) was designated as subdivision (b)(13) and the text of the subdivision was amended. ↩
- The police recovered five hard drives, a thumb drive, a gift card and debit cards that were not linked to any of the identified victims. ↩
- See footnote,ante, page 1310. ↩
- Some courts have reached the same conclusion as the Third District inBrownand held that the amendments are retroactive. (People v. House(2010)183 Cal.App.4th 1049, review granted June 23, 2010, S182813 [Second Dist., Div. One];People v. Landon(2010)183 Cal.App.4th 1096, review granted June 23, 2010, S182808 [First Dist., Div. Two];People v. Norton(2010)184 Cal.App.4th 408, review granted Aug. 11, 2010, S183260 [First Dist., Div. Three];People v. Pelayo(2010)184 Cal.App.4th 481, review granted July 21, 2010, S183552 [First Dist., Div. Five];People v. Keating(2010)185 Cal.App.4th 364, review granted Sept. 22, 2010, S183354 [Second Dist., Div. Seven];People v. Bacon(2010)186 Cal.App.4th 333, review granted Oct. 13, 2010, S184782 [Second Dist., Div. Eight].)
Some courts have agreed withRodriguezandHopkinsand held that the amendment of section 4019 is not retroactive, includingPeople v. Otubuah(2010)184 Cal.App.4th 422, review granted July 21, 2010, S184314 (Fourth Dist., Div. Two) andPeople v. Eusebio(2010)185 Cal.App.4th 990, review granted September 22, 2010, S184957 (Second Dist., Div. Three).
The Third District recently decided that equal protection requires the retroactive application of the January 2010 amendment of section 4019. (In re Kemp(2011)192 Cal.App.4th 252, review granted April 13, 2011, S191112.) More recently, a majority of the Fourth District, Division One, concluded that defendants sentenced after the effective date of the amendment are entitled to an award of double credits, even for custody served prior to the effective date of the amendment. (People v. Zarate(2011)192 Cal.App.4th 939, review granted May 18, 2011, S191676.) The majority did not perceive this as a retroactive application of the amendment, while the dissent did. ↩ - Section 59 of Senate Bill No. 18 states: "The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation shall implement the changes made by this act regarding time credits in a reasonable time. However, in light of limited case management resources, it is expected that there will be some delays in determining the amount of additional time credits to be granted against inmate sentences resulting from changes in law pursuant to this act. An inmate shall have no cause of action or claim for damages because of any additional time spent in custody due to reasonable delays in implementing the changes in the credit provisions of this act. However, to the extent that excess days in state prison due to delays in implementing this act are identified, they shall be considered as time spent on parole, if any parole period is applicable." (Stats. 2009-2010, 3d Ex. Sess., ch. 28, § 59, p. 4432.) ↩